Laozi, a native of Qurenli, Chu County, surnamed Li, whose name is Zizi, is Zhou Shoucang's history book.
Confucius is suitable for Zhou and will ask Lao Tzu questions. Laozi said, "A son's bones are rotten, and his words speak for himself. A gentleman should drive at the right time, not when he is tired. I heard that Liang Jia is hiding in Xu Ruo. A gentleman is very virtuous and looks like a fool. Get rid of children's arrogance and lust, attitude and lust are bad for children's health. That's why I sued my son, if it is. " Confucius went and said to his disciples, "bird, I know it can fly;" Fish, I know it can swim; Beast, I know it can walk. Pedestrians can be useless, swimmers can be nylon, and fliers can be clumsy. As for the dragon, I didn't know it took the wind and cloud to heaven. I met Lao Tzu today, and he is still evil! "
Laozi cultivates self-cultivation, and his knowledge is to hide himself in unknown places. After living in Zhou for a long time, I saw Zhou's decline and went. At the critical moment, Ming Yin said, "I'll hide and write a book for me." So Lao Tzu wrote a book about morality with more than 5,000 words, and he didn't know what his end was.
Or: Lao Laizi, also a native of Chu, wrote 15 books, which were used by Taoism and contemporary with Confucius.
Lao Zi Gai is over 60 years old, or over 200 years old, and lives by practicing Buddhism.
One hundred and twenty-nine years after the death of Confucius, Grandmaster Zhou, a historian, said, "The early Qin Dynasty and Zhou He died at the age of five hundred. At the age of 70, the overlord can't do it. " Or Lao Tzu, or not, the world doesn't know whether it's true or not. Laozi, a hermit.
Laozi's son was called Zong, Zong called, and was sealed in. Zongzi notes, notes on the uterus, Gong Xuansun is fake, and the fake official is Emperor Xiaowen of Han Dynasty. The fake son is a teacher in Jiaoxi, because his home is in Qiyan.
People who learn from Laozi lack Confucianism, and Confucianism also lacks Laozi. Is "sworn" evil? Li Er is self-righteous, quietly and self-correcting.
Sima Qian mentioned three "Laozi" here. The first is Lao Zi named Li Er, the second is Lao Laizi, and the third is Taishi Ci. Of course, as can be seen from Sima Qian's writing, the last two words are "or yue", which means discussion, especially for the Taishi, "or Lao Zi, or not." The world doesn't know. "However, he basically but not completely inclined to" Lao Zi, who is also from Qurenli, Li Xiang Township, Ku County, Chu Province ",that is, Lao Zi's name is Li Er. It is precisely because of Sima Qian's statement that he is not completely sure that generations have raised a series of questions about who Laozi really is and formed a long-term debate.
Sima Qian was the first person to write a biography of Laozi, which made us have to pay attention to his views. Because it has been quite a long time since the Han Dynasty left Laozi, Sima Qian said something carefully when he made a biography for Laozi. He said in Historical Records Biography of Laozi and Zhuangzi Shen Han: "Laozi is also from Qurenli, Li Xiang, Chuku County. Li, Ming Er, Zhen Ye, Zhou Shoucang history. Confucius is suitable for Zhou and will ask Lao Tzu questions. Lao Tzu said,' the bones of man and son are rotten, and words are only in his ears. A gentleman should drive at the right time, not when he is tired. As far as I know, Liang Jia is hiding in Xu Ruo. A gentleman is benign and looks like a fool. Get rid of children's arrogance and lust, attitude and lust are bad for children's health. If so, that's why I sued my son. Confucius went and said to his disciples,' Birds, I know they can fly; Fish, I know it can swim; Beast, I know it can walk. Pedestrians can be useless, swimmers can be nylon, and fliers can be clumsy. As for dragons, I don't know. It took the storm to heaven. I saw Lao Tzu today, and he is still evil! "Lao tze Xiu De, learn is hidden in the unknown. After living in Zhou for a long time, I saw Zhou's decline and went. At the critical moment, he ordered Yin to say,' I want to hide, and I want to write a book for myself! So Lao Tzu wrote a book about morality with more than 5,000 words, and he didn't know what his end was. Or: Lao Laizi, also a native of Chu, wrote 15 books, which were used by Taoism and contemporary with Confucius. Lao Zi Gai is over 60 years old, or over 200 years old, and lives by practicing Buddhism. One hundred and twenty-nine years after Confucius' death, the historian Zhou Taishi said,' When Qin and Zhou joined together, they left at the age of 500, and at the age of 70, they could not be overlord.' Either it's Lao Tzu or it's not. The world doesn't know if it is. Laozi, a hermit. "
Liang Qichao thinks that Lao Dan is a prude and a well-behaved person, which is contrary to the spirit of anti-propriety in Five Thousand Words, so Lao Zi was not written by Lao Dan. Lao Dan has a saying: "Those who treat their husbands with courtesy are loyal and weak, and the leaders of chaos are also" (Chapter 38), which seems impossible to be Lao Tzu's words. And I found the words "King of a Thousand Rides", "Taking the World" and "Renyi" from Laozi, and thought that they were not written by people in the Spring and Autumn Period, but used in the Warring States Period, and Mozi Mencius' book did not mention Laozi.
Luo Genze thinks that Mozi put forward "Shang Xian" and Laozi put forward "Nothing Shang Xian", so the negative judgment of "Nothing Shang Xian" cannot appear before "Shang Xian".
Qian Mu believes: "Confucianism is shallow and close, old and independent; Confucius and Mohism are both solid, but ancient and mysterious. In the process of thinking, Laozi should be behind Confucius and Mohism. "
Other scholars have demonstrated Laozi from the perspective of stylistics. Feng Youlan said that Laozi is a classic style, a work in the Warring States period, which is different from the "dialogue style" in the Spring and Autumn Period (such as The Analects of Confucius).
Gu Jiegang thinks that Laozi is a fu style and a new style in the Warring States Period.
Luo Genze and Feng Youlan put forward it from the perspectives of private writing, selfless writing and private writing before the Warring States Period.
Sima Qian mentioned three Lao Zi. The first is Lao Zi named Li Er, the second is Lao Laizi, and the third is Taishi Ci. All three people are called Laozi, and they are hermits, which makes Sima Qian of the Han Dynasty very confused and confused, so he has to list all three of them.
Throughout the ages, scholars have different opinions about Laozi and his works. It is said that Laozi is Li Er (Lao Dan) who taught Confucius. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period before Confucius, we can learn from the quotations in Warring States Policy, Book of Rites, Wen, Zhuangzi, Han Feizi and Spring and Autumn Period. The authors are Ma Xulun's Collation of Laozi, Guo Moruo's Lao Dan, Guanyin and Yuan Huan in the Bronze Age, and Ren's New Translation of Laozi. Guo Moruo also pointed out that Laozi was written by the Warring States.
One said that Laozi was a Warring States person and Laozi was a Warring States book. For example, Wang Zhong's textual research on Laozi in Qing Dynasty, Liang Qichao's comments on the Outline of Hu Shizhi and China's Philosophical History, Feng Youlan's Philosophical History of China, Luo Genze's textual research on philosophers ● The problem of Laozi and books, and Fan Wenlan's General History of China, etc.
Lao Dan was written in the Qin and Han Dynasties, which is another masterpiece after Yang Zhu and Song Shuo. The speaker is Gu Jiegang's "Inferring Confucian Scholars in Qin and Han Dynasties from Laozi's Writing Time" and so on.
It is said that Lao Dan is a great real figure in ancient legends, and Laozi was written after Zhuang Zhou and Song Shuo, probably Zhan He. The main speakers of this thesis are Qian Mu's Lao Zi ZaLun and Zhuangzi Lao Zi Lun.
It is said that Laozi was written by Zhou Taishi during the Warring States Period. Laozi was written after The Analects of Confucius, Mozi and Mencius, but before Zhuangzi, Xunzi and Han Feizi. The speaker is Lao Zi translated by Rao Shangkuan. In a word, Tao Te Ching was written by Zhou Taishi during the Warring States Period, after The Analects of Confucius, Mozi and Mencius, and before Zhuangzi, Xunzi and Han Feizi.
Yang Zhu first made a preliminary summary of the thought of seclusion, and put forward the viewpoint of attaching importance to life, serving oneself, being loyal and not being tired of things. He advocated benefiting the world with one point, not being at peace with the world and not taking anything. It can be said that Yang Zhu is a pioneer of Taoism. Laozi's theory inherited Yang Zhu and inspired Zhuangzi, so Laozi must be later than Yang Zhu and earlier than Zhuang Zhou.
Before Mencius, there was no Tao Te Ching. After Zhuangzi, Tao Te Ching was quoted by a large number of ancient books.
This shows that the Tao Te Ching is indeed after Mencius.
Speaking of Zhang, Yang Zhu saw that he knew all about Yan. Wu Liang claimed to be the king from Wang Hui (see the Six Kingdoms Table in Historical Records), and Wang Hui died in 369 BC, which was more than 65,438+000 years after the death of Confucius. During this period, how could Confucius ask Laozi how to teach Li and Yang Zhu? Is Lao Zi a fairy? This is obviously impossible.