The basic ideas of Mohism mainly include the following ten points:
Universal love
Complete, indiscriminate and undifferentiated fraternity,
< p>Contrary to the Confucian concept of kinship, the way of treating relatives such as father and brother, filial piety, respecting elders and friends, young brothers, etc. is extended to other strangers.A Confucius in "The Analects of Confucius" said: In the use of rituals, harmony is the most valuable.
Jian Ai is also used to build peace and quell violent conflicts. Confucianism actually supports this purpose, and its content focuses on advising love and prohibiting evil.
Father's kindness, son's filial piety, brothers and friends, brothers and sisters are supported by Confucian theories such as the Three Cardinal Guidelines and Five Constant Rules, propriety, forgiveness and so on. Forgiveness means prohibiting dislike, etiquette means encouraging kindness. But change the term. It’s just convenient that Confucianism is the only one.
Non-offensive
Oppose aggressive wars. War harms the loser, hurts human lives and damages talents, and is a meaningless act of destruction. For the victor, it only gained several cities and taxes, but overall the damage and losses were huge, so war was a meaningless act. Mozi proposed just war and unjust war. He believed that just war was punishable and had no objection to it.
Shangxian
The silk book "Laozi" unearthed in Mawangdui says: The Tao can be Tao, but it is not the eternal Tao. A name can be named, but it is not a permanent name. The constant is the old. Refers to the original hereditary system of the Zhou Dynasty
: "Zuo Zhuan" In the spring of the tenth year, Qi troops attacked me. The general fights. Please see Cao GUI. His countrymen said: "Meat-eaters plan for it, so what's the point?" GUI said: "Meat-eaters are despicable and cannot plan far-term."
Due to the turmoil of the current situation and the decline of witchcraft culture, many hereditary nobles Decayed and incompetent, the great princes were more hostile to the feudal system, and the people also began to demand the reform of the original unequal old system, and the abolition of the privileges of the officials. Mozi, out of being a bitch, proposed that although the people were humble, they should not be humble. Thin, despicable, indifferent treatment, insignificant gift.
Shang Tong
After the death of Confucius, Confucianism was in chaos, with unclear sages and inconsistent morals.
The same moral word, the same person's attitude, one moment and another. Moreover, it is not to directly deny morality, but to use words from the content of the verbal abuse itself, turning the practice of verbal abuse into a personal right that complies with morality. For example: To get something for nothing is to say that those who work hard manage people
Because there are gaps to exploit and profits to be made, one person rises up, and the literati class rises in droves. One person has one righteousness, ten people have ten righteousnesses, one hundred people have one hundred righteousnesses, and one thousand people have one thousand righteousnesses.
Mozi believed that sophistry caused this ideological confusion. Propose a unified approach and punish writers who use rhetoric to avoid danger and seek personal gain.
Confucius said: It is necessary to correct the name. If the name is not correct, the words will not be smooth. The book has the same text, and the car has the same track.
Using the emperor’s caliber as the standard, unified thoughts and caliber, preventing the spread of the collapse of rituals and music, and at the same time meeting the standards that are beneficial to the common people.
Tianzhi
Mozi believes that craftsmen always need a unit scale as a measurement for construction. A skilled craftsman can completely describe it accurately, while an unlucky craftsman cannot be completely accurate, but he can move according to the scale and the effect will be great. It is still better than relying solely on your own personal abilities and subjective free exploration.
So Mozi proposed to act according to the rules and operate according to the regulations. Benevolence, internally, is the feeling of the heart; righteousness, externally, is the external standard.
Mozi believed that "Heaven" has personality, is noble and intelligent, and that Heaven's actions are broad and selfless, and its kindness is not immoral. Behavior. Mozi believed that Heaven is an undifferentiated universal love. How could he know that Heaven loves and benefits both? It is used to have both and to eat both.
There are no big or small countries in the world today, they are all cities in the sky. No one is young or old, high or low, they are all ministers of heaven. So people must love both. The last level is unified into a whole of universal love, and all wars and academic contradictions are abolished with the practice of universal love
Minggui
I hope to use the theory of gods and ghosts to make the monarch vigilant and kill Innocent people have bad luck, and they cannot take the lives of their subjects because of some anger. Therefore, like atheists, they do not believe in witchcraft or destiny, but they believe that people will have souls after death
不死
Deny the existence of fate and believe that the world is fair and relies on its own strength. It is natural that those who rely on their strength will not survive. He believes that there is no such thing as destiny, the will and chance that arranges people's wealth, life and death, and everything is done by people themselves, which is inevitable and reasonable.
Feiyue
Get rid of the shackles of hierarchical rituals and music, and abolish the tedious and extravagant production and performance of chimes. Ancient music was time-consuming, labor-intensive, expensive, and had no productive role in the country. It's a useless thing. The abolition of large-scale music meets the standards of benefiting civilians.
Frugality
Believe that nobles are wasteful and excessive enjoyment will lead to common people becoming thieves. Observing that the festival of all things brings harmony between yin and yang, he persuaded the nobles to save money
Festival Burials
In rural areas, a large amount of family wealth was wasted on funeral preparations, dinner parties, and lavish burials in the Zhou Dynasty. For the nobles, it was a trivial matter, but for the poor, it would cost them everything and they would not be able to work or produce. The abolition of funeral customs left over from ancient times is in line with standards that benefit the common people.
In addition, there are logic, etc.; Mozi was also an outstanding scientist. He made significant contributions in mechanics, geometry, algebra, optics, etc., which are beyond the reach of contemporary scholars.
The achievements of Mohism in science have been praised by many scholars. Cai Yuanpei, the first Minister of Education of the Republic of China, believed that "Mozi was the only one who governed science well in the pre-Qin Dynasty." Historian Yang Xiangkui said that "the scientific and technological achievements of Mohism in ancient China are equal to or exceed those of the entire ancient Greece."
In the later period, Confucianism partially absorbed and transformed Mohist thought and became part of its own thinking, using other theories to complement it. Frame. For example, Xunzi also opposed forgiveness of evildoers. The result of learning from each other.