How do junior two students learn history well?
First of all, the acquisition of historical events, historical figures, historical processes, historical concepts and other knowledge is completed through memory, which is the first step to learn history well. Without a firm memory of historical knowledge, it is impossible to understand and use it. The memory mentioned here is not a simple mechanical rote memorization, but a multi-angle, multi-level and multi-scene memory. For example, lesson 14 of the second volume of junior high school history, Social Economy of Liao, Song, Xia and Jin, mentioned: "From the Five Dynasties, the agricultural production level in the south gradually surpassed that in the north." This sentence can be asked from three angles: First, when did the agricultural production level in southern China gradually surpass that in the north? Since the Second and Fifth Dynasties, what significant changes have taken place in the level of agricultural development in the north and south of China? Third, when did China's economic center of gravity move south? In this way, we can not only grasp the historical facts, but also draw inferences from others, so that we will be handy and comfortable in the exam.
Secondly, we should correctly understand all kinds of historical phenomena we have mastered. A correct understanding of historical facts is the premise of solving problems. If the understanding of historical phenomena is deviated, it is impossible to form a correct way of thinking, thinking structure and thinking quality. In this way, we can't solve the problem correctly and draw new conclusions. Taking the social economy of Liao, Song, Xia and Jin Dynasties as an example, the rise and function of "prosperous towns" is a difficult point for students to understand. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the development of agriculture and handicrafts laid a material foundation for the rise of towns, and the increase of varieties and output of agricultural products needed to expand the market for product exchange, so towns came into being. It can be seen that towns are the result of the development of commerce (commodity economy). The main commodities in cities and towns are mostly daily life and labor tools. With the development of cities and towns, landless or bankrupt farmers gradually separated from agricultural production, turned to handicrafts or commerce, and joined the ranks of industrial and commercial development and commodity economy development. The rise of towns has promoted the development of industry and commerce (commodity economy). After understanding the teacher's analysis of this paragraph, students can easily draw the following conclusions: the development of commerce (commodity economy) promotes the rise of towns, and the rise of towns promotes the development of industry and commerce (commodity economy).
Third, we should correctly use the historical knowledge we have learned to solve historical problems. Learning without practice can't achieve the purpose of consolidating knowledge. Typical and accurate exercises can not only examine your learning situation from many angles, but also play a role in checking and filling gaps to a certain extent, so that you can master knowledge on the basis of memory and understanding. For example, list the minority regimes that coexisted with the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty. The thinking structure of doing this topic is: first, make clear the minority regimes that coexist with the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty respectively; Then analyze the alternation, inheritance and relationship of various regimes in detail; Finally, the correct answer is obtained: the minority regimes coexisting with the Song Dynasty are Liao, Xixia, Dali, Jin, Western Liao, Western Zhou Uighur and Black Khan Dynasty. In this way, in the process of using knowledge to solve problems, not only the knowledge is consolidated, but also the learning methods are mastered.
Skills and methods of memorizing historical knowledge points in the second day of junior high school
1. Clever notation of folk songs
According to the needs of teaching materials and memory, you can create your own songs, one paragraph and two paragraphs, one sentence and two sentences, which are flexible, free, convenient and practical.
11In June, 950, Mao Zedong proposed at the Third Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee that the three conditions for the basic improvement of national finance could be formulated as: "completing land reform, adjusting industry and commerce, and saving funds".
2. The main construction achievements can be compiled as "Cheng Kun Xiang Qian, Erqi Shiyan, Nanjing Yangtze River and Shengli Oilfield". Namely chengdu-kunming railway-Hunan-Guizhou Railway, Shiyan-Erqi, Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge and Shandong Dongying Shengli Oilfield.
Some major scientific and technological achievements since the founding of New China:1957-Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, 1964 and1967-the first atomic bomb and the first hydrogen bomb, 1965, the world's first synthetic protein-bovine insulin,/kloc-. Can be compiled as "57 Wuhan, the bridge is connected with natural hazards; 64, 67, shocking two bombs; 1965, bovine insulin; 1970, satellite. "
4 "Seven Heroes of the Warring States", in order to let students remember the positions and names of the seven countries, use the jingle "East, West, North, South to China, Chyi Chin Chu Hanwei" (Wei, North and South) to make students easy to remember and read.
5 "Sui and Tang culture-the peak of feudal culture", which is compiled as "feudal culture has a peak, Sui and Tang science and technology are very prosperous: the construction industry is the most prosperous, and Tang Dou Chang' an has Daming; Zhaozhou stone bridge arch is peculiar, which was designed by Li Chun in Sui Dynasty. Engraving printing began to come out, and precious diamond sutra was handed down from generation to generation; Gunpowder was made in the late and middle Tang Dynasty. For the first time, the method of Da Yan Li is the most accurate; The second merit, astronomer monk and his party should still remember it. "Summarize the rich and complex content, and you will get an effect that is easy to remember. By using the poetry memory method, you can create your own songs according to the needs of teaching materials and memory. One or two paragraphs, one or two sentences can be used, which is flexible, free, convenient and practical.
When I was studying the Five Overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period, I asked my students to recite the Five Overlords. In order to prevent them from reversing the order, they used the ballad "Song Qichu, Huan Muzhuang; All countries are called' Gong', but Chu is called' Wang'.
From 7 1927 to 1930, * * led the establishment of many revolutionary base areas. It is difficult to remember the name and founder of the base area. It is much easier to remember by the following two sentences: _ _, Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangxi; Xu, a native of Henan and Anhui. Honghu Lake, He Long, Hubei, Hunan; Deng () and Zhang () turn around.
Using this mnemonic method, sometimes prefixes can be linked together, and sometimes the order and phoneme of words need to be adjusted to facilitate reading.
2. Associated time memory method
Many events in history happened in the same year or even the same month. We only need to remember the time of one event, so we can remember the time of several other events. There are many historical events that look alike and are easily confused in memory. If we put these similar times together and remember them in comparison and difference, we can improve the efficiency of memory.
1. 186 1 The following historical events took place: 186 1 The Qing government set up the Prime Minister's yamen, Zeng Guofan founded the Anqing Ordnance Institute, Nora launched a palace coup, the Russian serfdom reform, the American Civil War broke out and the Italian kingdom was established. Another example is the historical event that happened in 1804: 1 Haiti declared independence. Napoleon was crowned emperor.
These are different historical events that happened at the same time (the same year). When we summarize them, we can easily remember the time of these historical events.
In 2.676, Silla unified the Korean peninsula; In 646, Japan was transformed into a new country. These two times are very similar, but the numbers in the middle are different.
3. 1689, the British Parliament passed the Bill of Rights; From 65438 to 0789, the French bourgeois revolution broke out and the Declaration of Human Rights was adopted. 1889, the second international was established. These three times are about the same, but the second number is different.
4. Some major revolutionary activities of Sun Yat-sen, such as the Revolution of 1911 led by 19 1 1; 19 13 led the second revolution; The national protection movement led by 19 15; 19 17 led the protection movement. Time has a rule: 1, 3, 5, 7.
5. The time of the first three national congresses of China's * * * production party also follows this rule. The first party congress was held in July 192 1 year in Shanghai. The second party congress was held in July 1922 in Shanghai. The third Party Congress was held in Guangzhou on 1923. This makes it very easy to remember related events and times together.
6. 1640 and 1840 have the same meaning, marking the beginning of a new historical period. From 65438 to 0640, the bourgeois revolution broke out in Britain, marking the entry of world history into a modern historical period. From 65438 to 0840, Britain launched a war, which was a turning point in China's history and the beginning of China's modern history. From this perspective, the historical development of China is 200 years behind that of western countries. This has to make us think more deeply about this. Although the two events are 200 years apart, they are closely related. It was the outbreak of the bourgeois revolution and the development of the industrial revolution in 1640 that Britain finally established the capitalist system and became the country with the highest level of industrial development in the world at that time. In order to open up foreign markets, promote industrial products and plunder cheap industrial raw materials, Britain aimed its aggression at China. 1840 launched a war. Perhaps we can simply sum up this result in one sentence, that is, we will be beaten if we fall behind.
3. Contrast type
Memorize the historical era by comparing ancient and modern photos at home and abroad.
1 ancient and modern comparison method: also known as near-far comparison method, with the year of AD as the axis of symmetry, make a comparison before and after. For example, in 2265438 BC, Shu was founded in 22 1 year after the unification of Qin. Another example is the end of slavery in China in 475 BC and in Western Europe in 476 AD.
2 Chinese-foreign comparison method: compare the world history with the history of China. For example, during the Spring and Autumn Period in China, the first tax mu in Shandong was implemented in 594 BC, and Solon reform in Athens was also in 594 BC in world history. For example, the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894 started from 1894, and the Korean Sino-Japanese Peasant War also started from 1894.
4. Comparative memory method
Recall the historical era by comparing with each other. Knowing that one historical era is compared with another, a few years earlier or later, we can compare one era with another.
1 Earlier method: If the modern history of the world is 200 years earlier than that of China, and the modern history of China begins with 1840, then the modern history of the world is 1640. For example, the modern history of the world is two years earlier than that of China, the modern history of China started at 19 19, and the modern history of the world is 19 17.
2 Late law: For example, World War II was 25 years later than World War I, World War I was 19 14, and World War II was 1939. Another example is that the second war was later than the first war 16 years, the first war was 1840, and the second war was 1856 years.
5. Derivative memory method
According to the historical age of memory, one or more historical ages can be accurately recorded through deduction. As long as there is a basic figure, we can infer the historical age through the historical relationship between people and things. You can push forward and backward from the basic point, push forward at the same time, or push each other.
Forward deduction 1: Forward deduction from the basic point. For example, we know that Guo Moruo's "Three Centennial Sacrifice to Shen Jia" is 1944, which goes forward for 300 years, that is, 1644. The Dashun regime was established in Li Zicheng, the peasant army captured Beijing, the Ming Dynasty died, and the Qing army entered the customs.
2. Backward derivation: Backward derivation according to cardinality. For example, we know that Marx was born in 18 18, and segars was two years younger than Max, that is, he was born in1820; Lenin was 50 years younger than Engels, namely 1870 was born.
3. Double deduction: Deduction from the basic point forward and backward. If you remember that War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression started at 1937, push forward, the ten-year civil war began at 1927, push back, and the eight-year war of resistance ended at 1945.
4 Mutual deduction method: Several closely related years can be mutually inferred, such as the founding years of the Three Kingdoms, which are separated by one year, Wei Jianguo in 220 years, Shu in 22 1 year, and Wu Jianguo in 222 years. As long as you remember one of them, you can deduce the other two.
5. Derivation method of trunk and branch: calculate BC generation based on heavenly stems and earthly branches date. In ancient China, Jiazi was generally used for chronology. It is also often used in modern history. Jiazi Law represents historical events, such as the Sino-Japanese War and the Reform Movement of 1898. Boxer indemnity, the Xin Chou Treaty and the Xinhai Revolution were191year, and the Xin Chou Treaty was reversed by ten branches, which should be 190 1 year. Boxer indemnity then reversed a heavenly stems and earthly branches, which should be 1900.