The "opening and closing" here refers to a secret of the layout of old Du Qiyan's ancient poems. In fact, the opening and closing method is very common in the antithesis of Lao Du's seven laws, such as the couplets of Eight Poems in Autumn:
Between the river and the sky, the waves are rough and the clouds are covered with fog.
Zhou Dian said in his comments on The Forest of Tang Poetry: "Jiang Tao said" Heaven "on the ground, and the wind and cloud said" Earth "in the sky. When he saw the raging darkness, he shocked the world.
If we take the method of opening and closing as the theory, the combination of "heaven" and "earth" is also the same, because visually, the pictures described in Lao Du's sentences and dialogues are actually different from the dynamic yin and yang, such as "surge" is moving, "yin" is static, "heaven" is yang, and "earth" is yin, which is the result of this contrast.
Let's continue to look at its neckline:
Cong Ju shed tears the other day. She was alone in the boat.
Smart readers should not be difficult to understand the opening method of this kind of association when they see "two opening" and "one system", but concrete analysis shows that not only the sentence and antithesis constitute an opening and closing, but also the sentence and antithesis themselves include the opening method.
It is said that the poet has been away from home for a long time, but he can't stop crying when he sees Cong Ju reopening. The "beauty" in nature contrasts with the "sadness" in the author's mind, making it open and closed. Although the author of the sentence is stranded on a lonely boat, he is concerned about his hometown, and his turning point and opening way are obscure and need to be chewed carefully.
Lao Du's two couplets are handled skillfully. Generally speaking, couplets describe scenery, the neckline is lyrical, the couplets are real, the neckline is empty, the couplets are big and the neckline is small. In short, the opening and closing trend between chin and neck has been formed, which has deepened the poetic landscape.
The creation of Du Fu's poems has far-reaching influence, especially Huang Tingjian in Song Dynasty;
Qian Shan has a vast sky, and Chengjiang has a bright moon. ("Climbing the Express Pavilion")
Peach and plum spring breeze, a glass of wine, ten years of night rain. ("Send some letters to Huang")
These two couplets are both famous couplets, and the reason why they have been passed down through the ages is not unrelated to their use of poetry. The first link between "falling wood" and "Chengjiang" shows that falling wood is vertical, Chengjiang is horizontal, and one tree and one water belong to the opposite pole; Compared with Du Fu's "second opening" and "one system", "Qianshan" and "one system" are undoubtedly more open and closed. "Broad sky" and "bright moon" contain multi-layer contrast of size, distance and light and shade. In short, the joint victory was a great success, and it is natural to create momentum.
The second sentence is the joy of a glass of wine when we get together, the thoughts of a rain lamp after parting, gathering and parting, past and present, joy and sadness, all in these fourteen words, and the scenes are mixed and touching. This contrast technique through the transformation of time and space is extremely open and closed, which is worth emulating.
Chen is one of the Tongguang poets in the late Qing Dynasty who used poetry skills most comprehensively. Although he studied Jiangxi poetry school, he is very familiar with the law. For example:
Those who hide their tears under the lamp and change their strings into dreams. (moonlit night)
Go to the village service niche lamp * * *, the old weeping prisoner is caught in the rain. (Wan Xiao En Zhai)
This couplet is similar to Huang Tingjian's "Peach and Plum Spring Breeze" couplet, and both focus on the strong feelings brought about by the comparison between the present and the past.
Another example is:
After fishing for 3600 times, I returned to the 72 nd peak. ("Farewell to Wang Xiangqi for Li")
Soldiers from all over the world can send the old, and a wisp of soul gas mourns itself. (/kloc-thunderstorm on 0/6)
For 700 years, several tombs, two or three rafters, and photos. (Zhu Wengong's Inscription and Stone Inscription)
These three links all pursue a big opening and a big closing in digital comparison, which has a shocking tension with Huang Tingjian's "falling wood Qian Shan" link. In addition, Chen Qilv's antithesis is also very good at dealing with the comparison of distance, reality, situation, presence or absence, advantages and disadvantages, which makes the sentence ups and downs and the poetic scene grand and magnificent.
supplement
Let me tell you something. Now learning metrical poems, we need to accumulate some words and sentences to lay the foundation for writing poems in the future. Unless there are rules, you can't write a poem well, and you can't hold back some words yourself. Every morning, everyone should read books carefully and lay a good foundation. Conditional students can read the pronunciation and send it to the group for more practice. Students who have not finished their homework should finish it as soon as possible and take the list in the group.