Song? Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival (Bianjing in Northern Song Dynasty)
★ The development of the civil service system
After the melee at the end of the Tang Dynasty, Song Taizu became a yellow robe again, which was the inevitable result of the opponent's military commanders strengthening their defense. Therefore, the rights of civil servants in Song Dynasty were greatly strengthened, and at the same time, the social status of literati was also improved unprecedentedly. Whoever is romantic, who plays the piano and sings, who has leisure to enjoy tea and fight for tea, is of course a scholar. Military commanders love to seal wolves and live in Xu, and love to fight and kill. Therefore, the life of the literati in the Song Dynasty was biased towards petty bourgeoisie, which also led to the atmosphere of the whole society.
Jianyang? Kaoting Academy (where Zhu gave lectures in his later years)
★ Aesthetic mentality tends to be introverted.
From the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, the literati's mentality advocated individuality, so there was a heroic poem that the desert was lonely and the long river set the yen. By the end of the Tang Dynasty, literati were fond of writing lyrics, which were actually written by artists, and this aesthetic mentality continued until the Song Dynasty.
Judging from the development of porcelain, tri-colored porcelain and secret colored porcelain in the Tang Dynasty have gorgeous glazes, but single glazed porcelain is more popular in the Song Dynasty, such as blue glaze in Longquan kiln and blue glaze in Jun kiln. As a kind of black glazed porcelain, Jianzhan is bound to develop.
Don? Sancai (in the Palace Museum)
In addition to the above factors, there are three special reasons for the prosperity of Jianzhan:
Innovation of firing technology
Black glazed porcelain has been produced for a long time in the history of China ceramics, but the output has been very small, because the glaze color is monotonous and lacks change. In order to break through this limitation, the kiln workers used the mechanism that the oxidized metal contained in the glaze can be colored and the kiln temperature flame to produce various crystalline glaze and floral glazes. This change is out of control. Rabbit hair has only one glaze color, and there are different categories such as gold, silver, gray and yellow.
Southern Song Dynasty Kiln Silver Rabbit Lantern
The rise of the wind of fighting tea
Fighting tea, a way of drinking tea, originated in the Tang Dynasty, and in the Song Dynasty, there was nothing wrong with the emperor and the literati. Fighting tea means grinding tea cakes into powder and drinking them with water. In the process of fighting tea, the black of Jianzhan is easier to set off the white of soup color than the color of soup. Will there be one by the mouth? Watershed line? One part of tea fighting is to order soup, that is, with the rotation of the teapot, hit and flick the tea soup in the cup, so that the soup flowers are even and delicate, and can bite the edge of the cup for a long time. What works best? Bite it? Does Tang Huaneng bite people? Watershed line? This shows that the main function of Jianzhan at that time was to make tea.
Schematic diagram of tea fighting
Song Huizong's personal role
Song Huizong is not a qualified emperor, but he is definitely an accomplished artist, who has the first calligraphy in Song Dynasty and various hobbies of literary youth. People wrote a book "Daguan Tea Theory" to evaluate Jianzhan:? The color of the lamp is blue and black, and jade is the best. This sentence is still the most frequently quoted sentence. Song Huizong not only likes to use floor lamps himself, but also works as a part-time salesman. According to the legacy of Xuanhe, With Huishan Spring and Jianxi, a new kind of Gongtaipingjiarui tea was brewed and sent to Cai Jing. . It can be seen that it is difficult to make lights without considering fire in the Song Dynasty.