Mountain leaders (essays on literature and history) Author: Gan Jianhua (originally published "The Upstream of Blue Ink", published by Hunan People's Publishing House in 21)
Shigu Academy is located in Shigu Mountain, Shigu District, Hengyang City, with an altitude of 69 meters. It is said that there are stone drums on the mountain, which are six feet high and can make drums, hence its name. Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics in the Northern Wei Dynasty said: "The mountains are green and round, just like their drums, and the mountains are pure stone and soilless, so they are named after their shapes." On the other hand, it is because it is surrounded by water on three sides, and the water spray hits the stone, and its sound is like a drum. In the Jin Dynasty, Fan explained the poem "Watching the Stone Drum": "The sound of the stone is hidden, and the thunder is shocking for nine days." Judging from the Notes on Water Classics, the name of the stone drum was recorded in the history books before the Qin Dynasty.
The Shigu Academy, built on Shigu Mountain, has a long history. According to many historical data, Shigu Academy, founded in the early Tang Dynasty (86 ~ 81), was the earliest privately-run academy in ancient China, and was also the academic center of southern culture in China before and after the Qing Dynasty. Among the four major academies in the Northern Song Dynasty, Shigu Academy was actually second to none. From the historical origin, it is more than 12 years earlier than Bailudong Academy, which was founded in the first year of the Southern Tang Dynasty in the Five Dynasties (937 ~ 942). It is more than 16 years earlier than Yuelu Academy, which was founded in Song Taizu Kaibao nine years (976). It is 199 years earlier than Suiyang Academy (also known as Yingtianfu Academy), which was founded in the second year of Song Zhenzong Dazhong Xiangfu (l9).
"The famous Shigu Mountain began in the Tang Dynasty, and it was opened here to study." Shigu Academy lasted for more than 1 years from Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties to the establishment of Shigu College in the 28th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (192). During this period, it has always enjoyed a very high position in the history of education and academy development in China, with its abundant collection of books, rich style of study, complete equipment, sufficient funds, strict management and great achievements, and is known as "Heng Xiang Zhu Si" and "Dao Nan Zheng Mai".
In the third year of Song Taizong's Daoism (997), Li Shizhen, a Li Kuan ethnic group, rebuilt Shigu Academy for the first time on the former site of Li Kuan. In history, the Emperor of Song Dynasty gave Shigu Academy an amount twice. One time was the second year of Taizong's Taiping and Xingguo (977), which was recorded in Ma Duanlin's General Examination of Literature and Zhu Xi's Shigu Academy. In 135, in the second year of Emperor Renzong's reign, at the request of Liu Ling, the manager of Jixian Temple, Renzong bestowed the "Shigu Academy" with a plaque and five hectares of study fields, which made Shigu Academy famous, so it was called "the four major academies in the world" together with Suiyang, Bailudong and Yuelu. Li Kuan, the first mountain chief of Shigu Academy, and Li Shizhen, the later mountain chief, both worshipped the Seven Sages of Shigu, and were called the Seven Sages of Shigu together with Han Yu, Zhou Dunyi, Zhu Xi, Zhang Wei and Huang Gan.
Liang Zhangju's essay on retiring from the nunnery has six notes: "The lecturer in charge of the academy is called the mountain leader, and the mountain leader is also called the dean and the mountain owner." In the Five Dynasties, Jiang Weidong lived in seclusion in Hengyue to give lectures, and was called the mountain leader by the workers (see "Recent Events in Jingxiang"). To learn from each other in the song dynasty, the academy benefited a lot. The Academy of Yuan Dynasty was also set up as a mountain leader, giving lectures and always taking charge of the hospital affairs. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong in Qing Dynasty, he became the dean, and he was still famous in the late Qing Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, the choice of candidates was mainly based on quality, and there was no geographical restriction. Although the Qing dynasty emphasized character and knowledge, it advocated choosing local people. Since the Southern Song Dynasty, Shigu Academy has hired dozens of mountain leaders in past dynasties, but it has been unable to find them because of repeated wars and continuous fires.
in the southern song dynasty, it was Zhu Xi's shigu academy, a great scholar. In this programmatic historical document, Zhu Xi elaborated on the guiding ideology, teaching content, educational emphasis and teaching methods of running an academy. In particular, he advocated taking the theory of justice and self-cultivation as the purpose of running a college, in order to achieve the educational purpose of "being moral and upright", which was not only imitated by all academies in the country at that time, but also had a profound impact on running a school in Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. The names of the mountain leaders are Dai Xi, Cheng Xun and Li Fang. Dai Xi took the first place in the provincial examination in the fifth year of Emperor Xiaozong's Chunxi (1178), and worked as a senior official in the Ministry of Power and Industry, with a bachelor's degree in Longtuge as an official. In the 12th year of Chunxi (1185), Shigu Academy was restored and rebuilt. Dai Xi, the director of Ren Shan, told the students about The Analects of Confucius, and there were three volumes of Questions and Answers on Shigu Analects. Cheng Xun is a disciple of Zhu Xi, a latent psychology, and an important scholar of Cheng Zhu School. In the 11th year of Emperor Xiaozong Chunxi (1184), he became the master book of Hengyang. Fourteen years later, he temporarily replaced the head of Shigu Academy, taking the promotion of Zhu Xi and Zhang Zi's learning as an important task. At one time, "scholars and friends gathered, and those who boarded their doors were like the doors of Huian" (Qing Kangxi's Hengzhou Government Records). During the period of balance, there were several poems about Shigu, and the first Shigu Academy Records was compiled (later lost). In the Southern Song Dynasty (1259), Shigu Academy was destroyed by fire. In the first year of Jingding (126), Yu Yan was sentenced to order Li, the mountain chief, to visit the concept of "reviving the past" and take articles from Mingde Xinmin, so as to promote his righteousness for all the students, and to be heard again. After the Song Dynasty moved to the south, the famous academies were Shigu, Bailudong, Yuelu and Xiangshan, etc. Songyang was destroyed at the end of the Song Dynasty due to the war, and it was not until Jiajing in the middle of the Ming Dynasty that it was rebuilt by Houtai, a county magistrate in Dengfeng.
The Yuan Dynasty was one of the darkest dynasties in the history of China. The rulers were basically ignorant and hated the Han culture, and the academies were basically under the supervision of the government. Exceptionally, unlike other academies in China, Shigu Academy is one of the few academies valued by the rulers, and it is also given a study field. There were Deng Daren, Wang Fu, Kang Zhuang, Cheng Jingzhi, Li Yousun, Jin Wenhai, Zhu Renzhong, Zhang Jue, etc., but just like the Yuan Dynasty itself, these celebrities were only guest leaders and failed to make much progress. Therefore, it is difficult to find their information in the official history and unofficial history.
Ming and Qing Dynasties. After the war at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, from the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, after more than 7 years' efforts by the history of Hengzhou magistrate, Weng Shizi, He Xun and Shen Qing, deputy director of Hu Guangxian, the academy finally made great preparations, and the Shigu Academy, which had been silent for many years, flourished again. In the fourth year of Zhengde (159), Ye Zhao was the head of the mountain, stressing the sage's physical and mental learning and morality, clarifying doubts and explaining subtleties, and "being a scholar in a daze". Wang Dashao studied in Shigu Academy when he was a teenager. After becoming an official, he "returned to his alma mater", lectured on Shigu Academy, and participated in compiling and proofreading the first "Shigu Academy Records", leaving extremely precious historical materials about the Academy for later generations. Other famous mountain leaders include Zhou Zhao and Li Ming 'an. In the Qing Dynasty, mountain leaders Chen Shiya, Wu Jiong, Song Jiling, Kuang Minben, Lin Xueyi, Li Zhennan, Luo Tingyan, Wang Guangguo, Yu Tingcan, Li Jisheng, Liu Gaoge, Tan Pengxiao, Zhang Xueyin, Chang Daxiang, Liu Zuhuan, Jiang Qiling, Zou Yujie, Feng Jun, Deng Chuanmi and Li Yang.
what is better than the length of the mountain is the mountain fight, which is the collective name of Mount Tai and Beidou. Zou Shouyi was a great scholar of Wang Shouren in the Ming Dynasty. In the sixth year of Zhengde (1511), he was the first scholar. He was awarded the editing of the Hanlin Academy and went to Nanjing imperial academy to offer a drink. Jiajing gave lectures on the stone drum, and wrote 25 pieces of Teaching Words (also known as Twenty-five Pieces of Life on the Stone Drum), which made an incisive exposition on cognition, seeking truth from facts, keeping abreast of the times, being cautious and independent, being wary of things, and knowing knowledge, and became a famous saying for all students to learn. The four directions were followed by tourists and were honored as "mountain fights" by the students. Kuang Minben and Lin Xueyi are both from Hengshan county, both from Jinshi origin, and both have great achievements in the history of Shigu Academy. Kuangmin Benganlong 19th year (1754) was hired as the head of Yuelu Academy, and served for about three years. Later, he became the head of Shigu Academy. Because of his exquisite knowledge and outstanding performance, he was highly praised by people at that time, and scholars were lucky to get out of his school. Lin Xueyi was known as a "national scholar" when he was young. In the twenty-sixth year of Qianlong (1761), he was hired as the head of Shigu Academy, and he was in charge of the Academy for 15 years. Ceng Xi, the last mountain chief (1894 ~ 192), was a native of Shishi, Hengyang. He was a scholar of Guangxu, and soon returned to Hunan to give a lecture at Shigu Academy. Later, he was the president of Hunan Education Association and the supervisor of Nanlu Excellent Normal School.
Shigu Academy is known as a place where talents gather, and it has a strong atmosphere of giving lectures. Great Confucians of past dynasties, such as Zhu Xi, Zhang Wei, Zheng Xiang and Huang Gan in the Song Dynasty, Dai Yuli, Xi Han Bo Yan, Li Chuxun and Chen Songnian in the Yuan Dynasty, Zhan Ruoshui, Xin Jiang, Luo Hongxian, Zhao Zhenji, Mao Kun, Li Wei, Jinxi Luo, Gan Gongliang, Cai Runan, Liu Yaohui and Wang in the Ming Dynasty. It has made Shigu an institution that Taoist priests in China yearn for and gather as far away as the capital and as far away as Hengyongchen. It has also become an eye-catching base for spreading Confucianism in Hunan, and has further developed into a model of "lecture-style" academies in ancient, making outstanding contributions to the evolution and development of Hunan culture.
As the oldest academy in China, Shigu Academy has produced countless talents in the course of running for more than a thousand years. Taoyi, the magistrate of Hengyang County in Qingganlong, wrote a poem "Shigu Academy", which described the scene of "a gathering of talented people". The poem said: "The Confucian style in the past is not happy, and the school will do its best for a while. Double streams surround the palace walls, and the trees are gloomy and demoralized. The memorial ceremony has worshiped the new Wadou, and the poem has long rejuvenated the old pavilions. Since today, I have been worried about traveling, and once the Green Bamboo Xixi is opened. "
According to the Records of Stone Drum in the Dynasty of China, in palace examination in the eighth year of the Song Dynasty (1172), Eddie Wang, Deng Youlong and Deng Youling were admitted to the Shigu Academy. Li Mengzhang, Wang Dashao, Tan Rugeng, Xu Yingnan, Peng Liangchen and Tao Bin, all the students of Shigu Academy, were selected among the candidates in the rural examination of Renzi in the 3th year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1552), which was called "Six Phoenix in Zhuling" in history. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Wang Chuanshan, Li Guoxiang, Xia Rubi, Guan Siqiu, Zou Tonglu and other virtuous and knowledgeable people also came from Shigu Academy. In the sixth year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (188), Geng Chen took the exam, and four scholars from Shigu Academy, including Zhu Songyun, Tan Xinzhen, Yang Yidou and Chen Ding, were among the scholars, one of whom tried to explore flowers in the temple, and the other chose ordinary in the exam. Such great talents include Zhu Bingru, Wu Dingxiang, Zeng Chaojie, Zhu Yong, Liao Ruheng and Chen Zongqi in the Ming Dynasty, Peng Yulin, the famous minister of Zhongxing in the Qing Dynasty, and Peng Shu, the first inheritor of Hengyang. They all moved from Shigu Academy to the China stage, and "each took the lead for hundreds of years".