"Lotus leaves bend in front of the fishing boat", the warm scenery sets off the cold-the sun is sharpened by pine trees, and the bright scenery sets off the darkness-"The sunshine there enters a small forest and shines back on me from the green moss", and the scenery sets off the sky-"The wild geese return home, and the moon is full of the west building", and the story (or state) sets off the artistic conception-"Abandoning trees in the pond is still a talk about soldiers' fatigue. For example, in Li Bai's Spring Thoughts, the phrase "Your northern grass is as blue as jade, and my mulberry leaves are as green as silk branches" is to use the blue and green of mulberry grass to set off the strong feelings of thinking, and the words "silk" and "branches" are homophonic with "thinking" and "knowing" respectively. There are also sad scenes to set off sadness, happy scenes to set off happy or happy scenes to set off sadness. For example, Du Fu's poem "Ascending the Mountain" sets off sadness with sadness, while his quatrain "Birds Beyond the White" sets off sadness with happiness. Of course, these functions are not independent in poetry. In a poem, all functions can be combined, which requires us not to lose sight of one thing and lose sight of another. With many functions of images, it seems reasonable to understand images, but how to understand them? First find out the individual image or image group in the poem, and then try to figure out the perception. If it is an individual image, we must appreciate it with humanistic feelings. For example, the individual image "Chao" in Liu Yuxi's poem "Stone City" must be endowed with humanistic feelings when appreciated. The feeling of "tide" always comes and goes. It seemed intense, wild and full of passion when I came. When it hits the coast violently or runs out of energy along the beach, it looks calm and a little weak or depressed or lost. In this regard, we can imagine: what do you want to ask for or vent when the tide comes? When I went back, did I get full support or a cold shoulder? You can know it by combining the "lonely back" behind it. It can be inferred that the author uses the tide to contrast the desolation and cold of the "old country" to contrast the scenery and environment; At the same time, it also reveals the author's feelings about history, in order to blend the scenes. If image group is like this, he must enter a picture composed of multiple images and feel it with various senses. For example, in Du Fu's poem Ascending the Mountain, "The sky is high and the wind is urgent, apes crow and birds crow, and the blue lake and white sand return", the poet mobilizes his hearing and vision, and organizes the images of "autumn wind", "ape whistling", "sand house" and "Jiang Niao" to form a beautiful picture. "At close range", there will be a sense of openness in vision and sadness in hearing, which lays a sad emotional tone for the whole poem. At the same time, the broad vision sets off the wandering loneliness of the author, so as to set off the scenery. -These are the benefits expressed by shaping the artistic conception. 2. Understanding keywords Some keywords in poetry highly gather the author's emotions or describe the atmosphere. We call these words poetic eyes or word eyes. It is perceived by "reading" through a strong rhythm. For example, "You" in "The East Wind in the Small Building Last Night" and "Zi" and "Kong" in "Green Grass, Birds and Flowers" in Du Fu's Book of Letters are all key words. To understand a word, we usually start with its original meaning to understand its deep meaning in the poetic context. For example, "once again" means "once again", which means that the spring breeze blows on the small building quarter by quarter, and it also blows on the hearts of people in the small building quarter by quarter. The "old country" is difficult and the time is getting longer and longer, so we have to add layers of sadness to Li Yu, the king of national subjugation, even to an unbearable degree, including regrets and sighs. -the feelings gathered by the word "you" are beyond words. The words "ego" and "emptiness" describe the lonely and desolate atmosphere of Wuhou Temple. Thirdly, in the process of "enlightenment", we have carefully grasped all aspects of poetry appreciation, but this is only a relatively single orientation of poetry value and is not comprehensive. Because some poems are still of practical significance, we should also contact the background of the author's writing at that time (including social, cultural and political background) and the author's life and other factors when appreciating them. Only in this way can we appreciate poetry concretely, comprehensively, objectively and fairly. This also tells the appreciator from one side that he must have certain historical knowledge and understand the life stories and ideological conditions of quite a few authors. For example, it is far from enough to regard the author's feelings about the rise and fall of the "old country" as the final appreciation of the poem "Stone City", which also goes against the author's true will to write this poem. Because when the poet Liu Yuxi wrote this poem, the empire of the Tang Dynasty was declining day by day, the court ministers crowded out each other, and there was a "dispute between Niu and Li", and the eunuch's authoritarian power remained; The separatist forces in the local buffer zone are on the rise again. Therefore, the main purpose of his poem should be to satirize the reality, that is, to express his lament over the decline of the national movement through the demise of the Six Dynasties, hoping that the rulers at that time could learn from the past. Iv. conclusion 1. Poetry types and macro appreciation There are many kinds of poems in China, and each type of poetry has certain similarities. Therefore, it is very important to summarize the types of poems and their macro appreciation, so that students can know one kind and three kinds, and finally achieve the purpose of appreciating all kinds of poems. China's poems can be divided into many types, such as lyrical poems, epic poems, farewell poems for hurting spring, exile poems, pastoral poems, farewell poems, poems for friends, poems by in my heart forever, poems about Zen and so on. But at the same time, they overlap, that is to say, the method of appreciating this kind of poetry can also be used to appreciate other kinds of poetry. To appreciate all kinds of poems, we should master some macro-appreciation essentials: expressing feelings by borrowing scenery, understanding the artistic conception of the blending of scenery in poems, understanding the feelings expressed by poets in writing scenery, and grasping their writing skills and language characteristics; Cherish ancient poems by praising history, and connect with the background to understand emotions (feeling the rise and fall or pinning grief or satirizing the present); The farewell poems of hurting spring express their feelings for fleeting youth and unfulfilled ambitions, or express their infinite thoughts for relatives, friends and lovers through the passage of spring; Poetry in the journey is the longing and yearning for the distant hometown caused by what the wandering poet saw and heard. Landscape pastoral poetry is the poet's aesthetic object of landscape pastoral poetry, throwing delicate strokes into quiet Shan Ye and leisurely fields to create an idyllic life, so as to express his dissatisfaction with reality and his yearning for a quiet and peaceful life; Expressing poetry by things means that the poet does not directly express his thoughts and feelings, but uses symbols, interests and other means to integrate his ideals and personality interests into a specific thing to achieve the purpose of expressing his will; Frontier fortress expeditionary poems reflect the fighting spirit of frontier fortress soldiers who are not afraid of hardships and defend the frontier, or describe the deep feelings of soldiers and their loved ones, or satirize and exhort arrogant rulers; Send a friend a farewell poem, use the scenery to render the sad atmosphere of parting, and express the feelings or encouragement; Always in my heart's poems, I write about the complaints of boudoir women about their husbands' long absence or the thoughts of their husbands stationed at the border; Talking about Zen's reasonable poems is that the poet appeals to his own epiphany or observation of things similar to Zen in his poems, which often has an ethereal realm that is out of touch with human beings; Wait a minute. 2. The main purpose of poetry appreciation is "reading, understanding and linking", which only solves the problem of how to appreciate poetry. As for what can be appreciated without omission, this is a crucial question. In order to solve this problem, the 2002 college entrance examination notes have made a clear definition, that is, to appreciate poetry from three aspects: image, expression skills and language. Therefore, we must firmly grasp these three contents when summing up. [Specific Appreciation of Poetry Expression Skills] This year's college entrance examination poetry appreciation questions have been obviously adjusted, and the objective multiple-choice questions have been changed into text expression questions, which greatly increased the difficulty of poetry appreciation questions. According to the content of poetry appreciation (language, image, expression skills) clearly stipulated in the exam instructions, we take this article "Analysis of Poetry Expression Skills" as the topic of discussion, hoping to bring some help to candidates in preparing for the exam. 1. Clever use of rhetoric In many poems, there are the following commonly used rhetoric: 1. Metaphor can not only make the images depicted in poetry more vivid, but also reflect the modal characteristics of images. Such as: Lanxi's best Dai Shulun's cool moon looks like an eyebrow hanging in Liuwan, and the more you look in the Zhongshan mirror.
Peach blossoms rained in Lanxi for three days, and carp came to the beach at midnight. Analysis: "Eyebrow": Eyebrow is used to describe the moon, depicting the shape of the moon in March, and reflecting its comeliness. Mirror: Mirror is used to describe the water in Lanxi, and it describes the clear and quiet water in Lanxi. It also reflects the brightness of moonlight. Another example is: the mountain on Wangjiang, and Su Shi's boat looks at the mountain, like a horse, like a hundred battles. The front mountain is suddenly different, and the back ridge is like running. Looking up, the path is oblique and there are pedestrians on the street. Raise your hand and talk on the boat and sail south like a bird. Analysis: This poem takes the mountains on both sides of the river as horses and ships as reference objects, making the static scenery of the mountains vivid and vivid. "Bird" is a metaphor of "lone sail", which indicates how fast a ship can sail. 2. argot (homophonic) and pun In some poems, especially folk songs, in order to express a euphemistic and implicit emotion, the author often uses argot and pun, such as: Spring Thoughts, Li Bai, your north grass is like jade, and our mulberry bends out green branches here. When you miss your hometown, you were missed and sad a long time ago. Spring breeze, since I dare not know you, why should I separate the silk curtain beside my bed? ? Analysis: This is a well-known poem describing the love between men and women, and it is a monologue of Qin's thinking about women. The poet made a pun, expressing the spring of nature and reasoning about the love between men and women; It also uses the homonym of "silk" (thinking) and "branch" (knowing) to connect the feelings of men and women missing in different places. Liu Yuxi, a poet of Zhuzhi Ci, heard singing on the Langjiang River in Jiang Shuiping. Rain in the east, sunrise in the east, said it was not sunny, but it was still sunny. Analysis: Qing and Qing are homophones and puns. This is a love song written by the author in folk style, and puns are often used in folk songs. Judging from the first two poetic sentences, the woman is probably sailing on the riverbank where the willows are fluttering and the waves are calm, and she hears the teenagers who love her singing love to her on the shore, but the implicit expression of love gives her the impression that Tao is ruthless but affectionate. Deng Yueyang Tower Du Fu I have heard of Dongting Lake for a long time, and now I have finally climbed this tower. The vast lake tore Wu Chu apart, as if the sun, moon and stars were floating in the water. But no news of relatives and friends reached me, and I was old and sick in a lonely boat. The battle of the north gate began again, and I cried through the railing. Analysis: "There is Wu in the east, Chu in the south, and you can see the endless drifting of heaven and earth", although they are cheerful and magnificent, describe the majestic atmosphere of Dongting Lake, but this is only a representation. It also includes the author's situation at that time (Du Fu was wandering in Jiangling, public security and other places because he was a soldier, 58 years old, old, sick and poor) and the country's situation-ups and downs. Other figures of speech, such as repetition, parallelism, exaggeration, metaphor and so on, are not discussed separately because they are relatively simple or often used in modern poetry. Second, the means of expression (1) Symbolism is a commonly used method in poetry, and its main function is to use objects to symbolize people's moral integrity. For example, "Mei" symbolizes nobility, beauty, elegance and simplicity; "Chrysanthemum" symbolizes nobleness, Ao Shuang and strong resistance to snow, which is called "flower of seclusion"; "Lan Zhi" symbolizes preciousness, loneliness and loftiness; "Peony" symbolizes wealth; Wait a minute.
I couldn't find Lu Hongxian at home, so I ran to find you and moved outside the city. A wide path led me through Sang Ma. The chrysanthemum near the fence has not been seen in autumn. There was no dog barking at the door, so I asked my neighbors in the west. Report to Dashan and don't return before sunset. Analysis: "Hedgehog Chrysanthemum" symbolizes Lu Hong.
Gradually have a noble moral integrity. Qu Yuan used "Lan Zhi" to symbolize his fragrance and noble moral integrity. Lu You symbolizes his detachment and strength with "Plum Blossom" ("Yongmei"); Wait a minute. (2) It is an artistic technique for the author to express his personal thoughts with the help of symbolic meaning of things, also called feeling things and expressing feelings. Expressing poetry with things is also called writing poetry with things. Such as: Mo Mei, Wang Mian, the first tree in my family, Xiyan Lake, with pale ink marks. Don't boast about the good color, just let the air be full of dried Kun. Analysis: This poem uses the technique of expressing one's will by supporting things, and expresses the author's faithful and pure ethics as noble as plum blossom, and does not flatter the secular. Komatsu Du Xunhe grew up in the grass, and now he gradually feels like Artemisia. Those trees that don't recognize that they can soar into the sky, until it enters the sky, people say it is tall. Analysis: This poem uses Komatsu as a metaphor to describe people. At the time of writing, Komatsu was not noticed at first, and eventually grew into a lingyun tree, which reflected the author's thinking about the humble origin of talents and eventually became a great cause, and criticized the shallow vision of the world to judge people by their life experiences. The technique of expressing meaning by holding objects was adopted. There are also Lime Poems by Yu Qian, Yongmei by Lu You and Feeling by Zhang Jiuling. (3) pay attention to writing landscape poems, "expensive and implicit, avoid direct exposure." How can you confess and hate? People in ancient times used to express their feelings with scenery. Common scene writing methods are: 1. When a poet writes a scene, he does not start with the positive scene, but with the related side scenes. By describing the side scenes, that is, side contrast, he achieves the effect of reflecting the theme. For example, Liu Yuxi's stone city was surrounded by the old country, and the tide hit the empty city and returned to loneliness. On the east bank of Huaihe River, the ancient cold moon, midnight, peep at the old palace. Analysis: The title of this poem is "Stone City", which is obviously about "Stone City". However, poetry does not start from the stone city, but from the surrounding scenery-mountains, tides and the moon-to describe the decline and desolation of the "old country" of the stone city. There are many weeds and flowers beside Liuyuxi Suzaku Bridge in Wuyi Lane, and the sunset at the entrance of Wuyi Lane is oblique. Swallows under the eaves of Wang Dao and Xie An have now flown into the homes of ordinary people. Analysis: This poem is similar to Stone City. Through the scenery around Wuyi Lane-overgrown with weeds, dotted with wild flowers, the setting sun is oblique, and swallows entered the homes of ordinary people in the old days-this poem is written that Wuyi Lane is no longer the former Wuyi Lane. Today, Wuyi Lane is desolate, and the aristocratic family of the past no longer exists. 2. Set off feelings with scenery (scenery) Poets often use scenery to render and set off feelings when describing subtle and graceful songs, obscure and unspeakable emotions or deep feelings.
Such as: [double tone] Qingjiang lured autumn to Zhang Kejiu, and Xifeng sent a letter to Wan Li asking if I had returned? Wild geese crow in red leaves, people get drunk in yellow flowers, and banana rains in Qiu Meng. Analysis: In the first two sentences of this poem, the author expresses his homesickness. However, how deep and strong is this homesickness? Instead of showing it directly, the author uses a group of scenery with seasonal characteristics, such as west wind, red leaves, yellow flowers, plantains and autumn rain, to form the artistic conception and render a colorful Qiu Jingtu. So why did the author paint this autumn scenery with rich colors? Think about it: against your deep homesickness! Li Bai's Spring Thoughts is also an example. The author writes "Swallow Grass" as ruby and "Qin Sang" as low green, which arouses readers' imagination: dark green is "blue", dark green is "Shen" and "Shen" is "low". This can better foil the deep lovesickness between husband and Qin wife. There seems to be no one on Wangweikong Mountain in Chai Lu, but I think I hear a voice. Go back to the depths of the forest and shine at me from the green moss. Analysis: This is a secluded poem, and the author writes about the tranquility and profundity of an empty mountain. In rendering the stillness of an empty mountain, the author uses the method of distracting the stillness with noise, and also uses the method of distracting the stillness with scenery: the reflection (reflected by the sunset) is quiet and meticulous, quietly shining on the moss of a deep forest, showing the stillness of the deep forest-distracting the stillness of the empty mountain with "reflection". 3. Focus on writing some landscape poems that are dynamic, static, or a combination of dynamic and static or dynamic and static, and often have static scenery, such as mountains and moons; Moving scenery, such as water flow, wind shaking and so on. According to different emphases, the author sometimes writes only dynamic scenes or static scenes, sometimes both dynamic scenes and static scenes, sometimes writing dynamic scenes to set off, and sometimes writing dynamic scenes to set off. For example, Wang Wei's "Chai Lu" sets off the silence of the "empty mountain" with "full of people"; One autumn night in the deep mountains, the silence of the empty mountain was set off by the noise of bamboo and the movement of lotus, expressing a kind of leisure. Dai Shulun's Lanxi Bangge combines dynamic scenery (the first two sentences) with static scenery (the last two sentences). In the beautiful picture of Ming Che, it vividly shows the beautiful scenery of mountains and rivers, the refreshing moonlight and the joy of fishermen. 4. Create artistic conception, render atmosphere and express emotions. In ancient and modern poetry, there are many poems that write scenery first and then love or panorama. Poets often use scenery to render a strong atmosphere, paving the way for the following lyricism or blending into the scenery. According to the nature of the scenery, it can be divided into happy scenery and sad scenery. (1) Happy scenes are lined with happy feelings, and sad scenes are lined with sad feelings. "Happy scenes are happy, and sad scenes are sad." The beauty of a poet is that he blends his feelings into the scene, conveys his feelings through the scene, and achieves the blending of the scene. Such as: Gordon Du Fu's "High Wind in the Sky" The ape whimpers, and the bird flies back to the white sand of Bihu Lake. The endless trees are rustling leaves, and the Yangtze River is rolling unpredictably. Li in the sad autumn scenery, a wanderer all the year round, lives alone on the high platform in today's illness. After all the hardships and hatred, the white hair is full, and the wine glasses are damaged. Analysis: The first four sentences of the poem depict a desolate and magnificent autumn scenery-a sad scene: the sudden wind shakes the high sky and growls, the apes wail, the bamboo is clear and the sand is white, the birds reflect the cold bamboo, the leaves fall one after another, the river surges, and the color of late autumn is sad. For the following four sentences, a deep sense of sadness was rendered, which laid a good foundation for lyricism. The following four paragraphs are lyrical-sad: mixed with worries about the difficulties of national luck and sadness about being defeated by other countries. (2) Happy scenes are set against sad scenes, and sad scenes are often seen. For example:
Du Fu's Jiangbi birds are not only white, but also blue and white mountain fires. I watched it again this spring. When is the year of return? Analysis: This poem was written in the second year of Guangde (764). At that time, the poet stayed in Chengdu and was eager to return to the East. Because of the war, he couldn't do it, so the last two sentences sighed. However, the first two sentences of the poem outline a beautiful picture of spring, which is extremely harmonious. Why are you homesick for such a beautiful scenery? It turns out that this is a happy scene of writing sadness. Only in this way can we write the poet's longing for returning home: with the strong contrast between objective scenery and subjective feelings, the poet's homesickness is more intense. 5. The combination of reality and fiction Poets can't do without association and imagination in their poetry creation. Association and imagination can express the theme of poetry well. But association and imagination must have a certain realistic basis-realistic objective scenery or events. The real scene is a realistic and objective scene described by the poet, while the virtual scene is a virtual scene created by the poet through association or imagination. The combination of reality and reality can better express an overflowing emotion. Such as: listening to the flute in the castle, clearing the snow in Gao Xue, herding horses in the lake field, and guarding the building with a strong flute on a moonlit night. Excuse me, where did the plum blossom fall? The wind blew all over Tianshan Mountain overnight. Analysis: One or two sentences actually describe the scenery. The content of the description is that the lake is in the north, the ice and snow are melting, and the season of herding horses is here. In the evening, the soldiers came back with horses, and the sky shed the brilliance of the bright moon. In such a vast and clear night scene, I don't know which garrison building played the Qiang flute, which is the familiar tune of plum blossom falling! In three or four sentences, "Plum Blossom Blossom" was torn down, as if the wind was not blowing a flute but falling plum flowers, which were scattered all over the Tianshan Mountains overnight. This poem expresses the soldiers' deep homesickness by listening to music and thinking of plum blossoms in their hometown (there are no plum blossoms in Alakazam) and the autumn of plum blossoms. In short, in poetry, people who express their feelings with scenery (indirect lyricism) often have certain fixity, such as: conveying "homesickness" with "hometown bright moon"; Communicate "seclusion" with "loose wind and mountains and moons"; Convey "the poet's sorrow" with "the cold forest and the waning moon"; Communicate "acacia bitterness" with "Mid-Autumn Festival full moon"; Convey "forever in my heart" with "falling flowers in the wind and rain, two swallows flying alone, and a heavy pavilion and jade pillow"; Convey "farewell feelings" with "folding willows in a long pavilion"; Use "a river and lake boat, the moon cries" to convey "the pain of the poet's journey"; Convey "sadness and joy" by "waking up from a dream, heartbroken willow, cold rain, setting sun and residual candle crying"; Convey "the sigh of the vicissitudes of life" with "the glory of the past is not in sight, and the sunset glow is a few degrees red"; Convey "lamenting the decline of national conditions and loving national conditions" with "empty city falling flowers"; Wait a minute. In the shaping of artistic conception, the picture may be magnificent, such as "the desert is lonely and straight, and the long river sets the yen"; Or quiet, such as "moonlight in the pine forest and crystal stone in the stream"; Or depressed and lonely, such as "wild trees, wild and how clear in the water the nearness of the moon!"; Or harmony and tranquility, such as "the sunset lingers at the ferry, and the midnight snack-kitchen smoke floats from the houses"; Or open and desolate, such as "a thousand miles of smoke and dusk, isolated city closed"; Or lofty and vast, such as "the sunset is lonely in Qi Fei, and the autumn water is * * * the sky is one color"; Wait a minute. (4) Poets who died in Zhang Xianzhi often express their feelings at the end of their poems. For example, the sentence at the end of Li Bai's "Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream" says, "How can I bow and scrape to those high-ranking officials whose sincere faces will never be seen?" It expresses that the poet's thoughts are free and carefree, rather than bending over for a bucket of rice. Another example is the ending sentence "I will ride the wind and waves one day, and set my cloudy sail straight and bridge the deep, deep sea" in Difficult Travel, which expresses the open-mindedness to realize my ideal. Third, the structure in the structural arrangement of poetry, the poet is also original. Commonly used structural patterns are: (1) layer-by-layer rendering and bedding, such as:
Looking at the mountains on the river, Su Zhe looked at the dry cliffs on the river, and the deserted villages were red. A hundred miles back at dusk, the sunset draws a new picture alone. Qian Shan is newer and darker, but it's cute now. Only the strongest show in Wushan still bears the burden from afar. Analysis: This poem depicts a series of beautiful scenes through layer-by-layer color rendering: "Abandoned village" is as red as waves, "New painting of mist at sunset" and "Qian Shan's renewed color", which makes the poet stop to watch and sigh-but lovely, I believe today! But who knows the strongest show in Wushan? Layer by layer rendering, to achieve good artistic effect. (2) Take care of the beginning and the end. In some poems, poets often express their own or others' feelings by comparing the past with the present, others with me, and things with me. For example, when they were telling their feelings, they went to Wan Li to find the Marquis and defend Liangzhou. Where is the dream of closing the river, the dust darkens the old mink and fur. The Hu people are still alive, the temples are frosty in autumn, and the affectionate tears are dry. In this life, who knows, my heart is in Tianshan, and I am always in Cangzhou! Analysis: This poem is divided into two parts: the second part takes care of the first part. "Heart in Tianshan Mountain" corresponds to the sentence "that year"; The sentence of "old and pale" corresponds to the sentence of "Guan Hemeng", which aims to form a contrast and express the poet's desolate mood of grief and indignation. (3) Structural contrast is widely used in poetry, because it has hierarchical characteristics and strong structure, such as: the thrush bird Ouyang Xiu moves at will, and the mountain flowers are red and purple. I just know that it is better to crow freely on the earth in a golden cage. Analysis: This poem uses the method of contrast: the first two sentences (writing freely and singing thrush freely) are in contrast with the last two sentences (writing thrush is trapped in a cage and loses its freedom), and the structure is clear. Express the author's attack on the phenomenon of imprisoning ideas and binding talents and his yearning for freedom of speech and the ideal of liberating talents. There are many expressive skills of poetry, such as realism and romanticism, and the skills of wanting to promote before suppressing. As long as we sum up carefully in training, we can still solve the problem of appreciating poetry expression skills. [Answer strategy] 1. On poetry, the college entrance examination is a preliminary appreciation, which emphasizes thinking and answering the characteristics of poetry itself, without quoting classics and comparing with other works. 2. Answer the questions point by point, and then give an example. 3. Evaluation skills, the imagery and lyricism of language poetry should be expressed through various artistic techniques. When answering questions, we should grasp the characteristics of poetry itself and grasp its artistic skills according to the requirements. 4. Know people and discuss the world, and evaluate the characteristics. 5. If literary theory is used properly, it can make the answers appear solid, profound and powerful, and have better skills, such as "with me", "without me", "everything is my color", "endless words and endless opinions" and so on.
That's it. I hope it's adopted.