1, An: (Historically, more than ten dynasties, including the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Qin State, the Qin Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty, Xin Mang, Zhao Qian, the former Qin Dynasty, the later Qin Dynasty, the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty, established their capitals here for more than 1,000 years, especially the powerful Zhou, Qin, Han, Sui and Tang Dynasties. ?
2. Nanjing: (Historically, the six dynasties of Soochow, Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties, such as Song, Qi, Liang and Chen, all established their capitals here (so Nanjing is generally called "the ancient capital of the six dynasties"); Southern Tang Dynasty, Ming Dynasty (Hongwunian), Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and Kuomintang government also established their capitals here. )?
3. Beijing: (During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it was the ruling center of the northern governors of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Ji State and Yan State respectively. Historically, Beijing was the capital of the Liao Dynasty (then called Nanjing, also called Yanjing) and the capital of the Jin Dynasty. In A.D. 1267, Kublai Khan, the Mongolian leader, established the Yuan Dynasty with the largest territory in China's history in Beijing, and Beijing became the capital of the Yuan Dynasty called "chinese odyssey" by Italian traveler Kelpolo in his travel notes. Since then, Beijing has replaced Chang 'an, Luoyang, Bianliang and other ancient capitals as the political center of China, and has been the political, economic and cultural center of China since the Ming and Qing Dynasties. )?
4. Luoyang: (Since the Xia Dynasty, the first dynasty in China, was founded in the 2nd/kloc-0th century BC,/kloc-0th/3rd dynasties established their capitals here, which is generally called "the ancient capital of the Nine Dynasties". Since ancient times, poets and poets have gathered here, so it is known as the "capital of poetry". Peony is full of flowers and has the reputation of "flower among flowers". Luoyang is also the cradle of Chinese culture, and the Heluo culture represented by the Book of Hutuluo is the source of Chinese civilization. )
Extended data:
The site selection conditions of China's capital cities in past dynasties are as follows: sufficient water sources can meet the demand of production and living water; The regional economy is prosperous and the transportation is convenient, mostly located in plains and basins; It has a geographical advantage that can be prevented and attacked. For example, An has the prosperity of "the thoroughfare of the four passes is endless, the golden city is thousands of miles away, and the land of abundance", Nanjing has the trend of "the dragon is surrounded by tigers", Luoyang has the reputation of "the mountains and rivers are the best in the world", and Gyeonggi has the shape of "backed by the sea" and so on. China's ancient capital construction has detailed overall planning and construction laws, which can be summarized as "Seize the day" and "Land and water depend on the county". The country of the son of heaven should be "Fang Jiuli", "Beside the Three Gates", "Gully Trees", "The former dynasty has a city view", "Zuo Zu You She", "Jiu Jing Jiu Wei" and "Jing Jiu Track".
This series of requirements is the embodiment of the "ritual system" which has played an important role in the history of China for a long time. According to these requirements, the capital is generally characterized by rigorous founder, left-right symmetry and checkerboard layout. The emperor lived in the palace, far away from the city, quiet and safe, enough to reflect the emperor's dignity and the desire to unify the world. Business concentration, easy to trade; Ordinary people live in the alley, which is quiet and convenient for public security management. For example, the ancient city of Beijing has a solemn and straight central axis, with upright and symmetrical blocks on both sides of the central axis, and layers of Forbidden City palaces in the middle of the city.
The whole of Beijing is like a complete and harmonious work of art, with neat structure, distinct levels, orderly layout and balanced design. The chessboard-shaped block is particularly simple, complete and harmonious, and there are a large number of convenient and comfortable traditional residential quadrangles and quiet and beautiful hutongs with ancient history. Beijing, an ancient capital, is called "one of the wonders of the world, an outstanding monument and the pinnacle of great civilization" by Danish urban planner S E R Hewson. American urban expert E Bacon called it "the greatest single project of mankind on the earth's surface".
References:
Baidu Encyclopedia-Ancient Capital of China