The industrial and commercial economy of slavery in ancient Greece was mainly manifested as city-state economy. The city-state was formed in Homer's time, which is a combination of city and primitive village. In the 8th century BC, there were more than 200 city-states in ancient Greece. The city-states are independent of each other and go their separate ways. Athens, Miletus, Corinth and other city-states are relatively developed countries in ancient Greece, especially Athens. According to records, in the 7th-6th century BC, handicrafts and commerce in Athens developed remarkably. Its exquisite pottery was exported to the mouth of the Nile, the Italian Peninsula and Asia Minor. In addition, the wine industry and oil production industry are also very prosperous. With the development of overseas trade, the shipbuilding industry has also made progress. These economic changes gradually made Athens the center of handicraft industry and commerce. [5](p.53) The developed industrial and commercial economy in Athens proves that slavery in this period has developed greatly and a new wealthy industrial and commercial class has emerged. The development of industrial and commercial economy in the city-state promoted the transition of slavery from low form to high form.
One of the important reasons for the development of industrial and commercial economy in Athens, ancient Greece is that industrial and commercial slave owners have adopted a series of laws that are conducive to the development of industrial and commercial economy. Solon became consul. Solon started his own business and once used the poem "Wealth is just my wish" to express his wish. He encouraged foreign craftsmen to move to Athens, stipulating that fathers must teach their sons to learn a trade. In order to ensure the food supply in Athens, Solon also issued a decree restricting the export of grain. Moreover, in order to develop the industrial and commercial economy of Athens city-state, he issued decrees to plant trees and improve irrigation. In this way, on the one hand, it is beneficial to the cultivation and management of cash crops such as olives and grapes; On the other hand, it also provides processing raw materials for handicraft industries such as oil pressing and wine making. At the same time, Solon also actively carried out political reforms to consolidate the interests of the industrial and commercial class. Solon's reform attacked the political monopoly of hereditary aristocrats and opened the way for the newly rich class with non-aristocratic background to gain political dominance. After Solon's reform, peisistratus came to power in 54 BC1year. Generally speaking, Pichitratu followed Solon's reform direction, insisted on implementing the agricultural loan system, and subsidized poor farmers to develop olive and grape cultivation. At the same time, Pichitratu also actively develops overseas businesses, establishes a naval fleet, controls sea lanes, and promotes overseas trade. In this way, the handicrafts of Athens can be exported to the Black Sea coast smoothly and unimpeded, and the grain in the Black Sea region can be continuously transported to Athens. Therefore, the era of Pi Chitra Tu "became a high-spirited Athenian industrial and commercial era." After Cleisthenes came to power, he tried to consolidate the political and economic interests gained by the industrial and commercial class since Solon's reform by legislation, and attributed the socio-economic and political development of Athens since Solon's reform to the stable formation of the slave-dominated country and the complete elimination of the residual clan system. Since then, the slave country in Athens has entered a new stage, making the industrialists and businessmen with a large number of slaves become the masters of the country.
The development of industrial and commercial economy in Athens is closely related to overseas expansion. The conflict between Athens and Persia over the ownership of Aegean trade routes finally broke out in the Persian-Greek war. After Athens defeated Persia, it controlled the throat of the Black Sea, monopolized the commercial activities in the Aegean Sea, conquered Ju Lushi Island in the center of the northeast route, and liberated the Greek city-states of Caria and Lycia. The enhancement of Athens' maritime strength has opened the door to the world for the development of industrial and commercial economy.
After the Persian War in Greece, the industrial and commercial city-states of Greece entered a prosperous period. The handicraft industry in Athens has developed to more than 20 industries, and each industry has a detailed division of labor. Therefore, the ceramics, architecture, metallurgy and shipbuilding industries in Athens are very developed. Textiles and blankets of Corinth city-state; Milito's textiles and furniture are very popular handicrafts. In addition, there were mining, agricultural and livestock products processing industries in ancient Greece. , also developed. The commerce in ancient Greece presented a very prosperous scene. Every city has a market and overseas trade is more developed. Piraeus in Athens has become a famous commercial port in the Aegean Sea. Due to the development of commerce, the metal exchange industry appeared. Due to the different coins in each city-state, there are currency exchange booths in the market. Later, it developed into a financial industry, operating loans, mortgages and remittances. Mortgage loan interest 12%, commercial loan interest 16- 18%, and maritime trade loan interest 30%. Athens, Corinth and other cities with developed industry and commerce have developed commodity production and monetary economy. However, the slave economy essentially "kept a part of the natural economy" [9](p. 17 1)
Compared with the development of slave industrial and commercial economy in ancient Egypt and China, the slave industrial and commercial economy in ancient Greece has different characteristics. First of all, the slave industrial and commercial economy in ancient Greece has always been in a very active economic position in form, although it has elements of traditional natural economy in essence. Land sales have also risen, and real estate businessmen have also appeared. This is a regular change after the natural economy is impacted by the commodity exchange relationship. This situation is relatively rare in the slave countries in the East. In the dominant aspect, the industrial and commercial economic development of the slave countries in the East is far from fundamentally breaking through the pattern of land owned by the king. The relationship between land sale and purchase only appeared in the period when slavery was about to disintegrate, and the number was small, the exchange form was relatively simple, and the industry and class of real estate management had not yet formed. Therefore, the essence and form of the slave economy in the East are natural economic components, and the industrial and commercial economy is only an appendage of the agricultural economy.
Secondly, the business in ancient Greece has developed into an international business activity. Ancient Greece had developed international commercial ports and shipping routes, handicrafts and some agricultural products were mainly used for exchange, and the import and export activities of commodities reached as far as Europe, Asia and Africa. Although the commercial activities in Egypt and the two river basins have also reached overseas, they cannot be compared with those in ancient Greece in terms of scale, quantity and development. The commercial characteristics of China in the slavery era were land transportation, lacking good ports and commercial routes to overseas.
Third, with the development of industrial and commercial economy in ancient Greece, the industrial and commercial class appeared and a democratic system was established. The democratic political system of slavery in ancient Greece was based on developed handicrafts, commerce and agriculture and animal husbandry. Of course, the formation of the slave democratic political system in Athens has its unique historical reasons. However, the real driving force for the development of the democratic political system of slavery is the rise of industry and commerce and the emergence of a large number of industrial and commercial slave owners. They liberated Athens from the original traditional and hereditary aristocratic politics and established a classical and advanced democratic political system. In contrast, slavery in the East is based on underdeveloped agriculture and animal husbandry economy and very weak industrial and commercial economy. Industry and commerce are mostly run by the government. Although the nobles of industrial and commercial slave owners have the opportunity to participate in state affairs, it is difficult for industrial and commercial slave owners to form a political force that can compete with authoritarian political forces because of their underdeveloped industry and commerce. Therefore, the industrial and commercial slave owners in the East can only obey the needs of autocratic emperors, and cannot change their ways according to the requirements of industrial and commercial development.
In the final analysis, the development of slavery industry and commerce in ancient Egypt, the two river basins, China and ancient Greece was the result of the development of slavery. The remarkable feature of the development of slavery is that slaves are widely used in all fields of society. During the new kingdom of ancient Egypt, "in addition to thousands of slaves in the royal family, dignitaries and temple economy, some people belonging to the middle class, such as middle and lower officials, businessmen, ordinary priests and officers, could also occupy dozens of slaves." [1] (page 74) At the same time, slaves are widely used in agriculture, construction and various handicraft workshops. "According to documents in the third century A.D., there were 400,000 slaves in Athens." After the Persian war, slave labor was widely used in handicraft industry in Athens. [5] (page 53) Slaves are also widely used in mining. There are thousands of slaves in Lorimo Silver Mine, which belongs to Athens. [5] (page 54) In addition, all kinds of slaves are used in farms, quarries, public buildings, commercial and transportation departments and slave owners' families. In the slave age, countless slaves created the prosperity of slave economy.
Marxism holds that slavery occupies an important position in the history of human social development. Only slavery made a greater division of labor between agriculture and industry possible, thus promoting the prosperity of ancient culture. ..... created conditions. [6](p.66 1) Therefore, all our economic, political and intellectual development is based on the fact that slavery is both recognized and necessary. In this sense, we have reason to say: "Without ancient slavery, there would be no modern socialism." [6](p.66 1) In short, the slave commercial economy, as an important part of the slave economy, played an extremely important historical role in promoting the development of ancient slavery and the transition from slave society to feudal society and even capitalist society.