In November (755), the 14th year of Tianbao reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, An Lushan rebelled against the Tang Dynasty. In June of the following year, the rebels captured Tongguan, and Tang Xuanzong fled to Sichuan in a hurry. In July, Prince Hengli was stationed in Lingwu (now Ningxia), which belonged to Tang Suzong, and was renamed as Germany. When Du Fu heard the news, he settled down in the boat and went to the Suzong court alone. Unfortunately, he was captured by the rebels on the way and sent to Chang 'an, but he was not imprisoned because of his humble position.
In the spring of 757 AD, the second year after Tang Suzong went to Germany, Du Fu, who was in the occupied area, witnessed the depression in Chang 'an and wrote this poem with mixed feelings.
Second, the original text
Chang' an fell, the country was broken, and only the mountains and rivers remained; Spring has come, and the sparsely populated Chang' an city is densely forested. Sad state, can not help but burst into tears, amazing birds, leaving sorrow and hate.
The war lasted for more than half a year, and letters from home were rare, with a hundred thousand gold. Twisting with melancholy, scratching my head and thinking, the more I scratch my white hair, I can hardly insert a hairpin.
Third, explain
When the country fell, only the mountains and rivers remained the same, and the urban areas were overgrown with weeds in spring.
I am worried and sad, but I will cry when I see the flowers bloom. It pains me to leave my family.
The war has not stopped in March, and the letters from home are precious and can be worth thousands of dollars.
I only scratch my head when I am depressed and upset, so that my white hair is sparse and I can't insert it.
Extended data evaluation
The first four sentences of the poem are about the defeat of the spring city, full of sighs; The last four sentences are about the situation of relatives, full of feelings of separation. The whole poem is calm, sincere and natural. "Although the country is divided, the mountains and rivers remain forever, and the vegetation turns green in spring." At the beginning, I wrote what I saw in spring: the capital fell and the city was broken. Although the mountains and rivers are still there, there are grass everywhere and the trees are gray. A word "broken" makes people stunned, and another word "deep" makes people sad.
The poets here clearly describe the scenery, but in fact they express their feelings, pinning their feelings on things and scenery, creating an atmosphere for the whole poem. The antithesis of this couplet is ingenious, mature, natural and poetic. "National destruction" is opposite to "city spring". The ruins of "the country breaks down and the family dies" are in sharp contrast with the "urban spring" of commercial prosperity. "The country is broken" is followed by "the mountains and rivers are here", which means the opposite and is unexpected.
"Spring in the city" was originally a beautiful scenery, but the suffix "deeply planted" is ridiculous and contradictory. In the Ming Dynasty, Hu Zhenheng spoke highly of this couplet, saying that "duality is not implicit, but it changes vertically and horizontally, making it more stereotyped, more implicit and deeper, and taking justice from nature."
The poet cried when he saw it. Another explanation is that flowers and birds personify people and feel sad when they leave. Flowers also splash tears and birds are heartbroken. Although their theories are different, their spirit can be interlinked, one is touching the scene and the other is feeling deeply, which shows the richness of good poetry.
The first four sentences of the poem are all in the word "Wang". Poets look at it from near to far, from far to near, from cities to mountains and rivers, and from cities to flowers and birds. Feelings are from hidden to obvious, from weak to strong, step by step. In the change of scenery and emotion, it seems that the poet gradually turned from longing for the scenery to overlooking and thinking about the scenery, and naturally transitioned to the second half-missing his loved ones.
"After three months of war, a letter from home is worth a ton of gold." From the Anshi Rebellion, "the war was fierce and the countryside was broken", and the war continues until the end of March and spring. How I look forward to hearing from my relatives at home. At this moment, a letter from home is really better than "tiger balm"! "A letter from home is worth a ton of gold" writes the long-awaited urgency of news isolation, which is all the thoughts in everyone's heart and naturally makes people sing for it.
"I stroked my white hair. It has become so thin that it can no longer hold hairpins. "There are bonfires everywhere, and my family doesn't trust me. I miss the tragic image in the distance, and I look at the scene of decline in front of me. I don't feel bored and hesitant, but my hair is sparse and short.
"White hair" is caused by worry, "scratching" is an action to relieve worry, and "shorter" indicates the degree of worry. In this way, in addition to the grief of national demise and death, sighing and aging will add another layer of sadness.
This poem reflects the poet's good sentiment of loving his country and his family. The meaning is not straight, the scenery is not smooth, the feeling is strong but not floating, the content is rich but not miscellaneous, the meter is rigorous but not rigid, the five laws are correct, and the writing is loud and clear.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Hope of Spring