First, the cultural expression of worshipping Sophora japonica.
The cultural phenomenon of China people worshiping Sophora japonica is mainly manifested in the following aspects.
1, take Sophora japonica as a symbol of God.
Fraser, a famous British anthropologist, mentioned the reasons why early humans worshipped trees and flowers in his masterpiece "Golden Branches". He said: "In the eyes of primitive people, the whole world is alive, and flowers and trees are no exception. They have souls like people, so they treat them like people. " (1) Sophora japonica (especially ancient Sophora japonica) has been regarded as a sacred tree since ancient times, and there have been many myths about Sophora japonica. "Taiping Guangji" contains the story of being in Beijing with Jing Shen. In the adult life of Tang Wenzong (836-840), those with a long history liked reading Taoist books and were good at playing the flute. Once I went to the countryside, I got drunk under the big locust tree next to the postal road. "At night, AI woke up a little and heard the sound of a giant walking heavily. In the dark, I saw a man, Cui Wei, who was several feet tall. Sitting by the tree, he said with a furry hand,' I mean weeding by the tree, but the urn is different.' Then he knocked on the tree and said,' You can report Jiro to Jingshan to save your big brother'. Big bosom is a sentence:' exchange visits between the old and the young'. It seems that someone came down from the locust tree, made friends with the voice and drank. Jing said,' When did Big Brother abandon Wang Er in the Second Capital Road?' Dahuai said,' I, the third child, should give up this position.' Jingshan Huai said,' Big Brother doesn't know that old age is coming, but he is still worried about this. He who is not angry and hollow is tireless, and only when the paste flows away will he know how to retreat. Why not extricate yourself from Tao now because of the shock of Tao? It must be used as wood, and the beams of the building will be made. There are many pieces of broken brocade and real flowers. How is it possible that other people's wages will be the same as others, so that they will simmer their ears! "Da Huai said:' Sparrow rats are greedy for life, how can I distinguish evil from it!' Huairi:' People are not enough. Say goodbye. It's time to start tomorrow. In a few days, I will go to Jingshan in the countryside to see the courtyard and the trees. There are branches all around, as if attached to a sacred object. So I waited all night and drank it with a wine chest. Yun:' Last night, someone heard about King Huai fighting with Pan Dou, and someone was lying on his side. Remember what he said. Please talk to me now. Huai said,' What can I ask for if I feel the kindness of my son? I didn't know you were drunk on the road at night, and my husband was possessed! "He said,' A person has been a good teacher all his life, but he has never met his teacher. Tree gods have spirits. If you ask for advice, you will be rewarded for learning the Tao.' Huai Shen said,' If I go to Jingshan to find Master Bao, I will have a place to live, or between land and water. Please be careful not to tell me anything. I don't remember China's watch, so I told the old fox that the disaster was over. "Thank you. Tomorrow, people will walk along the water near Jingshan Mountain. If they go to see Master Bao Xian, they will worship him. The teacher said,' How do I know I'm coming to the teacher? I must say. "I dare not hide. It is also a tree of Chen Jingshan. The fairy teacher said,' How dare a kid point fingers at people without a long punishment? And the flying symbol is disabled. "I beg for forgiveness. Shi Xian said,' If you don't punish now, others will follow you. (2) Later, under Bao's instruction, Jiang Zuo became more and more enlightened. With the help of the Jade Emperor, he got the water drop of the Dragon King and finally became an immortal. This story left us a lot of inspiration. First, Huaike is a useful material for Gai Lou. Second, the use of utensils must be timely. If you miss the opportunity, the useful will become useless, and the pillars will become dead trees and rotten plants. There is no choice but to burn the fire. Objects are like this, so are people. Third, Jing's seriousness and enlightened stupidity, his understanding and self-sacrifice spirit are also admirable. Knowing that he would be punished, he was still keen to make suggestions. "Tangshan County Records" contains: "Shenhuai is on the east bank of Bahe River. The Ming River embankment burst several times, and the people were miserable. There is a dream from God, saying: I am the God of the City God. If Benjamin had waited a long time, he would have put up obstacles today. Look carefully, there are fruits on the shore. Naturally, there was no river in the Ming Dynasty. " (3) It shows that Sophora japonica can play the role of soil and water conservation, shore consolidation and dike protection. "Jane Yizhi" also records the story of Shen Huai delivering medicine, saying that there is a locust tree lane in Poyang County, Raozhou, Jiangxi Province, which is named after an old locust tree in the lane. Wu Xu, a scholar from other places, went to the county on business, visited the market and saw the tree. He stroked the trunk and sighed, "This tree has withered and been hollowed out, but it is old and dry with lush foliage. I don't know how many spring, summer, autumn and winter it has experienced, and how many rain, snow, wind and frost it has experienced before it has such tenacious vitality! "Back to the inn at night, was about to sleep, suddenly heard a knock at the door. As soon as I opened the door, I saw a handsome woman standing in front of the door, claiming to be the soul of the big locust tree in Huaihua Lane. Because the scholar visited during the day, she felt pity and admiration, so I came to thank her. In May of four years in Li Qing, Chen Zhongxian, a government official living in Huaihua Lane, asked his wife to warm wine to adjust medicine because of low back pain, and her wife mistakenly put in a slip tendon for external use and suffered from abdominal cramps after taking it. After dawn, I was about to go to the market to buy mung beans for detoxification. The door rang outside, saying that it was my neighbor Huai Niang in the alley. I came to deliver the antidote. Chen is afraid of the locust tree and dare not open the door. According to the biography of Conan's satrap, a scholar married the dream man Huai Anguo, was recruited as a son-in-law, moved to an official position, and enjoyed all the splendor. Later, due to the defeat of the war, the princess died young and was sent. Then Huai' an country is the well-known ant world under the big locust tree, and it is the source of the idiom "Conan Yimeng". " "Continued Records" said that the fairy Magu also took a fancy to Sophora japonica as a good building material. Because the temple was built by human beings, the tree owner dreamed that the female Taoist priest would come to collect money. After a night of wind and rain, the tree disappeared, but it was cut into pieces and lay on the temple site. "Because the story" says that immortals often travel on ancient trees, and the sound of silk and bamboo music often comes out at night. Ming's "Baoding County Records" said that during the day, some people were talking about cutting down locust trees, but at night they dreamed that the old man in yellow clothes would come for help, and the cut place would bleed, and those who were cut down would rebuild themselves. There is also a legend that an old locust tree can talk and persuade Yong Dong not to miss a godsend. This is the story in Huangmei Opera "The Fairy Couple".
Because people regard Sophora japonica as a god, they build temples to worship it. Hebei's "Tang County Records" records: "The ancient pagoda is in the east of the second hall of the county government, surrounded by many cities, towering in the shade, without dead branches, and there is a tower under it." Shanxi's "Fenyang County Records" contains: "Fairy tree view is in the north of Chenghuang Temple. According to legend, there are trees in the ground, rotten as ships. In Di Chin's system, if different people take medicine, it will last as long as before. Therefore, the citizens of the state decorated this scene in the name of Xianhuai. In this view, he is also full of shame. " (4) In the folk, it is common for people to build a small temple or high platform under or beside the old pagoda tree, and the surrounding residents burn incense and kowtow to it, pray for blessing and ask it to give pills. 2, regard Sophora japonica as a synonym for ancient official positions.
In ancient times, Sophora japonica was a symbol of the status of "three publics and slaughter assistants". "Zhou Li? "Qiu Guan" contains: "The courtiers are in charge of the method of building the country outside the court, with nine spines in the left, the doctors in the back, and the nine spines in the right, and the officials in the back. Facing the three Huai, three positions. The governor is in the back. " Note: "Huai is blind." Huailai people have come and want to work with them. "That is to say, three Sophora japonica trees were planted outside the court of the Zhou Dynasty, and these three Sophora japonica trees stood against them when they were in the sky. Later generations used three trees to refer to the three fairs. Sangong refers to Taishi, Taifu and Taibao, which are the collective names of the three highest official positions in the Zhou Dynasty. Therefore, Sophora japonica was associated with ancient official positions and became synonymous with official positions. In ancient Chinese, a unique noun connecting Huai and Guan was formed. Such as huaiding. Metaphorically, it refers to "three public" or "three public" positions, and also refers to the ruling minister; The position of Huai refers to the position of Sangong; Huaiqing refers to the three public and nine clear; Huaiyan, figuratively speaking, refers to the three fairs; Chen Huai refers to the emperor's palace; Huaiyi refers to the court; Wang Huai refers to a prestigious official; Sophora japonica refers to the seal of the three fairs; Huaiyue refers to a senior official of the imperial court; Huaichan refers to high officials and dignitaries. In addition, Huaifu refers to the official offices or residences of the three public offices; Huaidi refers to the Three Mansions.
Song Shi? "Biography of Wang Dan" contains: "Dan's father helped him, and Shang Shu was the assistant minister of the Ministry of War. The article was found in the Han and Zhou Dynasties. Taizong and Taizong are famous ministers. Advise Du Zhongwei not to be anti-Korean. Judging from the plot of Lu Duoxun harming Zhao Pu, Fu Yanqing is innocent. Stowe called it Yin De. You planted three locust trees in court and said,' There are three people in my afterlife. This is also the reason. "Dan Yang is taciturn, studious and literate. This is a weapon. Said:' This son should be the most male'. " (5) Later, Wang Dan came to Song Zhenzong and made a public appearance. Su Shi, a famous scholar in the Northern Song Dynasty, wrote an article "Ming of Sanhuaitang" to praise it. Later generations called Sanhuaitang the mansion of senior officials. "Gossip about Yutang" says: "Chang 'an has Sun Shi Mansion, which has lived for several generations, and the hall is very ancient. A pillar in front of the main hall suddenly gave birth to a locust branch. At the beginning of Sun Shi, the barrier was closed and I didn't want people to see it. After a year, it gradually became gorgeous, so that the column became easy to connect with the body, which made it move on the house. Secret, well-dressed people come to see, horses and chariots fill their throats. Soon, the cliff corridor was restrained. People think it is very different to be embarrassed by three locusts. " (6) Later, Sun Mao became an official and was in charge of state affairs, and was named Hou of Anle County. Shen Kuo in the Northern Song Dynasty wrote in Meng Qian Bi Tan: "At present, there is a giant pagoda tree in the third hall of the bachelor's college, which is called the pagoda tree hall. Many people used to live in this pavilion. Bachelor's degree for pregnant hall, some forced to the front. "(7) The ugliness of official fans is completely exposed. Sophora japonica is associated with the official career of literati, and "Huaiting" has become a shortcut for them to become famous. Therefore, people of all ages like to plant locust trees in the courtyard in order to expect their descendants to develop and become dignitaries.
3. In Gucodi, Sophora japonica is regarded as a symbol of good omen.
In ancient times, Sophora japonica was associated with the son of a scholar and was regarded as a symbol of good omen in Kodi. "Three Auxiliary Huang Tu" contains: "In the fourth year of Yuan Dynasty (90 BC), Tang Mingbi was the 30 th district of Boshe, which was a street, but there were hundreds of locust trees. All the students will come to this city, each holding their own things and books, buying and selling, personable and flustered. Speaking of this, Kan Kan is jealous. " (8) Therefore, in the Han Dynasty, Chang 'an was called "Huaicheng", which refers to a city where scholars gathered and traded, and was named after many locust trees. Also known as "learning city". In the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Geng Xin's "Feng Heyong's Speech from His Highness" has a poem "Green trees hang down the city and Yang Yingzhi grows straight". Tang Yuanzhen's "Comments on Students' Guqin" also said: "The period is blue and purple in Tongjing, and I am happy to go; The rhyme of drums and silks helps calm the wind. " Later, he used "Huai" to refer to the society. Tang Wu Yuan Heng's Book of Reward for Learning says: "Pengshan spread new rhyme at a high price, and Shi Huaifang became famous in. "You can imagine the mood of Chang 'an in Gong Xue in the Tang Dynasty.
Since the Tang Dynasty, the imperial examination has been related to the fame and wealth of scholars. Climbing the ladder and winning the position of the three fairs is their highest ideal. So Sophora japonica is often used to refer to scientific research. The year of the exam is Huaiqiu, and the month of the exam is Huang Huai. Tang Li-nao wrote in the Chronicle of Qin Zhong: "Scholars went down to the next place, and in July of that year, they returned to a new text and solved it, saying,' Flowers are yellow, children are busy'." In Yi's New Book of the South, there is a more detailed explanation: "Since June, Chang 'an adopted son has not left Beijing, and it is too late. Borrow more Jingfang Temple and idle houses to live and write new articles, which is called summer class. There are also ten people and five people who are drunk, so please know the key points and try it yourself. After the new class started in July, the state governments released people and said,' Sophora japonica is yellow, and children are busy. "That is to say, in Chang 'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty, in June, the runner-up couldn't leave the capital, studied hard behind closed doors, made new articles, and invited people to take private exams. When the Sophora japonica turns yellow, the new article will be dedicated to relevant officials for recommendation. Many poets in later generations chanted. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, there was a poem praising "Going to yellow flowers for several years, two feet grow in the world of mortals", and in the Northern Song Dynasty, Huang Tingjian's "Interpretation of Two Rhymes" there was a cloud: "I want to urge my son to raise flowers and yellow flowers, and come to Handan to eat beams on the road. There is a line in Fan Chengda's poem "Farewell to Liu" in the Southern Song Dynasty: "The tree is yellow and the lamp is trapped. If you go to the book window, you will get this life. "
In ancient times, there were many legends and stories that Sophora japonica was a good omen for Cody. "We should give up the idea of making dragons, go into Romania and lock the room. From winter to spring, we can see that the branches of Sophora japonica trees are born in front of the bed, two or three feet high and covered with velvet. That was the year of graduation and photography for ten years. " (9) Ming's "Ji 'nan Prefecture Records" contains: "Wang Dashu is in the west of Xinjie, Xincheng County. According to legend, Wang Wu, a good man in the city, often cooks porridge under the locust tree to feed the hungry. People hang hats on trees, which are as heavy as hats. After the dream, all the trees were crowned with sages. Sun Yun was re-elected in the subsequent division, so he named his family after Wang Dahuai. (10) Zhu Shi, a writer, named it Wang Dahuai Collection. The Ming Dynasty's "Luoyang County Records" recorded: "Fang lived in Luoyang's former residence, and his camp room was one tree and one armor. He was suddenly demolished in the imperial court and felt embarrassed. For a long time, the trees were covered with dense leaves, which the viewers thought was a sign of prosperity. Later, Zi Guo Yi also won the Jinshi, and inscribed "Zhenhuaitang". Don't forget the beginning. "(1 1) The True Tang Huai Ji written by Amin Xue Jue was written for it." In the Qing Dynasty, the Annals of Wen 'an County in Hebei Province wrote: "Ancient Huai, west of Jimen, a branch of Tongzhi in the southeast of Qing Dynasty, is full of vitality, and viewers all think it is the sign of Ke Di. "It is also a good sign that a branch of the ancient pagoda tree grows luxuriantly than in previous years. It can be seen that ancient scholars all wanted to live and study in an environment with Sophora japonica, so they naturally had the idea of "three posts" in their hearts, and took boarding Sophora japonica as the purpose and motivation of hard study. As a result, Sophora japonica has become an idol in the eyes of students and is regarded as a symbol of Cody's good omen. This custom has also affected the psychology of people in past dynasties. There is a custom of naming Sophora japonica by newborns. " Jinling George? "Talking in the Candle" Volume Download: "Bull Market Old Sophora Tree for a Thousand Years. Between Jia and Tao, children need to be named after trees, so they are mostly named after Huai. "This is a sign that parents are eager for success. Sophora japonica symbolizes the three official positions, and there is hope for promotion and wealth. Moreover, "Sophora japonica" and "Kui" are similar. I hope that future generations will be blessed by King Kui Xing and become officials in the branch.
4. Sophora japonica is the sustenance of the relocated people to remember their ancestors.
There has always been a folk saying in Song Like: "Where did my ancestors come from? Sophora japonica in Hong Tong, Shaanxi asked me where my hometown was. The old man's nest under the big banyan tree. " It is about the history of Shanxi immigrants. The "Hongtong County Records" of the Republic of China contains: "The pagoda tree is on the left side of Guangji Temple in the north of the city. According to the "Literature General Examination", Shanxi people moved to Beiping, Shandong, Henan and other places many times between Hongwu and Yongle in Ming Dynasty, and the meeting place was under the tree. It is widely rumored that Guangji Temple set up a bureau to send Zhao Ping and Chuanzi. Because of the long history, there is no locust tree, which is also a tribute to the soldiers. " At the end of Yuan Dynasty, there was a tree named "Han Huai" next to Guangji Temple in the north of Hongdong County, Shanxi Province. In the early Ming Dynasty, due to years of war, the Central Plains was barren, and the court organized many times to move Shanxi people to Lu Yu and Anhui. At that time, Hongdong county was densely populated, located in the main traffic road, and there were many immigrants. Every time immigrants are mostly in late autumn, the government "sets up a bureau to send personnel" in Guangji Temple. All immigrants must register here and "send photos and Sichuan funds", and then move in groups here. It is said that at that time, the Ming government widely posted notices to deceive the people, saying, "Those who don't want to move, please gather under the big locust tree and arrive within three days." Those who wish to migrate can wait at home. " After hearing the news, people got married and had children, bustling and rushing to the old tree. On the third day, hundreds of thousands of people gathered under the big pagoda tree. Suddenly, a large group of officers and men gathered under the big locust tree, and an official announced that Emperor Daming had died. "Anyone who comes under the big pagoda tree will be driven away." Because they were forced to emigrate, the immigrants embarked on a journey to leave their hometown here. They dragged their children, helped the old and took care of the young, cried sadly, looked back frequently and drifted away. The faces of relatives gradually blurred, and only the big locust tree and the old man's nest on the big locust tree could be seen. Therefore, the locust tree and crow's nest have become the signs for immigrants to bid farewell to their hometown. According to research, the ancient Sophora japonica immigrants in Hongtong are distributed in 227 counties in China 1 1 provinces and cities. (12) Sophora japonica has also become a sustenance for immigrants to remember their ancestors. Therefore, when immigrants move to Xindijian village, they often plant a Sophora japonica in the most conspicuous place in the village, such as the crossroads, T-junction or village entrance, to express the commemoration of immigration activities and the memory of their original ancestors. Over time, the young Sophora japonica has become an ancient Sophora japonica, and the ancient Sophora japonica has also become a symbol of hometown and ancestors. Huaidi, southeast of Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, was the place where Shanxi immigrants settled in the early Ming Dynasty, and later gradually became a village. In order to miss their hometown, the immigrants named the village "Huaidi" after the big pagoda tree in Hong Tong. The saying that "ancestors moved down from Shanxi Sophora japonica" is widely spread in Tianshui City, Gansu Province. People especially like to plant and care for Sophora japonica. When rural areas settle down and build villages, they plant locust trees to commemorate their homeland. The villagers in Yaojiazhuang, Gangu County call it "the big locust tree comes first, then Yaojiazhuang". Therefore, Gu Huai was regarded as an ancestor by the descendants of immigrants, and prayed for good or bad luck to Gu Huai, which became a variant form of ancestor worship, hoping to gain ideological comfort and spiritual sustenance by worshipping Huai Shu.
Sophora japonica is a symbol of good luck.
In the Zhou Dynasty, Sophora japonica was endowed with auspicious characteristics. "A Brief Introduction to the Golden Chamber of the Taigong" said: "King Wu asked Taigong,' There are many gods in the world, and I am afraid that there will be testers. Why treat them? "Taigong invited trees to be planted at the King's Gate, which is not beneficial to people." "Spring and autumn weft? Shuowen contains: "Sophora japonica is the essence of virtual stars." (13) all indicate that Sophora japonica has magical colors. Hanshu? "Five Elements Records" records: "Four years after the founding of Zhao Di, there was a big pagoda tree in Yin Shan society. Officials cut it off and regained independence at night." (14) It can be seen that Sophora japonica is magical and abnormal. Sophora japonica, an ancient species, not only enjoys the cool, but also seeks good omen and sends wings. There is a folk proverb that "a locust tree in front of the door is either a treasure or a fortune", which shows that the locust tree symbolizes auspiciousness.
The ancients were deeply influenced by the idea of "harmony between man and nature", and the rise and fall of Sophora japonica was regarded as the symbol of the rise and fall. "Once"? "Five Elements Records" contains: "At noon in October of the fifth year of Ling Emperor Xi, the pagoda tree behind the palace where the royal family lived was surrounded by six or seven, and it was freed and rooted at the top." Note: "Yue: Being pregnant is the image of the three fairs, and it is also expensive. The spiritual emperor does not promote virtue, but greed and stupidity, sage and wisdom, and locusts are planted upside down. " (15) According to legend, during the reign of Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty, a pagoda tree with a thickness of six or seven yards inward fell down for no reason. In the vertical direction, some people think that the locust tree is a symbol of the three fairs. Now, like the imperial court, loyalty and treachery are consistent. The Eastern Han Dynasty will probably perish. Sure enough, the Eastern Han Dynasty soon perished.
The ancients also regarded Sophora japonica as Rui Huai. In the Yuan Dynasty, Naixian recorded that there were chapters in the Confucius Forest in Qufu, and there were "ancient bosom, its branches drooped, and its skin was carved with dragons and phoenixes, as thin as silk hair." Although a good painter can't be as ingenious as it is, ... whoever sees it salty loves it because he is Ji Ruiyun. " (16) In ancient times, it was called "Ruihuai", which was a praise work "Song of Confucius' Ruihuai". The ancients also regarded the knots on the branches of Sophora japonica as auspicious symbols. "Xiang Ruizhi" contains: "In May of the first year of Yongming, I longed for it. In the leap month, the South Sophora japonica trees outside the Xuan Ming Hall are tied together. "