On the Interpretation of Words in Ancient Books from the Context
According to the text, interpretation is one of the exegetical methods. Exegetics is generally translated into the interpretation of words in ancient books. I translated it on this basis and found it feasible.
The first is the definition of "proving the meaning according to the text" and its meaning of "text"
"Proving the meaning according to the text" is to explain the meaning of words according to the specific language materials in the literature, and it is a scientific and important exegetical method summarized from the perspective of context. Mr. Xu Jialu divided the word "Wen" into four aspects: First, it refers to sentences. That is, the language environment. ""It also refers to the written examples of ancient conjunctions, that is, the rules and habits of word formation and sentence formation. "Three" also includes the ideological content of the whole ancient literary works. "'4' can also refer to the social life and historical background of ancient documents." According to Mr. Xu Jialu's generalization and exegetical practice, we summarize the "text" of "proving the meaning according to the text" into three aspects: chapter, text and example. Chapter refers to the ideological content of the article. Sentence refers to the same sentence or the language environment of adjacent ten days. Examples refer to the rules and habits of ancient people in word-building and sentence-making, mainly including antithesis and couplets. In other words, we should infer the meaning of words in Wen according to specific chapters, sentences and example sentences.
Second, the influence of "Wen" on the meaning of words.
1, the "text" of "proving meaning according to text" restricts the concrete expression of meaning in practical application. For example:
(1) Quality is better than literature, and literature is better than quality. ("The Analects? Brave also ")
(2) There are neither uncles nor brothers. (Shimi "Chen Qingbiao")
Example: (1) "Wild", "Shuowen": "Suburbs also emit sounds from the inside", the original meaning is Suburbs. Extended to rough and vulgar. But "history" is difficult to explain clearly in these ten days. Shuowen: "History can be remembered", which originally means historian and extended to history books. Its original meaning and extended meaning don't make sense in this sentence, and the dictionary can't find the right meaning to explain the exact meaning of "history" in this sentence. These two sentences have the same structure, each of which is a sentence. "Wild" and "history" are more literary. We often say "literary beauty". These two sentences
It means that "quality is better than literature" and "literature is better than quality" are not good. Since "wild" has a rough and vulgar meaning. Then "history" can be interpreted as grandiosity and vanity. This is the temporary significance of the "history" of this decade, that is, the temporary significance influenced by the language environment. Mr. Yang Bojun explained "history" with the method of "proving the meaning according to the text" and translated these two sentences: "Simplicity is more than literary talent, which is quite vulgar; Literary talent is more than simplicity, which is quite vain. " This is a typical interpretation of the words in the literature by "proving the meaning according to the text". Example (2) Qingxin and Shuowen: "Keep your voice from the fish", which originally means a kind of fish and commonly means "less". However, it is considered as "no" here. As can be seen from the article, Shimi is both an uncle and a brother. Moreover, both "freshness" and "nothingness" are relatively literary, so it is appropriate to interpret "freshness" as "nothingness" here. In the dictionary, "fresh" has no such meaning, and "fresh" is interpreted as "no" in the context.
2. The "text" of "proving the meaning according to the text" makes the meaning of polysemous words determined in the specific context.
Most Chinese words are polysemous words, and the meaning of a word consists of the original meaning, several extended meanings and borrowed meanings. But in a specific sentence, each word can only have one meaning. How to determine which meaning is the most accurate? How to properly annotate the words in a sentence according to the characteristics embodied in its original meaning? This is of course inseparable from the context. Such as "Tian".
(3) fuck, cao zhitian as a gift to the poets. ("Zuo zhuan? Twenty-eight years)
(4) Burn forests and fields and steal many animals, and there will be no animals. ("All done?" A difficult one ")
(5) Therefore, Qinyuanchi gives people land. ("Han Shu? Gaudi odd ")
In ancient Chinese, "Tian" mainly has three meanings: ① Tian; ② Farming; ③ Hunting. But when "Tian" enters a specific sentence, it only means one of them. Its meaning is single and clear. According to the different contexts of "Tian" in the three sentences, example (3) "Tian" refers to cultivated fields; Example (4) "Tian" is hunting; Example (5) "field" is farming. The same "field" evolved from one meaning, which has different meanings in different sentences, and it is difficult to find it only from the form and sound. Visible. Language environment plays an important role in word meaning, which is sometimes quite important.
Third, the method of inferring the meaning of words by using the "text" of "proving meaning according to the text"
L infer the meaning of words according to the ideological content of the whole ancient literary works. For example, to "and" poor ".
(6) Guan Zhong is the ruler and Yan Zi is the ruler. (< Mencius? On the ugly sun ")
(7) I am extremely poor, and my mother asks for you. (< Peacock flies southeast).
(8) The poor are naked, worrying about charcoal and wishing to be cold. (Bai Juyi's Charcoal Man)
(9) Looking at Chang 'an in the northwest, countless mountains are pitiful. (Xin Qiji's "Bodhisattva Man" Yugu Stage)
As far as these two sentences are concerned, the two "Yi" in Example (6) can be completely interpreted as "Yi", which means that Guan Zhong is overbearing with the monarch and Yan Zi is named after the monarch. However, this explanation obviously does not conform to the relationship between monarch and minister in feudal society. Mencius inspection? "On the Ugliness of Gongsun" takes "Guan Zhong is a gentleman as a man" as the ten-day theme, combined with "Historical Records? It can be inferred from the Biography of Yan Guan that "Yi" is a verb with the meaning of "auxiliary". Zhao Qi's Note and Sun Shu interpret Yi as "auxiliary", "phase" and "auxiliary". Zhao Qi's note: "Guan Zhong assisted Huan Gong in bullying, and Yan Zi showed it to Gong Jing. Sun Shu: "Guan Zhong takes the auxiliary monarch as the overlord, and Yan Zi shows it with the auxiliary monarch. "Examples (7) to (9) are all quoted by Mr. Xu, and we try to analyze them. Example (7) is about the love tragedy between Liu Lanzhi and Jiao Zhongqing. These two sentences are from Jiao Zhongqing's mother. She wants to be sent back to Liu Lanzhi, and then go to Qin Luofu, a virtuous woman of Jiao Zhongqing's employer. Qin Luofu is "pitiful". According to this, "poor" means cute. Example (8) is about the disadvantages of the "official city" in the middle Tang Dynasty, that is, the emperor of the middle Tang Dynasty sent eunuchs to buy or even rob the people in the city. This poem describes the experience of selling charcoal in cold winter. The next sentence of this 20-day poem is "A foot of snow outside the city at night". In this way, the comparison between "clothes are all right" and "a foot of snow outside the city", combined with the poet's thoughts and feelings, can infer that "pity" is pitiful. Example (9) is the writer's indignation that the rulers of the Southern Song Dynasty did not resist the Jin invasion and the north fell. In Jiangxi, poets looked back at Bianjing and were blocked by mountains, which had fallen into the hands of the enemy. "Poor countless mountains." It is not difficult to see that "pity" is a pity, it is a pity. Both of them are "poor", and the peacock flies southeast to show cuteness. The seller of charcoal urn is pitiful. Bodhisattva refers to pity. Only by reading the full text and clarifying the main idea can we make a reasonable and accurate explanation.
2. Infer the meaning of words from sentences. For example:
(10) The difference between one thought and another. ("Zhouyi? On the copula ")
(1 1) Give birth to a husband, two pots of wine and a dog; Give birth to a girl, two pots of wine and a dolphin. "Mandarin? Shang "
(12) Miao Gong complained that all three people were in the bone marrow. ("Historical Records? Biography of Qin Shihuang)
(13) turn to Zhuge, low-lying households, sleepless. (Su Shi's Water Tune)
(10) "orchid" refers to orchids, and "smelly" and "orchid" appear in the same sentence, so "smelly" should refer to aroma rather than smell. Kong's Ying Da Shu: "Smell, smell like blue." Judging from the circumstantial evidence, there is a song "I came from the mountains and brought orchids" today. get through
It can be inferred from the context of "LAN" that this sentence "smelly" refers to aroma. According to the context, "husband" in the example (1 1) means "man", as opposed to "woman". Example (12) In ancient Chinese, "resentment" generally has two meanings: "resentment" and "resentment". Accusing these three people as "people in the bone marrow" shows the depth of resentment, so it is not difficult to guess that this "resentment" should be interpreted as "resentment" rather than "resentment" (13) "Zhuan" and "Zhao" are verbs, and "low" itself is an adjective, so it is used flexibly as a verb here. It stands to reason that the structure of this mulberry field should be the same. Since the first and third sentences are verb-object structures, the second sentence should also be verb-object structure. So "low" should be interpreted as "low low".
3. Infer the meaning of the words from the examples.
Yu Yue and others "Five Doubtful Cases of Ancient Books": "Let the son be ignorant, learn from its examples and have evidence." The "example" here refers to the ancient humanistic examples, that is, the ancient rules and habits of word formation and sentence formation that have been summarized by predecessors. We mainly discuss how to infer the meaning of words from "duality" and "conjunction". "Duiwen" refers to words with the same, similar or interrelated meanings, which are used together. It is a common language phenomenon in classical Chinese that two words with the same structure appear in the same position with the same meaning, similar meaning and sometimes opposite meaning. For example:
(14) Dirty my private affairs and thin my clothes. (The Book of Songs? Ge Tan ")
(15) Rich countries rely on agriculture, but they are far from being enemies. (< Han Feizi? Five silly ")
(16) As we all know, a dead life is a wrong birth, and Peng Qi's death is a mistake. (Wang Xizhi
It can be seen that "Peng" did mean longevity in ancient times.
"Lianwen" refers to words that are synonymous, similar or belong to the same genus. They are customarily linked together and appear frequently in ancient Chinese. Several words of "Lianwen" have the same or similar meanings. Its function is to obtain neat sentences and harmonious rhythm. For example:
(17) from Pumbaa, Yang Yang. (The Book of Songs? Drive ")
(18) Many of them are hopeless. (The Book of Songs? Board of Directors ")
Example (17) is synonymous with text, and both refer to signs. This can also be analyzed from the side. Both words come from "Ren Fang". The word "Ren Fang" is usually associated with flags. Example (18) "rescue", medical rescue. What does "medicine" mean? In this sentence, "rescue" and "medicine" are not verb-object relations, but "rescue" and "medicine" are synonyms. Medicine is also a kind of therapy.