French literature
Representative figures and works:
Merimee:/kloc-a French writer with great artistic charm in the 9th century. We often "study the human mind" from the moral point of view to explore the majestic and tenacious primitive life forms in the natural state without the baptism of modern civilization.
Carmen: (A romantic love tragedy) The protagonist Carmen is an unrestrained and bohemian gypsy girl, "petite and excellent, with fierce eyes from time to time".
Flaubert:/kloc-a French writer in the 0/9th century. He emphasized objective realism and meticulous carving in his creation, and laid the foundation for later naturalism and aestheticism with the exquisite artistic style of "objective indifference" aesthetic principle.
Emma, the protagonist in Madame Bovary, is a female image corrupted and destroyed by the aristocratic bourgeois society.
Standahr: Self-proclaimed "Observer of the Human Mind". /kloc-an outstanding French realist writer in the mid-0/9th century, and one of the founders of critical realism literature in France and even Europe.
The original name of Red and Black: The subtitle of Julien is "1830 years old"
"Red" refers to the Red Army uniforms of soldiers in the Napoleonic period, representing the strength of the bourgeoisie.
The black robes of "black" faculty members represent the reactionary forces in feudal society.
Symbol of title: The struggle between two opposing camps and two different ideas during the Restoration period highlighted the political significance of the novel.
Balzac
Balzac is a prolific writer. There are 96 long, medium and short stories in Human Comedy.
All his works are divided into three categories: custom research, philosophical research and analytical research. The main part of the novel collection, Custom Research, is divided into six parts: private life scenes, provincial life scenes, Paris life scenes, political life scenes, military life scenes and rural life scenes.
Old man Gao, Eugénie? Grandet
English literature
Representative writers and works:
Marx called it "a group of outstanding novelists in modern Britain":
Dickens, Thackeray, Lady Gaskell, Bronte sisters.
Madame Gaskell (the earliest writer who reflected the contradiction between labor and capital in the history of European literature);
The novel Mary? Barton: It reflects the contradiction between employers and employees in the Charter Movement.
Thackeray, a "sharp and ruthless satirist" in Victorian era
The novel Vanity Fair: Subtitle "A Novel Without Heroes". Protagonist: Becky? downward slope
Charlotte. Jane of Bronte? Love: female consciousness and the spirit of resisting Victorian tradition.
Emily. Wuthering Heights by Bronte: The Only Novel. The protagonist "Heathcliff"
Dickens/kloc-a great British realistic writer in the 0 th and 9 th centuries.
A Tale of Two Cities is a representative work of Dickens' creative thought and artistic expression at the mature stage. The author wants to use the historical experience of the French Revolution to sound the alarm for the British rulers, which has obvious practical significance.
Russian literature (19, 1960s and 1970s)
Nikolai Nikolai Gogol: Inherited Pushkin's realism and pushed it to a new height. One of the founders of Russian critical realism literature, the founder of "naturalism".
The work "Dead Soul" can be said to be the history of the decline of the serf-owner class during the collapse of Russian serfdom. Through the description of the image of feudal aristocratic serf owners, the inevitable collapse trend of autocratic serfs is revealed.
Dostoevsky
He is good at describing the urban underclass and criminal psychology, and is also a writer with profound Christian thoughts.
Kara Matsov is a summary of Dostoevsky's life creation, and the novel reflects the author's philosophical thinking on human existence.
Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment is a realistic work with high artistic achievements.
Belinsky: the founder of Russian realistic aesthetic theory and literary criticism, and the pioneer of revolutionary democrats. He affirmed the naturalism represented by Nicholas Nikolai Gogol. Defend the principle of realism. His theory strongly promoted the development of Russian critical realism. His masterpiece Literary Fantasy.
Herzen: It is the first time to discuss the nationality of Russian literature with the concept of "superfluous person".
Whose crime (problem novel): the protagonist Bertov (redundant person).
Turgenev:
Luo Ting: Luo Ting was a typical "redundant person" among Russian aristocratic intellectuals in the 1940s.
Aristocratic House: An Elegy of "Collapsed Aristocratic Class". Protagonist: Lavlesky.
Eve: Russian girl Ye Linna and Bulgarian revolutionary Ying Salov are new people with strong personality and lofty ideals.
(The first work reflecting the image of new people: civilian intellectuals)
Father and son (masterpiece): a social psychological novel.
Chernyshevski:/kloc-an outstanding thinker, revolutionist and literary critic in the late 9th century, who made great achievements in philosophy, aesthetics and literature.
What to do (novel): The typical "problem novel" protagonists: Vera, Roboff and Jill Chalnot (love triangle), the highest typical: Rakhmetov is the glorious image of the first revolutionary democrat in Russian literature.
Dobro Lyubov (who died young) A glimmer of light in dark kingdom: for thunderstorm.
Goncharov's Hobreau Moff: Another Redundant Image
Ostrovsky (a famous Russian dramatist);
Thunderstorm is called the drama of life. Protagonist: Boris Cajalina
Necrasov: "Who can live a good life in Russia" (long poem)
American literature
American "abolitionist literature" is the bud of American critical realism literature.
Representative writers and works:
Hildrix's White Slave: the first realistic novel against slavery in America.
Mrs. Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin is regarded as "the most touching event in world novels".
2. Romantic literature
German literature
The works of Hoffman and Chamico are full of mysterious and grotesque colors.
Heine: Under the influence of romanticism, he began to embark on the road of creation.
The publication of On Romanticism ended the leading position of romanticism in German literature.
Early representative works: Silesia textile workers
Later masterpiece: Germany-A Fairy Tale in Winter (a lyric poem) expresses hatred and abhorrence of German feudal system and stagnant social reality.
English literature
Wordsworth (the highest achievement of lake poets):
Lyric ballads? The preface is called the epoch-making declaration of British romanticism.
The cooperation between lyric songs and Coleridge.
Coleridge: I like to describe supernatural people and things. The masterpiece Ode to the Ancient Ship
The second generation of English romantic poets (Byron, Shelley);
Shelley (Engels called him a "genius prophet");
Queen Mabel: (long poem) Shelley's "prophecy" was first reflected.
Prometheus, the liberated "understanding society".
Natural Landscape Poetry: Lark and ode to the west wind: "If winter comes, can spring be far behind?"
Qi Ci Ode to a Nightingale (Ode): It is famous for its exquisiteness.
Scott: (famous for his historical novels) Ivanhoe, the masterpiece of "Waverly Novels"
Scott's death marked the end of English romanticism.
Jane? Austin: Pride and prejudice, Emma.
French literature
The publication of Hugo's Preface (Cromwell) sets the banner of romanticism and is a declaration of French romanticism.
/kloc-the pioneer of French romanticism in the 0 th and 9 th centuries;
Chateaubriand:
The true meaning of Christianity; Include two novellas:
Adala: It wrote a story that happened in the virgin forest of North America. This is the first romantic novel in France. Hero: Indian: Shaktas, daughter of tribal chief: Adala.
Rene: It's about the confession of an aristocratic youth.
Madame de stael: Main works: Delphine and Corina; Theoretical works Literature and On Germany
Lamartin: Poems, Meditations.
Miao Sai (known as Shakespeare of France);
Confessions of Century Children (autobiographical novel): Created the image of Akdaf, a patient with "century disease".
Dumas: The Count of Monte Cristo and Three Fires
George? Sang: Antiana: A masterpiece.
The Grinders of Concevelo and Angelburg: Novels with Utopian Socialist Tendency.
Magic swamp: an idyllic novel
Dumas: La Traviata exposes hypocritical social morality and family values through the love tragedy of prostitutes Margaret and Hammans.
Russian literature
Zhukovsky, the founder of Russian romantic poetry, is known as "the first lyric poet in the history of Russian literature".
The creation of Pushkin and Ryliyev (members of The Decemberists) formed the climax of Russian romantic literature.
Lermontov: (The basic theme of poetry: the desire for freedom)
The Devil represents the highest achievement of lermontov's romantic creation.
Contemporary Heroes: Masterpieces of Early Russian Novels: The protagonist Bi Qiao Lin is a typical "superfluous person" after onegin. The protagonist's self-analysis and diary form are known as "the first social psychological novel in Russia".
American literature
Irving (Father of American Literature): A Masterpiece of Experience Notes.
Cooper (known as "Walter of America? Scott "):
The sailor is known as "the first American maritime adventure novel"
The series of frontier novels include The Last mohicans, Grassland and Pathfinder.
Allen. Poe: a writer with aesthetic tendency in the history of American literature, known as "the originator of western modernism"
Mystery novels: Mao Mu street murder and stolen letters.
Horror novels: the collapse of old houses and black cats in Ascher
Emerson: Prose.
Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter (novel) The protagonist: Hester? Prynne, Reverend: Dimmesdale.
It shows the destruction of human nature by religion and exposes the hypocrisy of religion, which is called "psychological romance"
Whitman (the greatest romantic poet in America);
Leaves of Grass is the product of the peak of American romantic literature. Including:
The authors of Hearing American Singing, I Sing with Electric Body and Song of Me abandoned the traditional rhythm of poetry and created "free verse".
Literature of other countries
Mis Kevic:/kloc-the greatest Polish poet in the 9th century. Masterpieces: Poetic drama "Sacrifice to Ancestors" and long poem "Mr. Zhong".
Petofi:/kloc-the greatest Hungarian poet in the 9th century. Masterpiece: Freedom and Love
Byron's (British) Oriental Narrative Poetry
Pushkin (Russia)
An important representative of Russian romantic literature and the founder of Russian realistic literature. Known as "the father of Russian literature" and "the sun of Russian poetry". Birth: The family of a declining aristocrat.
Main works:
To Cha Adayev: After joining the party member Green Light Club in December, this poem was carved behind party emblem.
Robber: a poem that attacks tyranny and praises freedom.
Short Sword: Publicly calling for actions against tyranny and praising assassins who are not afraid of violence.
To the Prisoners of Siberia: party member who enthusiastically encouraged hard labor in December.
Tzgang Man: the symbol of Pushkin's transition from romanticism to realism.
Boris? Godunov: the most famous historical tragedy.
Belgin's collection of short stories (consisting of five short stories): The Postman is the best short story, which initiated the Russian literature to express the fate of little people.
Known as the "encyclopedia of Russian life" is:
The Captain's Daughter: A peasant novel (long), which is a reflection of Pougatcheff's uprising. and
"Eugene? Onegin: (Poetic novel, the cornerstone of Russian realism)
3. Byronic heroes (positive and negative)
Oriental narrative poems:
1813-1816 Byron completed a series of stories with the theme of oriental stories, which are called oriental narrative poems.
The protagonists in narrative poems are called "Byronic heroes", and these narrative poems are also called "rebel narrative poems".
Byronic hero:
Most of these heroes come from Byron's oriental narrative poems.
They are all enthusiastic, brave, strong-willed, proud and lonely. They are concerned about their country and people and do not hesitate to fight against their fate. In the end, they ended in failure and death.
4. Clues of Hamlet and anna karina
In the play, Hamlet not only describes Hamlet's revenge plot clues, but also arranges two revenge clues, Laertes and Norwegian Prince Fuding Brass, to connect and set off each other. Apart from revenge, Shakespeare also wrote about the love between Hamlet and Ophelia, the sincere friendship between Hamlet and Horatio, and the complicated relationship between Hamlet and his mother who betrayed his father and the king. There are six in all.
Anna karenin depicts a vast and colorful picture of Russia from Moscow to other provinces and villages through two clues: the heroine Anna's tragedy of pursuing love and Levin's reform and exploration in the face of rural crisis, and describes more than 150 characters successively. It is a social encyclopedia.
5. Foreign literature development framework
Western ancient literature includes ancient Greek and Roman literature and early Christian literature. They are the product of the transition from clan society to slavery. The secular and humanistic colors and the sacred and transcendental colors embodied in ancient Greek and Roman literature and early Christian literature constitute the two major sources of western literature (and culture) respectively. Engels said: "Without the foundation of Greek culture and Roman Empire, there would be no modern Europe".
The situation of medieval literature:
Outstanding features: religious color, mysterious color and folk literature color.
It mainly includes: church literature, knight literature, heroic epic and urban literature.
Renaissance literature
Renaissance literature (humanistic literature, folk literature and feudal literature)
Humanistic literature is dominant.
trait
The ideological content of 1 is to attack feudalism and moral and religious asceticism with humanism as a weapon.
2 Use realistic methods more consciously.
3 Literary forms are rich and colorful. Novels have become an important genre used by humanist writers, and sonnets have become an important poetic style in European poetry. The innovation and development of these literary genres laid the foundation for the perfection of modern literary genres.
4 has a national style. Adopt local languages and absorb folk languages, etc.
/kloc-the main achievements of European literature in the 0/7th century: British bourgeois revolutionary literature (Puritan literature), French classical literature and baroque literature.
After understanding, brief answer: Why is classicism the inheritance and backwash of humanism?
1 Inheriting ideas: classicism affirms freedom of love and opposes feudal churches (theme)
In terms of creative methods, classicism basically adopts realistic techniques prevailing in the Renaissance.
Art form: Classical drama and Renaissance drama come down in one continuous line.
Washback: Humanistic literature overemphasizes individual liberation, which leads to the tendency of denying all order.
The language is not standardized and the artistic form is messy.
/kloc-Literature Summary of the 0/7th Century (Baroque Literature, British Bourgeois Revolution Literature, French Classicism Literature)
18th century literature (enlightenment literature)
Main achievements: Enlightenment includes: French Enlightenment, English realistic novels and German national literature.
19th century literature (romantic literature)
The basic characteristics of romantic literature;
1 Strong subjective color, preferring to express subjective thoughts and paying attention to expressing personal feelings and experiences. Attach importance to subjectivity, ignore objectivity and self-expression, and ignore objective imitation.
I like to describe and praise nature. (particularly prominent)
The author likes to put the characters he understands in the pure and quiet nature, which sets off the ugliness of the real society and the beauty he understands.
3 Pay attention to medieval folk literature. Rich imagination, sincere feelings, free expression and simple and natural language.
Pay attention to artistic effect: exotic Qingdao sentiment, contrast, exaggeration and extraordinary characters.
19th century literature (critical realism literature)
19th century literature refers to the French "July Revolution" (1830) to the "Ba Xue" Li Commune Revolution (187 1). The literature of this period includes: Romantic literature, critical realism literature (mainstream) and early proletarian literature.
/kloc-the mainstream of literature in the 0/9th century is critical realism literature, which has the following basic characteristics:
1 objectively and truly depicts real life.
Pay attention to reflecting the whole, essence and truth of real life, and pay more attention to the authenticity of detail description.
2. Criticism, exposure and improvement.
Pay special attention to the tragic fate of the bottom society and "little people" The strong criticism of social reality objectively expresses the dissatisfaction and protest of the broad masses of the people against the capitalist system, which is based on the improvement of the capitalist system. Their ideological weapon is humanitarianism and their political proposition is reformism.
3. Create typical characters in typical environment.
19th century literature (diversification)
/kloc-Literature in the late 9th century is diversified: critical realism literature (mainstream), naturalism literature, Paris Commune literature, and irrational formalism literature with modern characteristics in 1930s.
/kloc-the basic characteristics of literature in the late 0/9th century;
One, three basic ideas coexist.
1, Marx's scientific socialism, which clearly stated that "the capitalist system must be overthrown and socialism established.
2. Traditional humanitarianism.
3. Schopenhauer, Nietzsche and Bergson's irrational theory, disappointed and at a loss about the world, had to retreat to the heart and emphasize "will".
Second, start to "return to the heart." /kloc-In the late 20th century, European literature began to turn inward.
Third, more and more attention is paid to literary skills. Critical realism literature pays attention to psychological analysis and inner monologue; Formalist literature pays attention to symbols and metaphors, sympathy and correspondence.
/kloc-literary development in the late 0/9th century: main literature: naturalism, Paris commune literature, aestheticism literature, symbolism literature and critical realism literature.
20th Century Literature (I)
Literary Features: Inheriting the realistic literary tradition of19th century, reflecting reality and publicizing humanitarianism. The literature of this period paid more attention to the exploration of human spirit and personality. In art, we should adhere to the realistic principle that literature reflects the times and pay attention to the integrity and coherence of plot structure, image and language.
Twentieth Century Literature (2)
Modernist Literature in the First Half of the 20th Century
Brief answer: briefly describe the basic characteristics of modernist literature;
Modernist literature in the 20th century has the following characteristics ideologically:
1 all schools of modernism emphasize the expression of "modern consciousness", and its center is the sense of crisis and absurdity. * * * The same theme is to express the confusion of modern people. It reflects the overall crisis in the western capitalist world.
2. Modernist literature deeply reflects on the opposition of the four basic relationships between man and society, man and nature, man and man, and man and self in the monopolized capitalist society.
3. Modernist literature is the self-expression of the spiritual crisis of western bourgeois intellectuals.
Characteristics of artistic features:
1, symbolic. With the help of images, abstract ideas are externalized through metaphor, contrast and rendering.
2. Absurd. Through irrational and extremely exaggerated forms, mixing reality with unreality implies seriousness and absurdity. Absurd images have special generalization power.
3. Stream of consciousness. Modernist writers are keen to tap people's subconscious and adopt the techniques of "inner monologue" and "free association".
Twentieth Century Literature (3)
Modernist literature in the second half of the 20th century
Literary development:
First of all, existential literature.
Second, the absurd drama.
Third, the new novel school.
Fourth, "black humor"
Five, magic realism
Sixth, the "beat generation"
I'm exhausted. The landlord will give it to me.