Wang Ruofei, Ning Jing, Yi Yang, Liu Jie, Yan Zhenhao, Liu Zi, He Jie, Nie Yuan, Shun Tianqi
This is for a celebrity
Yang Can< /p>
Yang Can, whose courtesy name is Wenqing and whose nickname is Boqiang, is the thirteenth generation grandson of Yang Duan, the originator of the Yang family, who settled in Bozhou in the third year of Emperor Qianfu of Emperor Xizong of the Tang Dynasty (AD 876). Can is the son of Yang Shi. He was adopted as his heir by his uncle Yang Zhen when he was young. He is eager to learn and believes deeply in Confucian classics. He has great ambitions at a young age. In the early Jiatai year of Emperor Ningzong of the Song Dynasty (1201 AD), he attacked Bozhou as the pacifier and was in charge of Bozhou affairs for more than 30 years. He was a very accomplished figure in the history of Bozhou.
In the second year of Kaixi of the Song Dynasty (AD 1206), the Jin soldiers invaded south and captured Tongguan. After occupying Shaanxi, Wu Xi, the Xuanfu envoy of Sichuan, rebelled and defected to the Jin Dynasty. In the first month of the following year, he established himself as the "King of Shu" and became the son-emperor of the Jin people. Yang Can condemned Wu Xi's capitulation and separatist behavior with strong patriotic enthusiasm, and decided to lead a crusade. The Bo army was about to set off, but Wu Xi had been executed in the Xingyuan Puppet Palace. In order to support the anti-golden war, Yang Can donated 300 war horses and tens of thousands of taels of gold, white, and silver to the imperial court, "to help the country." In the twelfth year of Jiading (AD 1219), in order to continue to support the war against the Jin Dynasty, Can "lost three hundred horses to the commander of Shu, and the commander of Shu heard about it and went to Jiazhi." Mu Yongzhong, the "Nanping Yi", took advantage of the turbulent autumn of the country to occupy a large number of "public fields". Can Can raised troops to attack and "kill Yongzhong and return his fields". The Yang family in Bozhou has been engaged in civil strife for power and land since the Northern Song Dynasty. Yang Huan, a younger brother of the Can family, lived in the "Xia Yang" land. He tore up the agreement of "abandoning war" and "violated the alliance and looted the territory", causing suffering for the people. Can "sent troops to punish him", returned all the land and rents plundered by Yang Huan to Zhenzhou, and unified the land of Xia Yang by force, ending the chaos of Bozhou's long-term division. Later, "Nanping Min Chief Wei Gui killed his father and established himself", Can sent troops to suppress it, "defeated them in Dianchi (today's Huili, Sichuan), beheaded thousands of people, opened up 700 miles of land, and captured thousands of cattle, sheep and armored battles." . In many foreign wars, Yang Can took "defending the Tao" as his banner, relied on force to annex and expand, plundered a large amount of wealth and serfs, and expanded the territory of Bozhou. Therefore, later historians commented that when Bozhou spread to Can, "the territory began to expand after the border was closed."
Yang Can was famous for his "civilian and military talents" in governing Bozhou. Historical records say that he was "filial to friends, thrifty, and always managed politics with lenient simplicity and convenience for the people." Due to the implementation of a relatively open and relaxed domestic policy without being too demanding, Bozhou's society was stable, its production developed, and its wealth increased day by day. He inherited the tradition of his ancestors Yang Xuan and his father Yang Shi of "making a house to raise scholars" and "paying attention to art and literature". He advocated Confucianism, built schools and cultivated scholars, overhauled ancestral temples, and "initiated the construction of Confucianism, Lin Palace, and Buddhist temples in the county." ", Bridge Road", many scholars, monks, and Taoist priests spread academic and religious knowledge in Bozhou, and each found his own place. "Yang Wen's Shinto Stele" praises Yang Can: "Scholars like Confucianism and good etiquette, good at doing good and cultivating virtues." The cultural governance he advocated accelerated the progress of civilization in Bozhou, a southern wasteland. "The descendants are good at inheriting and respecting Yiluo's learning; their words and deeds are consistent with the customs of Zou and Lu." Bozhou's "local customs have changed greatly" and there has been a great situation that "seems to be the same as the cultural relics of China". Yang Can was a heroic figure who created the "Prosperous Age of Bozhou". While developing culture, he vigorously promoted military and military affairs, implemented the policy of farming and war, and organized and trained a local armed force that "integrated troops in agriculture". The people of Bo were both farmers and soldiers, and the strategy was to "farm and fight at the same time to enrich the country and strengthen the army." This well-trained and well-organized force was very brave in several internal and external battles. It was sure to conquer everything it conquered, and its military power deterred its neighbors, which greatly strengthened and consolidated its dominance. His descendants inherited and carried forward this effective army management technique. When Yang Jie and Yang Wen were in charge of Bozhou, in order to fight against the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty and protect their family and country, Bozhou's majestic army galloped across the southwest battlefield and participated in many expeditions. He was a man of his own and made outstanding achievements many times. He was praised by the imperial court as "the vassal screen of the country".
In his later years, Yang Can used Confucian moral thought as the criterion, summed up his lifelong ruling experience, wrote "Ten Family Instructions", and carved stones to show to his descendants. The text states: "Perform the duties of ministers, promote filial piety, guard the Jiqiu, protect the territory, be frugal, discern the virtuous, be fair and forgiving, be fair to the likes and dislikes, avoid luxury, and be careful about punishment." These 10 family mottos have been rated by later generations as a time-honored example of "a teaching that has merit and fame and brings blessings to future generations". Yang Can died in the Shaoding period of the Song Dynasty and became a doctor of Wuyi. Because his grandson served on the battlefield in the Anti-Jin War, the Song Dynasty repeatedly conferred posthumous titles on Yang Can, bestowed upon him titles such as Doctor Youwu, Governor of Jizhou, General Zuowei, Defense Envoy of Zhongzhou, etc., and also granted him the title of "loyal martyr in the temple, and the title of Wei Yihou". .
He Tengjiao
He Tengjiao (1592-1649), a native of Liping Prefecture, Guizhou, with the courtesy name Yuncong and Xiangsheng, came from a "scholarly" family. His grandfather, He Zhiqing, was born in Jiajing, Ming Dynasty. He once served as the chief registrar of Kai County in Kuizhou Prefecture, Sichuan. His father, He Dongfeng, was a Gongsheng student in Wanli of the Ming Dynasty. He once served as the Xinzhou Xuezheng of Chuxiong Prefecture in Yunnan. Legend has it that when the Tengjiao was born, the villagers "suddenly saw two golden carps flying into his house and disappearing instantly. Everyone thought that the Tengjiao was the reincarnation of the divine fish in the well." Legend has it that it is magical, which shows the respect the villagers have for Tengjiao.
When Tengjiao grew up, he studied with his father. His father's teachings were very strict. One day when he asked a question and he couldn't understand the book, his father got angry and hit Tengjiao on the head with a stone inkstone. He scolded him and said, "If you don't get taught, you will have no regrets if you beat me to death." So Tengjiao persevered and passed the exam. Scholars, "the best in every year's exams". However, he failed in the provincial provincial examination. In the scientific examination, he was placed in the fourth class because of his article that criticized current affairs. His father was furious when he heard about it, and his mother, Mrs. Liao, secretly informed people and told him not to go home. Tengjiao then hid in the house of Mr. Li Jingxi, a book seller, and studied in tears. Later, he went to Neijiang to join his cousin Qijiao, hoping to find a job with his brother.
Qijiao knew his purpose and wanted to stimulate him to make progress, so he ordered the gatekeeper to not allow him to enter and gave him a copy of the "Hundred Chinese Classics" and copper coins. Tengjiao felt ashamed, so he returned to his hometown and stayed in Tianxiang Pavilion in Nanquan Mountain outside the county. He studied hard day and night to hone his ambition.
In the first year of Qi tomorrow (AD 1621), during the Guizhou Provincial Examination, due to the death of his father and his family falling into poverty, Tengjiao "suffered from lack of funds" and hesitated for a long time. Fortunately, Mr. Li Jingxi of the bookstore donated money to help. Set out on a long journey to the provincial capital examination to pass the examination. He first served as magistrate of Yuci County in Shanxi Province, and later served as county magistrate of Jiexiu and Fenyang in Shanxi, Nanyang in Henan, and Daxing in Shaanxi. Tengjiao was in charge of Nanyang, and the "local bandits" were in trouble. He adopted the policy of "suppression and pacification" to calm the people. He once rode alone to pacify and surrender the enemy, so that the surrounding areas were at peace, so he became famous.
In the eleventh year of Chongzhi (1638 AD), the imperial court promoted him to be the head of the Ministry of War and promoted to Yuanwailang. In December, troops were transferred to the north of Shanxi Pass to prepare for the road. In the spring of the fifteenth year of Chongzhi's reign, he was ordered to serve as the military commander of Yunyang, Hubei Province. Later, "suffering from mother's worries", he resigned and returned home. After the filial piety was removed, he took up the post of Huai Xu Bing Dao. During his term of office, he was known for his "talent and sharpness", honesty, diligence and love for the people.
In March of the 16th year of Chongji (AD 1643), the governor Shi Kefa strongly recommended him, and Chao worshiped him as the censor of Youqiandu, and patrolled Huguang on behalf of King Jukui. Zuo Shi refers to Zuo Liangyu, the general military officer stationed in Huguang, who holds heavy troops. At that time, all Hubei was occupied by peasant rebels, with only one county left in Wuchang. Zuo Liangyu's army was undisciplined and his generals were arrogant. People advised Tengjiao not to go, but Tengjiao said: "The purpose of raising and setting up officials in the country is to save people in critical situations, and they should make immortal contributions for thousands of years. Today, I live in fear of death. Is it the responsibility of the ministers?" So he was generous. Take office. After taking office, he spent all his time doing side things without caring about the benefits. Zuo Liangyu also admired Tengjiao's prestige, accepted him wholeheartedly, and settled down with him. In the spring of the following year, General Hui was sent to the prime minister, Mao Xianwen restored De'an Prefecture and Suizhou, and Wuchang was stabilized.
After the Qing army entered the customs and established its capital in Beijing, it adopted a brutal policy of ethnic oppression. On the one hand, it attracted Han bureaucratic landlords and cooperated with the Communist Party to suppress the peasant uprising; on the other hand, it forced the Han residents of Beijing to move away from Beijing. , and promulgated land enclosure orders, hair shaving orders, and escape laws in an attempt to rule China with violence, thus further intensifying ethnic conflicts.
In May of the first year of Shunzhi (AD 1644), some bureaucratic landlords of the Ming Dynasty supported King Fu in Nanjing to establish the Hongguang regime. They called on them to "restore their homeland and honor their ancestral property" to resist the Qing army's march southward. Officers and soldiers from all over the country responded one after another, and people everywhere placed their hopes on this regime to restore the country's rivers and mountains and save the people. However, the Hongguang court was corrupted internally, and King Fu only cared about pleasure. There were serious party disputes within the feudal rulers, and the regime was extremely unstable. In June of the same year, King Fu sent an edict to Chu. At that time, Zuo Liangyu was stationed in Hanyang Mansion with an army of 70,000 to 80,000 troops. His subordinates had objections and were reluctant to read the edict, intending to go east to interfere in the government affairs. Tengjiao said: "The safety of the country depends on this move. If you don't obey the imperial edict, I will die for you." He held a sword and went to Liangyu's residence. At that time, Zuo Liangyu's chief disciplinary officer, Lu Ding, also made great efforts to report the country's misfortunes and blessings. He expressed his great righteousness to Zuo Liangyu, and then he read the imperial edict as a courtesy, which temporarily stabilized the political situation. In August of the same year, King Fu ordered Jia Tengjiao to serve as a right-hand man in the military department and also to control Hunan. In the eleventh month of winter, Tengjiao was reinstated as the former governor of the military affairs of Huguang, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi. Soon, Zuo Liangyu planned to send troops eastward in the name of "Qing Jun Side" to kill Ma Shiying, a scholar of Dongge University, and Ruan Dayue, minister of the Ministry of War, and launched a civil war to destroy each other. Tengjiao tried his best to dissuade him in order to take the overall situation of the anti-Qing Dynasty into consideration. Liangyu refused to listen, but instead went on a plundering spree, massacred the people in the city, and coerced Tengjiao to go with him. When the boat arrived at Hanyang Gate, Tengjiao took the opportunity to jump into the river and drifted for more than ten miles before being rescued by a fishing boat. People near and far believed that if the dragon stayed in the water for three days and nights, it would be protected by the gods, so the people were even more convinced of him. Hou Tengjiao detoured to Liuyang and arrived in Changsha, Hunan, where he summoned his subordinates to discuss strategies for resisting the Qing Dynasty and defending the country. He ordered Du Yinxi to be the governor of Hubei, Fu Shangrui to be the governor of Hunan, and Zhang Kuang to be the governor-general and supervisor of the army... He transferred the soldiers led by deputy generals Huang Chaoxuan, Zhang Xianbi, and Liu Chengyin to gather in Changsha one after another, and the military strength increased slightly. At this time, Zuo Liangyu had died of illness on the way to Jiujiang, and his son Zuo Mengeng later surrendered to the Qing Dynasty.
In May of the second year of Shunzhi (AD 1645), the Qing army occupied Nanjing, King Fu was captured, and the Hongguang regime was destroyed. Then the towns belonging to Susong in Jiangnan were successively occupied by the Qing army. In April of the same year, Tang Wang Zhu Yujian was located in Fuzhou, named Longwu. When the king of the Tang Dynasty lived in Nanyang, he knew Tengjiao Xian and entrusted him with important tasks and the official title of governor Tengjiao.
In April of this year, Li Zicheng was killed, and the remnants of the peasant army were led by Hao Yaoqi, Liu Tiren, Yuan Zongdi, Li Jin, and Gao Yigong. About 400,000 to 50,000 soldiers marched towards Jingxiang. The rebels have strict discipline and are supported by the local people. They suddenly lost their coach and realized that they were facing a formidable enemy. They should unite the Ming Dynasty officials and troops to jointly resist the Qing troops. The peasant army moved southward from Yuezhou to Xiangyin, more than a hundred miles away from Changsha. They did not compete with the Ming army. They notified the Ming army that they were willing to submit to Commander He Tengjiao, expressing their hope that they could unite with each other and defend against powerful enemies. He Tengjiao then sent his general Wan Dapeng and several cavalry to Hao Yaoqi's camp to discuss the terms of cooperation. After waving the flag and waiting for great joy, he led an army of 50,000 peasants to Changsha. Tengjiao sincerely comforted him, feasted and drank happily, and rewarded the official with oxen and wine. After waving the flag, he summoned Yuan Zongdi, Lin Chengcheng, Niu Youyong and others to lead the rebel army back. Tengjiao's troops suddenly increased by more than 100,000, and their reputation was shocked.
Soon, Li Jin and Gao Yigong supported hundreds of thousands of people to force Changde. Tengjiao ordered Du Yinxi to accept him and place him in Jingzhou. From then on, Li Jin followed Tengjiao wholeheartedly, and hundreds of thousands of farmers returned to Tengjiao to control him.
Later, Ming generals Lu Ding, Ma Jinzhong, Wang Yuncheng and others also obeyed Tengjiao's orders. The armies gathered together and numbered millions. The king of the Tang Dynasty appointed Bai Tengjiao as the scholar of Dongge University and the Minister of War, and was granted the title of Xingbo. He was the governor of the military affairs of Henan, Chu, Qin, Shu, and Guangdong, and he was also the governor of the division. He also ordered to recover Jiangxi first, and then the south. He Tengjiao commanded about 100,000 peasant troops stationed in various parts of Hunan, shouldering the important task of resisting Qing attacks. The 18th Battalion led by Li Jin and Gao Yigong in northern Huguang killed more than 300,000 people, and was renamed Zhongzhen Battalion and placed under the jurisdiction of Du Yinxi. He Tengjiao slightly reorganized these peasant armies, and they were still led by the original peasant army generals. They were stationed in the Jingxiang and Huguang areas, with the general name of Thirteen Towns, which is known as the Jingxiang Thirteen Family Army. They soon had close contact with the peasant armies from all over eastern Sichuan and developed into the Kuidong Thirteenth Army, which contained a considerable number of Qing troops during the War of Resistance.
After the thirteen Jingxiang armies united with the Ming army, the Ming army suddenly became powerful. In the spring of 1646, the Qing government sent troops to attack Huguang. He Tengjiao led the army from Changsha and defeated the Qing army in Yuezhou. He soon won several victories in Tengxi, Xiangyin and other places, so that the Qing army could no longer invade south for a while. The Longwu regime was able to establish its country calmly in Fuzhou.
He Tengjiao guarded Changsha for three years. The military discipline was strict and the soldiers did not dare to disobey. At that time, the plague was prevalent. He "hanged himself to inquire about the orphans" and "gave advice", and the people were temporarily revived. And he himself eats whole grains, wild vegetables, and wears patchwork clothes. At that time, military pay was insufficient, so he appointed Zhang Kuang to establish free wages, increase land rents, collect military rations for two years in advance, seize the properties of wealthy households, set up a foundry to mint money, collect salt taxes, etc. to fund military pay. What is commendable is that in the midst of the war and chaos, we built a literary field and opened up schools to recruit scholars, so that in the land of the two lakes, string songs were not abandoned, and the political situation was temporarily stabilized.
In August 1646, Emperor Longwu and his queen were unfortunately captured by the Qing army in Tingzhou and died in Fuzhou. When the news came, Tengjiao was greatly saddened and ordered his troops to protect the situation as usual.
When the news of the death of Emperor Longwu reached Wuzhou, Guangxi governor Qu Shishu and others immediately returned to Zhaoqing to support King Zhu Youlang of Gui on the throne. They changed the reign name to Yongli and made Tengjiao a bachelor of Wuyingdian and a prince. Taibao. At that time, Wang Jincai was guarding Yiyang. Hearing that the Qing army was gradually approaching, he withdrew from Yiyang and still guarded Changsha. At this time Tengjiao was in a very difficult situation.
In February 1647, the Qing army forced Guangdong, and the King of Gui fled to Wuzhou from Zhaoqing. The Qing army quickly captured Wuzhou, and the King of Gui rushed to Guilin. At this time, only the great scholar Qu Shishu stood firm in Guilin and resisted tenaciously, so that Guilin was saved. At that time, in the Huxiang area, Governor He Tengjiao's subordinates and the Thirteen Jingxiang Army played a vanguard role in the tenacious battle with the Qing army.
At this time, Liu Chengyin, the ambitious military officer in chief of Wugang, took King Gui hostage and fled from Guilin to Quanzhou. He arrived in Wugang in March, leaving Qu Shishu to stay in Guilin. At that time, the traitor Kong Youde led the Qing army to attack Changsha. Ma Jinzhong, Wang Jincai and others retreated one after another. He Tengjiao was alone and rode alone to Hengzhou. Changsha and Xiangyin were both lost. In May, Tengjiao arrived in Yongzhou, and soon retreated to Baiya City (now Andong County, Hunan).
On August 13, Qing troops broke through Wugang, and Liu Chengyin surrendered to the city. The King of Gui led his official family to Jingzhou and returned to Guilin in September. There was only Jiao Lian's army in the city, so Tengjiao led Zhao Yinxuan and Hu Yiqing into the city to help. At the critical moment, Nan'an Hou Hao waved his flag and suddenly more than ten thousand people came, shaking up and down. Waving the flag and fighting with Jiao Lian's generals, Lu Ding also arrived with his troops. Tengjiao intervened and stabilized Guilin. So Tengjiao sent battalions of Jiao Lian, Hao Yaoqi, Lu Ding, Zhao Yinxuan, and Hu Yiqing to guard Xing'an, Lingchuan, and Yining counties respectively, and the military strength was slightly strengthened.
In November, the Qing troops invaded the whole state, and Tengjiao, the five generals under the command of Tengjiao, joined forces to defend the enemy and went to Yingrong River Estuary in person. In February of the following year, the Qing army swept down from Hunan and occupied Quanzhou and Xing'an. Hao Yaoqi fled to Guilin in defeat, and took the King of Gui to Liuzhou and then to Nanning. In March, Tengjiao heard the news in Yongning and returned to Guilin. On the sixth day of April, Tengjiao's commanders, Jiao Lian and Hu Yiqing, divided into three gates and refused to defend. Tengjiao's commanders fought fiercely and commanded from the center. Hu Yiqing led his soldiers to charge into the battle, wielding a halberd and shaking the mountains. The Qing army was repulsed. Tengjiao followed to Yanguan and took the lead in the battle at Sanli Bridge in Xing'an. The Qing army formed an array at Tangpu Camp, spread across the valley, and invaded in four groups. Tengjiao ordered Zhao Yinxuan to lead the soldiers of the fifth division to take the lead bravely and made many gains. Until Youke, Hu Yiqing led his troops to continue fighting. When they arrived at Sanli Bridge, all the generals were so excited that one was worth a hundred, and the Qing army retreated to Xing'an. On the eighth day of the lunar month, the generals under Tengjiao's command went to Fenghuangping, about three miles away, and fought with the Qing army in the pine forest. The Qing army ambushed and the artillery boomed. Tengjiao ordered a four-pronged attack, and ordered Zhao Yexuan and Hu Yiqing to lead various Biao towns to rush and kill. They fought fiercely for a long time, and looked at them like thunder and lightning. Zhou Jintang and Xiong Chaozuo of Biao Town were ordered to attack from the left mountain of Fenghuangping. The Qing army was defeated, the dead were piled up, and the water of Luan Bridge stopped flowing. On the 16th, the Qing army retreated.
On May 15th, Tengjiao commanded the three armies to attack Quanzhou City. From Chen to You, 45 people including the enemy's deputy counselor Youneng were wounded by artillery. On the night of the 26th, Zhao Yinxuan ordered the entire battalion to attack Beiguan, Jiao Lian commanded the entire battalion to attack Nanguan, and the Puzhen battalion attacked Xiguan. The next day, Hu Yiqing ascended the city first, captured Qing governor Li Maozu alive, and escorted him to Guilin to behead him. Each battalion attacked one after another and killed all the elite Qing troops. In this campaign, eight battles and five attacks were fought, and the whole state was recovered. It is called "Quanzhou's Great Victory" in history. In June, Jiangxi's Qing surrender general Jin Shenghuan and Guangzhou's Qing surrender general Li Chengdong successively surrendered and regained their territory. The Qing troops in Hunan gradually retreated. In the seventh month of autumn, Tengjiao entered Quanzhou. In August, King Gui entered Zhaoqing from Wuzhou. Tengjiao then sent Cao Zhijian, Lu Ding, Jiao Lian, Zhao Yinxuan and others to lead the army to attack Yongzhou. In March, there were 36 large and small battles. In November, Yongzhou was captured.
Soon after, they defeated Baoqing, Hengzhou, and Changde. The previously lost land gradually recovered, and almost the entire territory of Hunan was recovered, which greatly boosted the momentum of resistance to the Qing Dynasty. At this time, the anti-Qing struggle resumed in Guangdong, Sichuan and other places. The Yuyuan Army behind the Qing army, the Luliang Mountain rebels, and the Guanzhong Peasant Rebel Army all launched extensive offensives. For a time, the area controlled by the Yongli regime expanded to seven provinces: Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, and Guangdong. , the first anti-Qing climax occurred in the Southern Ming Dynasty.
However, due to the internal party disputes and contradictions within the Yongli regime, the peasant army was also squeezed out and unable to unite against the enemy, which gave the Qing army a chance to breathe. In addition, the Nanming army was disorganized and disciplined. The generals and soldiers were cowardly and greedy, and did not accept He Tengjiao's orders and restraints. Each army and horse went on its own, seriously weakening the combat effectiveness. In the subsequent battles, Ma Jin burned Changde and marched to Wugang. Wang Jincai gave up Baoqing and fled, and the guards of all counties and cities fled after hearing the news. Tengjiao was stationed in Hengzhou at that time. He was very frightened and worried when he saw that thousands of miles were empty. In the first month of the sixth year of Shunzhi (AD 1649), Tengjiao summoned Ma Jinzhong to send troops from Yiyang to Changsha, and went to Zhongzhen Camp in person to invite Li Jin to Hengzhou. At that time, he only took 30 soldiers with him. However, Li Jin had already headed east, and Tengjiao followed him to Xiangtan. Xiangtan was already an empty city, and Li Jin abandoned the defense and left. Tengjiao then entered the dangerous city. At that time, all the generals went to reinforce Jiangxi, and Jin Shenghuan and Huang Feiluan were transferred to Quanzhou. When Ma Jinzhong heard that Tengjiao was walking alone, he immediately sent his generals to pursue him, but it was too late. The traitor Kong Youde discovered the news that Tengjiao was in the empty city of Xiangtan. He pursued him to the city gates day and night, and sent the surrendered general Xu Yong to break into Xiangtan with his light cavalry. He led the crowd to persuade Tengjiao to surrender. Xu Yong was originally a general of Zuo Liangyu's tribe and had followed Tengjiao. When Tengjiao saw that he was acting as an aide, he became furious and cursed endlessly. He raised his sword to cut Xu Yong, but Xu Yong had to retreat. At dawn on the 19th, all the fortresses were empty. Tengjiao sat in the hall in casual clothes and cried bitterly: "For five years, I have been supervising the division for five years, and the result is like this. Is this God's will?" Qing troops came from all directions. They came, surrounded him and flew away, placing him in Huide Temple outside the city. Ming Dynasty General Xuanwei General Yang Yiying didn't know where Tengjiao was and wanted to find him. He took the risk of riding alone into the dangerous city seven times to look for him. In the end, he couldn't find him. He was hit by a stray arrow and died. The Manchu aristocrat Gu Shanerzhen Tong Yanghe invited Tengjiao to talk to him and persuaded him to submit to the Qing Dynasty. Tengjiao sat on his knees and said nothing. The Qing army brought more than 40 of his family members (including his stepmother, Mrs. Sun Da, and his wife, Mrs. Xu) to force him to surrender. Tengjiao said calmly: "My mother is old and I have nothing to cherish but my life." He then forced him to surrender. He said: "Our country is unfortunate and the ministers were taken prisoner. I shoulder the heavy responsibility of the Ming Dynasty for three hundred years. How can I do it?" Can I serve two masters with one body? I am a bloody man and will never turn back. Why do you still hesitate to kill me with one sword?" Tong Yanghe withdrew when he saw that his will was firm and unshakable. Tengjiao lived in the nunnery, sitting upright, talking and laughing freely. He refused to go after several invitations, and refused to eat several times when he was given food and drinks. One day, a monk in the nunnery offered him a bowl of water to drink. He immediately waved it away with his hand and said, "Excuse me, great monk, get me another pot of Jiangxin water. Let me drink it before I go on my way." The monk immediately scooped up a bowl of Jiangxin water. After offering it, Tengjiao took it, looked south and said with tears: "This river flows from Hengshan Mountain, and it is the water from King Gui! This water can wash my stomach and intestines, and I can rest in peace when I die." Tengjiao drank the river water He went on a hunger strike for seven days and did not die. Tong Yanghe sent someone again to persuade him to surrender, but he refused and said: "Confucius said to be benevolent, Mencius said to be righteous, the legacy of clothes and belts, he will do it, and I will follow it. I am determined, don't say more." Yanghe sighed: "What a tough guy. His ambition can't be changed." He couldn't bear to kill him, so he gave him a bundle of silk ropes and a sweat towel and let him kill himself. At that time, the light rain had just passed, and he walked slowly and calmly, brushing his scarf with his sleeves while reciting a poem from Qilu (Death Poem):
The sky is full of misfortunes and human affairs, and the water of the Xiangjiang River does not flow with eyebrows furrowed.
The stone refiner has the intention to complain about a tree, but Ling Yun has no plan to comfort the three continents.
The rivers and mountains are full of red earth, the wind is sad, and the country is pregnant with people and the rain is overflowing in autumn.
The exhausted time has passed, and the blood of cuckoos stains the clan every year.
This poem expresses his deep sorrow for the country's subjugation, his unswerving national integrity until death, and his deep memory for the people of the motherland and the brothers in Sanxiang.
He Tengjiao then hanged himself by the Liushui Bridge on the 26th day of the first lunar month in Chou (AD 1649) at the age of 58. More than 40 members of his family were killed by the brutal Qing army at the same time. After the tragic news of Tengjiao's death came out, people in all counties and counties in Hunan shed tears of condolence. When the King of Gui heard the news, he ordered the three armies to be silent and weep bitterly at the sacrifice. The three armies all cried, and the sound could be heard for several miles. Then He Tengjiao was posthumously given the title of "King of Zhongxiang", with the posthumous title of Wenlie, and was located at Tianma Temple in Zhaoqing. He Wenrui was also appointed as the censor of Qiandu, and he was appointed as the Marquis of Dingxing.
In the 14th year of Kangxi (AD 1675), the Qing court commended the late Ming minister, posthumously named Tengjiao "Zhongzhong", and built a temple next to the divine fish well in Liping City, named "He Zhongzhong Temple". The next year Tengjiao's nephew (Qi Mosquito) returned home from Xiangtan and was buried on the West Buddha Cliff outside the west gate of Liping. Subsequently, after several constructions, it was named "Ming Dynasty Posthumous King He Tengjiao Cemetery of Zhongxiang King". The villagers inscribed a couplet saying: "Beside the Dabu Bridge, the eternal name is the same as the sun and the moon; on the West Buddha Cliff, there is a stretch of loess Zhuangshan River." Expressing this. This made the villagers admire and respect He Gong.
Li Shuchang
Li Shuchang (1837-1896), courtesy name Shunzhai, was born in Zunyi, Guizhou. He was a famous diplomat and essayist in the late Qing Dynasty in my country.
Li Shuchang lost his father when he was six years old. His family was poor and had many illnesses, but he studied hard and worked tirelessly despite his poor life.
When he was fourteen or five years old, he wrote poems and compositions, which he recited while plowing, and he repeatedly won the first place in the government and county examinations. At the age of twenty-one, he became a Lin Gong student of the government school. In 1861, Li Shuchang left Zunyi and went to Beijing to take part in the Shuntianfu Provincial Examination, but failed in both exams. In 1862, in response to the imperial edict, he wrote tens of thousands of words on current affairs, which attracted the attention of the imperial court. He was rewarded as a county magistrate and sent to Anqing to await Zeng Guofan's dispatch. Therefore, Li Shuchang, Zhang Yuzhao, Wu Rulun, and Xue Fucheng became the "Four Disciples of the Zeng Clan" and embarked on an official career. He once acted as magistrate of Wujiang and Qingpu counties in Jiangsu Province. From 1876 to 1880, Li Shuchang began his lifelong diplomatic activities as a counselor on diplomatic missions to Britain, France, Spain and other countries with Guo Songtao and Chen Lanbin. From 1881 to 1884 and from 1887 to 1889, Li Shuchang served as China's Minister to Japan twice as a Taoist priest, making outstanding contributions to promoting friendly exchanges between China and Japan. When he left office, people from Japan packed the streets to see him off, traveling hundreds of miles away. Envoys from Western countries praised the move, saying that this was an unprecedented phenomenon for envoys returning home.
Li Shuchang's cultural contribution was mainly the compilation and printing of "Guyi Series". This book consists of 200 volumes in twenty-six categories. During his spare time in Japan, Li Shuchang photocopied on high-grade paper the precious ancient books of the Tang, Song, Yuan, and Ming dynasties that had been lost to Japan. Edited. It includes three and a half volumes of "Yupian" in the Tang version, thirteen and a half volumes of "Wen Guan Ci Lin", six volumes of "Shi Lue" in the Song version, and five and a half volumes of "Taiping Huanyu Ji Bu Que". This is extremely useful for the study of ancient Chinese, historical geography and other aspects of our country.
In addition, Li Shuchang's works include six volumes of "Collection of Zhuozun Garden", 28 volumes of "Compilation of Ancient Chinese Ci", two volumes of "Journal of the Capital", and "Western Magazine" Eight volumes, twelve volumes of "Chronicle of Zeng Wenzhenggong", one volume of "Biography of Zeng Taifu Yiyong Marquis", as well as "Li Family Genealogy", "Quan Qian Guo Gu Kao", "Story of Zang Da", "Shi Dong Wen Shou", " "Records of Zhuozun Garden Paintings", "Confucius' Poems", "Xuanzhai Notes", etc.
In August 1896, Li Shuchang returned to Zunyi from Sichuan Province due to illness. Died on December 20th.
Southwestern Scholars - Zheng Zhen, Mo Youzhi
Zheng Zhen and Mo Youzhi were the most famous Confucian scholars and writers in Guizhou during the Daoguang, Xianfeng and Tongzhi years of the Qing Dynasty. Literary artist and calligrapher. The two of them not only have profound academic attainments, but are also close classmates. Their many achievements were valued by scholars, so they were respectfully called "Zheng Mo" and "Southwestern Scholars" by people at the time.
Zheng Zhen, whose courtesy name is Ziyin, later known as Chai Weng, also known as Ziwu Shanhai, is a Taoist with five feet and the same pavilion chief. He was born on March 10, 1806, in a farm family with only a few acres of thin fields in Tianwangli, Xixiang, Zunyi. He has been diligent and studious since he was a child, has an extraordinary memory, and can recite poems at a glance. In order to provide him with a better learning environment, his parents gave up their property in Xixiang in 1818 and moved their family to Yaowan in Le'anli, Dongxiang, near his maternal home. His uncle Li Xun was the magistrate of Tongxiang County in Zhejiang Province and had a large collection of books. Zheng Zhen often goes to study at her uncle's house. His uncle always packed a box full of books for him. Zheng Zhen stayed with her desk from morning till night, and she read tens of thousands of words a day. Later, he devoted himself to studying the works of Zhou Dunyi, Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi, Zhang Zai and Zhu Xi of the Song Dynasty, and carefully studied Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism. Over the past few years, he has made very significant progress in his studies. In 1825, the minister Cheng Enze supervised the academic affairs of Guizhou and selected him as a tribute student. He also instructed him: "How can you read the books of the Three Dynasties and Two Han Dynasties if you don't first learn to read?" So he further studied the shape and form of characters. The origin of sound and righteousness and various pre-Qin systems. Scholars at that time paid great attention to textual research. He inherited this tradition and pursued scholarship in a pragmatic and practical manner. He was neither willing to create new ideas nor easily agree with others. Later, he conducted teaching work with Zunyi Fuxue professor Mo Yuyou, from whom he learned many views and opinions of Confucian masters. He studied hard for more than thirty years and finally achieved profound attainments in Confucian classics. His major works in Confucian classics and philology include one volume of "Chao Jing Shuo", eight volumes of "Private Notes on Rituals", two volumes of "Lun Yu's Private Notes", one volume of "Fu Shi Wei Zhong Tu Shuo", "Private Notes on Rituals" in eight volumes One volume of "Records of Relatives", two volumes of "Shuowen Yizi", one volume of "Appendix", six volumes of "Shuowen Xinfu Kao", eight volumes of "Han Jian Zheng", as well as "Shen Yi Kao" and "Laozi Commentary" ", "Compilation of Thirty-Seven Annotations on the Analects of Confucius", "Shuowen Main Purpose", "Shuowen Homophony", "Annotation Test", "Shiming Zhengdu", "Shuoli", etc.
Mo Youzhi (also known as Zisi, nicknamed Ting, or Sou in the evening) was a streetwalker in Wengqituchang, Dushan. He was born in a scholarly family in 1810. His father, Mo Yuchou (also known as Youren), was a Jinshi in the fourth year of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty. He served as a scholar in the Hanlin Academy, magistrate of Yanyuan County in Sichuan and professor of Zunyi Prefecture in Guizhou. He is the author of "Er Nan Jin Shuo" and "Rhyme of Benevolence". , "Mr. Zhengding's Posthumous Collection" and other books. Mo Youzhi received a good family education since she was a child. He began to learn to read at the age of three and recited poems and books at the age of seven. He was inspired by Yuan Hui's poem "There are still shadows on the mountains beyond the bamboos" and used the word "Shadow Mountain" to name the thatched cottage where he studied. At the age of twenty-one, he passed the examination and became famous in his hometown.
Mo Youzhi is proficient in Han and Song studies, and has done some research on Cang Ya, Gu Xun, the Six Classics, famous objects, systems, as well as epigraphy and catalogues. His main works include "Jiting Classics", "Old Books of the Song and Yuan Dynasties", "Ancient Engraved Notes", "Tang Manuscripts of Shuowen Mubu Jianyi", "A Study of Sound and Rhyme", "Annotations on the Pu Pu", "Chronicles of Guizhou Poems", "Ting Shi Chao", "Ting Yi Poems", "Ting Yiwen", "Yingshan Ci", "Zizhi Tongjian Index", "Zunyi Prefecture Chronicles", etc.
However, looking at Mo Youzhi's academic achievements throughout his life, the most outstanding ones are in the art of calligraphy. Mo Youzhi practiced calligraphy diligently since he was a child. It is said that he used earthy red as ink and practiced writing a certain number of characters every day. Over time, regardless of regular script, official script, or seal script, each character has to be written hundreds of times. When stacked, the dots and strokes all match one by one, which is amazing. He also likes to talk about monuments and commentaries. He has done deep research on the seal cutting of the Han Dynasty and has written many postscripts to explain his opinions and experiences. Later, he lived in the south of the Yangtze River and went to Jurong Mountain to collect Liang steles. He personally supervised the engraving of Liang steles and wrote a volume of "Liang Shi Ji" to explain them in detail. He has collected more than 100 seals on stele inscriptions from the Han Dynasty, and his own seal script is modeled after the seals on stele inscriptions in the Han Dynasty. Therefore, among the famous calligraphers at that time, he was in a league of his own. "Manuscripts of the History of the Qing Dynasty" records that his "real seal script is not like that of people after the Tang Dynasty, and it is precious in the world."
On September 14, 1871, Mo Youzhi went to Yangzhou and Lixiahe areas in Jiangsu Province to search for books that had been lost after the Wenzong and Wenhui Pavilions were burned. Unfortunately, he died of illness in Xinghua County. The following year, he was buried in Qingtian Mountain, Xinzhou, Zunyi.
Yao Hua
Yao Hua (1876-1930), courtesy name Chongguang and nickname Mangfu, was born in Guiyang, Guizhou, and was a famous scholar, poet, calligrapher and painter in my country in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. Passed the national examination in 1897. In 1902, he applied to lecture at Bishan Academy in Xingyi. In 1904, he became a Jinshi and served as the chief of the Yu Heng Department of the Ministry of Industry. During the Reform Movement of 1898, he traveled east to Japan and studied at Hosei University. After returning to China, he was appointed as the head of the Shipping Department of the Ministry of Posts and Communications and the section chief of the Postal Department. Then he left for Beijing and lived in the Lotus Temple outside Xuanwumen. In the early years of the Republic of China, he served as a member of the Senate and the president of Beijing Women's Normal University. Due to warlord fighting and political chaos, he lived in seclusion in a dilapidated temple and made a living by selling his own poems, calligraphy, paintings and novels.
In terms of poetry, Yao Hua is especially good at writing lyrics and music. There are currently 291 poems and 86 pieces of music by Yao Hua. His representative works are "Fo Tang Ci", "Geng Wu Chun Ci", "Yi Qu", etc.
In terms of calligraphy and painting, Yao Hua is especially good at painting landscapes, flowers and inscriptions. The inscriptions on the pictures, including Li, Zhuan, Xing and Cao, are all moderately selected, integrating seamlessly with the pictures and adding interest to each other. The best peonies he painted - Yao Hua, are gorgeous, colorful and full of life, so people at the time nicknamed Yao Hua "Yellow Peony". The "Landscape in Light Crimson" painted by Yao Hua in 1918 is still selected into the "Selection of Famous Painters in the Past Hundred Years".
However, Yao Hua's most famous artistic achievement lies in his original creation. Guo Moruo once said: "Mangfu Yingtuo is a unique and unique painting in ancient and modern times. According to the god of rubbings, the photos of the rubbings are like the bright moon in the water and the famous flowers at the bottom of the mirror. They are mysterious and ethereal, making people feel fresh and refreshing!"
On June 4, 1930, Yao Hua died of illness in Beijing. His posthumous works include thirty-one volumes of "Fu Tang Lei Manuscript", "Collection of Calligraphy and Paintings of Lianhua An", "Guiyang Yao Huamang Fu Ying Tuo" and "Elementary School Questions and Answers", "Three Examples of Shuowen", "Epigraphy and Stone Series", "Qianyu", "Ancient Blind Ci", etc.
Li Ruifeng
(2003-08-18 22:14:19)
Li Ruifeng (1833-1907), named Biyuan, lived in Guizhu, Guizhou during the Qing Dynasty (now Guiyang City). Famous reformist minister. His father died when he was young, and he was educated by his uncle Jing Zhaoyin and Li Chaoyi. In the second year of Tongzhi (1863 AD), he passed the Jinshi examination in the same year as Zhang Zhidong. He was born in the Hanlin Academy and promoted to censor. He spoke out and dared to give advice. He has successively served as the examiner for provincial and rural examinations in Guangdong, Shanxi, Sichuan and Shandong, and once served as the vice president of the national examination. He successively served as Yunnan academic administrator, supervisory censor, minister of punishment, governor of Cangchang, minister of rites, etc.
When he was in charge of academic affairs in Yunnan, he traveled to various prefectures and counties, attending examinations one by one. Wherever he went, he "be thrifty first and strictly control demands." In Kunming, the provincial capital, there was a arrogant general who paid heavy bribes to open a back door for his children. He was reprimanded in person and made to reflect, thus expelling unhealthy tendencies.
During his tenure as the Supervisory Censor, Li Duanfen once put forward opinions to the Qing court that "no one dared to say" on issues such as strengthening coastal defense, reorganizing military equipment, and simplifying the "Great Ceremony" ritual system. This shows that his Selfless and fearless mind.
Li Duanfen has an open mind and always believes that talents are crucial to the country's future. When he presided over the provincial examinations, he selected batches of candidates with real talents and knowledge for the country. In the fifteenth year of Guangxu (1889 AD), during the Guangdong Examination, he admired Liang Qichao's talent very much and betrothed his cousin to Liang. Liang stayed in his house several times when he went to Beijing for examinations and after getting married.