Zhu Da (1626-1705), also known as Xuege, whose original surname was Zhu and whose nickname was Da, was a descendant of King Yiyang of the Ming Dynasty who was granted a title in Jiangxi. His grandfather and father were both good at poetry and painting. He was influenced at an early age. "At the age of 8, he was able to write poetry, be good at calligraphy, seal carving, and especially good at painting." However, when he was 19 years old, the Ming Dynasty fell, and the Qing troops went south. As a grandson of the clan, Zhu Dasui took refuge with his mother and brother in Xinjian Hongya. In order to escape the persecution of the Qing Dynasty, he became a monk in the fifth year of Shunzhi (1648), and his name was passed down. Qi, the name is Qiu'an. In the tenth year of Shunzhi's reign, he received the Dharma from an old man in Geng'an. He "lived in the mountains for 20 years and learned from hundreds of people" and became a master. In the 18th year of Shunzhi (1661), when he was 37 years old, he returned to Nanchang and became a Taoist priest. His Taoist name was Zhu Yuelang. In Liangyue, Poyun was a woodcutter and built Qingyunpu Taoist Temple in the southern suburbs. He settled here for more than 20 years. In the meantime, he was invited by Linchuan Order Hu Yitang. . After the age of 62, he often stayed at Beilan Temple in Nanchang. Later, he built his own Yuge Cottage and sold paintings until his death at the age of 81.
Zhu Da experienced the "earth-shaking" era between the Ming and Qing Dynasties. From a royal nobleman to a remnant who fled into the wilderness, he experienced tremendous changes in his thoughts and life. As a descendant of the Ming Dynasty, in order to escape the persecution of the Qing Dynasty, he became a monk, a Taoist, and a Confucian. Unwilling to win over the ruler, he pretended to be crazy. Pretending to be deaf and mute, he "walks around the market alone, often wearing a cloth hat, a long collared robe, and heeled shoes. He walks in the market with his sleeves fluttering, and his children laugh as he watches." His heart was filled with the pain of the destruction of his family and country. He often fell to the ground and sobbed, sobbing, and suddenly laughed up to the sky and sang tragic songs generously. It is said that he called himself Badashanren because he held the "Badayuanjue" Sutra, but when signing his name, he would The four characters in cursive script are very similar to "crying" or "laughing". His poems and paintings also reflect this kind of thoughts and emotions.
Bada Shanren's calligraphy and painting were influenced by Dong Qichang in his early years. The changes in situation and emotion made him break through Dong's barriers and take a completely different path from the four kings. The landscapes he painted are vast and desolate, with water and mountains remaining, and the feeling of depression overflows on the paper, just as his title sentence says. What was leaked: "The clouds in Guo's method are small, but there are many in Dong's hemp trees. I want to see people at that time interpreting the pictures. One peak still writes the mountains and rivers of the Song Dynasty." "Cha trees are left to be studied carefully by Wen Lin", which expresses his attachment to the old Ming Dynasty.
Bada Shanren most often painted flowers and birds, mostly lotus, stone pines, elk and strange birds. His paintings The lotus stems stand tall and vigorous, trying to express the character of being stubborn and not going with the crowd. The strange birds and fish mostly look at the sky with blank eyes, showing his uncompromising temperament. The two images of the peacocks he painted when he was 69 years old. The ugly peacock stands on the unstable pebbles, with peonies drooping on it to attract people. It is inscribed with the poem "The peacock's famous flower is on two bamboo screens, the bamboo is slightly stronger and half of the ink is grown, how can it be said with three ears, just like sitting on the second watch in spring." In ancient times, it was said that "Zang" (slave) had three ears. In addition to the normal two ears, there was also a third ear that only obeyed the master's orders ("Kong Congzi Gongsun Long"). The three ears should refer to a slave who bows his head and obeys orders. The painting series used the theme to satirize the officials who sold themselves to the Qing Dynasty for the sake of wealth and wealth.
The freehand images of flowers and birds painted by Bada Shanren are concise and vivid, informal and full of spirit. It is said that they are mostly portrayals of his character and attitude towards life. He is also capable of fine-grained fine brushwork, "the precise ones are particularly wonderful." His ideas are rich and unique, and he is unconventional and clearly expresses his ideal pursuit. In "Fish Happy Picture", he paints several small fish inviting to swim among the rocks in the water. The painting is ethereal and vast, and the simple and concise image of the small fish expresses joyful and comfortable emotions, reminding people of the pursuit of freedom. The long scroll "Flowers on the River" uses majestic brushwork to place lotus, bamboo and orchids in a quiet realm, decorated with strange figures. The stone flowing spring gives people a fresh and timeless feeling. The birds, animals, flowers and fruits he painted are also full of vitality.
Bada Shanren's paintings are "clumsy in the rules of the square garden, but despise in painting", which is informal. He specializes in ink painting. His painting style is thick and unpretentious, and his brushwork is subtle and rich. He inherited the freehand flowers and birds of Lin Liang, Chen Chun, and Xu Wei and developed it to a new level.
Bada Shanren's paintings. There are many seal numbers, including Xuege, Geshan, Xishan, Geshan donkey, donkey, donkey house, donkey Han, donkey house donkey, Renwu, Shide, Heyuan, Luoyuan, Huangzhuyuan, Bahuan, Shu Some of them have profound meanings (for example, the human house is based on Du Fu's meaning of "there are tens of thousands of houses"), and some show a cynical attitude (stroking his head and saying "I am a monk, why not"). "In the name of a donkey.") Some of them are the names of the halls where he lived and lived. He sometimes signed "March 19" to express his grief for the fall of the Ming Dynasty. Under the rule of the Qing Dynasty, he could not directly vent the pain of his family and country, and could only reveal his hidden pain in obscure poems. After the fall of the Ming Dynasty, he stubbornly maintained his integrity, did not follow the crowd, and was able to keep himself clean. He often painted for poor people in the city, while "the noble and distinguished people wanted to exchange gold for a stone, but they could not get it." Therefore, he has won the respect of later generations. His unconventional creative spirit in calligraphy and painting impressed and inspired Zheng Xie, Wu Changshuo, Qi Baishi and others, and had a considerable influence on paintings after the middle of the Qing Dynasty. #p#Page title#e#
The Eight Great Paintings are best characterized by simplicity and cool style. Its precision is particularly wonderful. The calligraphy is in the style of Jin and Tang Dynasties, with landscapes, flowers and birds, bamboo and wood all vivid and vivid. Because of his broad mind and unrestrained writing style, his interest in life can be spontaneous. His mind is high and broad, his writing is unrestrained, he is clumsy and disciplined in the square and round, and he studies the beauty of color painting with contempt and concentration.
Dafeng never had a master, he relied entirely on his own will, got rid of the dusty martingale, and opened up a new path, with the eyes of an immortal in calligraphy and ink. There are vast thoughts in the chest, and there are strange and relaxing pleasures under the wrists.
Shi Tao (1642-1707) had a surname of Zhu and a surname of Ruoji, also known as Qingxiang Old Man and Da Dizi. A native of Quanzhou, Guangxi, he is a descendant of King Jingjiang of the Ming Dynasty royal family. After the Qing soldiers went south and the Fuwang regime was overthrown, Shi Tao's father, Zhu Hengjia, once claimed to be the "supervisor of the country" (acting for the power of the emperor) in Guilin in the name of the Ming clan. Soon after, he was killed in an internal struggle among the Ming royal family and nobles. As a result, the young Shi Tao fled, pregnant with a child. Pained by the collapse of his country and his family, he became a monk with the Buddhist name Yuanji and the courtesy name Shitao. His nicknames include Monk Balsam Gua, Da Dizi, Venerable Blind, and others from the Qing Dynasty in Hunan and Chen. In his early years, he had no fixed place. He traveled to Lushan, Huangshan, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and later mostly to Jingting Mountain in Anhui. After his forties, he often traveled between Nanjing and Yangzhou, mostly living in Yangzhou. When he was old, he went to Beijing for several years. He returned to Yangzhou and sold his paintings until his death.
Shi Tao's landscape paintings are unique in their own way, with quaint brushwork and elegant imagination. Every painting is consistent with the ancients. The bamboos, stones, plum blossoms and orchids are all extremely exquisite, especially the official script. The brushwork is vast and ancient, the realm is extraordinary and unique, and there is something fascinating everywhere. Shi Tao's brushstrokes are eccentric and unrestrained, with bold and unrestrained strokes. Wang Taichang highly praised him, saying, "There is no stone master south of the Yangtze River." Daoji's skills are extremely profound, such as the long frame of "Zhang Sengyao's Visit to Friends", which is about ten feet long and only nine inches wide. The colors of the trees and mountains are gorgeous, blue and purple, and the brushwork is extremely straight and the wind is flowing. It is truly unprecedented and will be followed. No one comes. There is also a scroll called "River Map of the Old City", with colors on paper. This scroll depicts landscapes in thick strokes, and figures in boats and cables in fine strokes. The sails in the bay are blurred, and the people on the shore are scattered. The color becomes paler and more ancient, and the atmosphere is relaxed and spiritual. , if you have thousands of scrolls in your chest and tens of thousands of clouds and mountains in your eyes, how can you do this? There is also the "Hundred Beautiful Pictures", which is on paper and is more than two feet tall. It is particularly strange.
Due to his life experience, he has a deep relationship with the mountains and rivers of his motherland. During his long-term wandering in the mountains and forests and his mobile life, he has extensive experience in the mountains and rivers of various places, especially in-depth and unique observations and experiences of the Huangshan scenic spot. . Inspired by nature, he has rich artistic imagination and vigorous creative enthusiasm. The compositions of the landscapes he painted are novel and varied, the scenes are full of novelty, the artistic conception is grand, and the brushwork is unrestrained. It has a unique style and abundant imagination. vitality. It is in sharp contrast to the stereotyped eight-legged landscape that filled the art galleries of the time. Shi Tao is also good at painting flowers, fruits, orchids, bamboos and people. He has many handed down works. Common ones include "Landscape with Sound", "Drizzle with Qiu Pine", "Huaiyang Jieqiu", "Huangshan Eight Wonders", "Qing Hunan Calligraphy and Painting Manuscript Volume" ", etc., are all excellent and representative works.
Shi Tao became a master of landscape painting in the late feudal society. His artistic thoughts are expounded in his "Bitter Melon Monk's Painting Quotations" and many poems and postscripts on paintings. Shows his contribution to the theory of landscape painting. The painter is required to "meet the mountains and rivers and transform them into traces".
Hongren (1610-1661) was named Wuzhi and his nickname was Jianjiang. His common surname is Jiang, his given name is Tao, his courtesy name is Daqi, Oumeng, and he is from Shexian County, Anhui Province. After the death of the Ming Dynasty, he was determined to fight against the Qing Dynasty. He left She and went to Fujian, where he became a monk from Zen Master Guhang in Jianyang. He started painting from various schools in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, especially Ni Yunlin's painting method, who was the founder of the Xin'an School of Painting.
Kuncan (birth and death unknown) was given the courtesy name Jieqiu, and his nicknames were Shixi, Baitu and Shidaoren. Originally from Wuling, his common surname was Liu. He became a monk at the age of 20, traveled to famous mountains, and lived in Niushou Temple in Nanjing. Due to many illnesses, he had blue lights and yellow curls, and lived a life of "recumbent silence". Kun Can's character, writing, and ink are all superior to others. Not many of his paintings have been circulated, but the landscapes he painted were attributed to Wang Meng. Specially used dry brush to rub, the ink color is calm. "Picture of Fishing Boats in the Smoke River" scroll, large on paper; "Picture of Smoke in the Autumn Forest", scroll, medium on paper; "Picture of Mountains in the Mountain" scroll, ink and pen on paper, are all his masterpieces. "Painting Mountains in the Mountains" is purely about autumn mountains. It starts with overlapping peaks and ridges, blurred pines and junipers, and waterfalls flowing down into streams. There are tall buildings on the right, bamboo fences outside, and a slope on the left. A corner of thatched pavilion and several low houses. , quite clear and sparse; when you pass the stream, you will see green tiles and rolling green mountains. When a boy comes back from the lotus, the hermit is again among the clear springs and white rocks with red maples and yellow leaves. His writing is dark and deep, making people endlessly explore it. Huang Binhong commented on his paintings: "Falling rocks and withered vines, and hourglass marks. He can use the calligrapher's ingenuity to understand the painting method." There are "Autumn Mountains and Mangroves", "Larges and Gorges", "Green and Lingtian", "Mao Mao in Cangshan Mountain", "Secluded Residence in Streams and Mountains", etc. are quiet and spacious.