Wen Tao a "naturalistic prose" and gave a high evaluation. He thought that "the
of elegance and simplicity of nature is the same as that of poetry, which is not rhetorical, and is wonderful and natural. Those who are not deeper than the text can't do it." Mr. Guo
Yuheng even thought that Tao Yuanming's articles were the most successful during the Jin and Song Dynasties.
Tao Yuanming has 12 existing articles (definitely written by Tao). From the perspective of stylistic classification, there are three
pieces of ci-fu, which are "Going to Xi Ci", "Feeling for Scholars" and "Leisure Fu", and two pieces of biography of Mr. Wu Liu and "Biography of Meng Fu, a general who is a general in the West since Jin Dynasty".
I wrote three praises about Peach Blossom Garden, Painting Praise on Fan, Reading History, and one book about Ziziyan, and three articles about offering sacrifices to Cheng's sister, respecting his younger brother, and offering sacrifices to himself. Zhang Pu in the Ming Dynasty made a relatively comprehensive evaluation of his articles in the Inscription of Tao Pengze's Collection of 13 Collected Works of Han, Wei and Six Dynasties. "Senshi is charming, and Leisure is good for Song Yu." Gaozi is like Kang Chengzhi's Book of Commandments. Ruo Youjun's "Tomb of Oath" and "Ode to Filial Piety" are classics and biographies of recent history. Tao Wenya is a versatile person. Is it unique to use poetry? " , pointing out that Tao Yuanming is good at all kinds of styles, and his articles are not only similar to those of the ancients, but also different from those of the ancients. These thirteen articles can be roughly divided into prose and verse. Except for
Going Back and Coming to Xi Ci, Fu for Feeling Scholars and Fu for Leisure, most of them are essays.
In addition, in my opinion, the poetic and literary prefaces in Tao Yuanming's complete works should also be incorporated into Wen Tao's research category. These prefaces carefully written by Tao Yuanming
either indicate the purpose of writing poetry, or describe the mind when writing poetry, or explain the main idea of poetry
, which plays an irreplaceable role for us to better understand Tao Yuanming's spiritual world and artistic style. Especially like "Introduction to You Xiechuan", "On the fifth day of the first month of Xin Chou, the sky was < P > peaceful and the scenery was leisurely and beautiful. With two or three adjacent songs, swim together in Xiechuan. Facing the long stream, looking at Zengcheng, the carp jumps on the scales in the evening, and the gulls ride in harmony to fly over. He who is blessed in the south has an old name, and is no longer a
lament. If my husband has been to the city, there is no one to meet him, and he is outstanding in the middle, thinking of Lingshan in the distance, and he has a good name.
I am glad of my shortcomings, and I write poems. Sadly, the sun and the moon will go, and I will not stay in my year. Let's go to the countryside at different ages
to remember their time. " The length is not short, ethereal and meaningful, and it is simply a wonderful
travel notes of mountains and rivers, which are mutually complementary with the poem "You Xiechuan".
As an important part of Tao Yuanming's literary creation, Wen Tao is undoubtedly the basic material for us to
go against our will "and" know people and discuss the world ",because it is another free expression of the author's personality and emotion besides poetry. In order to better understand Tao Yuanming's
being a man and his poems, we have to make an ideological and
artistic discussion from Wen Tao.
First, the independence of love and the consciousness of writing
The word "I" can be seen everywhere in Tao Yuanming's poems, from "My Spring Clothes, My Thin Words
Eastern Suburb", "I love its quietness, and I love my sleep", "I don't know how to catch it, but I am alone", to Words like "I", "Yu" and "I" have appeared in his 1-odd poems, at least several hundred times. The frequent use of such personalized words just reflects Tao Yuanming's high self-awareness and unremitting pursuit. Mr. Zhu Guangqian said
in On Poetry: "A great poet first cultivates his personality into a perfect poem in his life, which is full of
reality and brilliance, and the poems written are all radiant with personality", so are poems, and so are essays. Tao Yuanming's free and easy nature, frankness, and deeply influenced by the ideological trend of personality liberation since Wei and Jin Dynasties, all his poems and essays show their own unique taste and wisdom, personality and style. Tao Yuanming had a great ambition in his early years, and his political ideal was to realize the rule of Yao and Shun.
During the wasted career, he gradually realized that "the failure of scholars is no longer in the world of Emperor Yan
Kui" ("Feeling that scholars don't meet Fu"), and "since Zhen Feng passed away, the false ones have flourished, and the valves have been relaxed and retired < p" He didn't want to
bend his back for five buckets of rice, "wandering without success, afraid of losing his ambition" ("Sacrificing my brother to respect a distant place"), but
he gave a feeling of "realizing the past without remonstrating, knowing that those who come can be pursued" ("Going back to Xi Ci"), and resigned and retired. Whether it's "doing great help to the whole life" or "beating the earth to enjoy himself", being in politics or
being in seclusion, he's always arrogant to express his feelings (
A man who feels things is not met), and
acting willfully, he will never compromise his mind. He is fond of drinking, and he likes reading books, such as "Deliberating on the Pot for His Own Use" ("Going Back to Xi Ci"), "Deliberating on the Seven Strings" ("Offering a Sacrifice to Yourself") and "Deliberating on Zi Yan and others", and he is drinking. Tao Yuanming is an emotional person, and it can be seen from
his words describing family life that such words account for a large proportion in Tao's writings. There are
Biography of Meng Fujun, a general who visited the West after Jin Dynasty,
Poems in memory of the death of his brothers and sisters, and
Poems in memory of his brothers and sisters.
Tao Yuanming is deeply influenced by the Confucian theory of "Three Immortals". Under the hopeless situation of "moral integrity" and "meritorious service", he shows a distinct sense of literary consciousness, that is, he attaches importance to
making a statement. Tao Yuanming's literary consciousness has completely got rid of utilitarianism. Part II: Ideal loftiness < P > Zhu Xi once commented on Tao Yuanming: "Tao (poetry) is powerful, but its language is healthy and its meaning is idle.
Most hermits are made by people who are angry and negative, and those who want to do something but can't. " Although Zhu Xi
is talking about Tao poetry, it is equally pertinent to use this passage to comment on Wen Tao. As a hermit who wants to do something but can't
, Tao Yuanming's articles belong to simplicity and indifference, and have the characteristics of "healthy language but idle meaning". This point was also mentioned by Mr. Lu Xun in < P > Department of Wei and Jin Manners and Articles and the Relationship between Medicine and Wine. He said: "By the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the atmosphere had changed and social thoughts were much calmer.
Buddhist ideas are everywhere. By the end of Jin Dynasty, I was used to seeing chaos. The usurper is used to reading
, and the article is more peaceful. The person who represents the peaceful article is Tao Qian. " Like "Biography of Mr. Wuliu
>; Such an article is a record of the author. The full text runs through the beginning with a word "no". "Don't admire Rong Li" and "Don't ask for a solution? Don't hesitate to go or stay, and at the end, "forget the gains and losses, and end with this", which still means "no". The full text is naturally dull and self-narrative. Showing
Tao Yuanming's life ideal of pursuing nature, self-sufficiency and self-adaptation is a clear manifestation of his philosophy of "nature", which can be cross-referenced with the statement in "Returning to the West and Words, Preface" that "nature is natural, and it is not encouraged to get it, but hunger and freezing are cut off, which is against one's own health".
Tao Yuanming is the most famous in his prose. The fictional "Peach Blossom
Source" in this paper not only has the simple style of ancient times advocated by Confucianism, but also has the shadow of Laozi's political ideal of "a small country with few people
", and the rural scene described in it is very similar to the author's pastoral poetry
. It can be said that "Peach Blossom Garden" is not only the sustenance of the author's social ideal, but also < P > represents the people's yearning for a peaceful society in the turbulent times.
If Biography of Mr. Wuliu focuses on Shang Yuanming's personality ideal.
The Story of Peach Blossom Garden focuses on the author's social ideal, so his other wonderful essay, Leisure
Love Fu, reveals the author's life ideal, or rather, his love ideal. According to Mr. Yuan Xingpei's textual research, when Tao Yuanming lived in seclusion, from the preface of
to "suppress the evil heart of wandering" and the description of the text itself, it should be a pure love fu. Perhaps the author's original intention is really to prevent leisure love from falling down,
but objectively, the readers of later generations have received the sincerity, obsession, anxiety and uneasiness of the author's love from the bold and enthusiastic self-feeling of
ten wishes. Mr. Qian Zhongshu said that "the use of
is inevitable in leisure, aiming at" admonition "but counterproductive" persuasion ". Lian
is Tao Yuanming's book "Equal Sparse with Zi Yan >: The lament of "there is no wife in the room" makes it clear that he wants to be understood by his wife, and he is very depressed. Then the "light tenderness is less than vulgarity" in "Leisure Fu". My fair lady, who has lofty aspirations, is undoubtedly the ideal companion < P > that the author yearns for.
Third, Wen Tao's poetic beauty
As a poet, Tao Yuanming applied his poetic creation experience to his prose and ci creation
, which made his articles have a poetic beauty with exquisite imagery and implicit implication, which was mainly manifested in the adoption of images and the creation of artistic conception. Give people a high aesthetic
enjoyment. In this respect, we should take "Going back to Xi Ci >; As a representative. It is precisely because of the "mind-shaped < P > service" that he could not bear the darkness and constraints of officialdom that Tao Yuanming resolutely chose to retire. His
creation focuses on writing the mind, which is integrated with the scenery and has a thorough understanding of life
. Whether it's the "still-existing" pine chrysanthemum, the "full-bodied wine", the "no-heart" floating clouds, and the "tired-knowing-it-back" birds, Tao Yuanming has been dyed with a
layer of "self" color, which has become the image of his noble personality, and is constructed in this paper. In the creation of artistic conception, the author vividly shows his mental journey after resigning from his post by writing scenes, and the mixture of emotion and scene is very natural and close, without any trace of axe. The sentence "the boat is swaying lightly and the wind is fluttering", < P > renders the author's carefree mood on his way home; The phrase "the clouds come out of the cave unintentionally, and the birds know that they are < P > returning" is even more a token of affection, meaning pun, and the returning tired birds are the symbol of the poet who lives in seclusion in the pastoral < P >; The phrase "the wood is thriving, and the spring begins to flow" combines the bright and beautiful scenery in the wild with the author's intoxication. The author combines lyricism,
scenery description and philosophy, but has no intention of carving, but his literary talent is brilliant. As Mr. Luo Zongqiang said, "Things and me are integrated, and the heart and nature are one, which is the highest realm of Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi, and also the highest realm pursued by metaphysics." However, this realm has not been
reached since the instigation of Xuanfeng, and Tao Yuanming is the first person to reach this realm. "
Yuan Haowen said that Tao's poems are "luxurious and pure", but Wen Tao is not.
There is a sense of "pure" instead of "luxurious". Although the quantity is small, almost all the articles
are excellent. Tao Yuanming's simple and natural style in his prose and ci-fu is consistent with the overall style of Tao's poems, but his poetic achievements are too high, which invisibly covers the achievements of other articles in
. Generally speaking, during the Jin and Song Dynasties, Tao Yuanming's article
was unique at that time, which was different from his noble character in appearance and appearance, and had an independent style
, which influenced later generations.
Learning has become an indispensable part of life. He called himself "the old cloud
is gone, and he is forever pregnant." I won't talk about it today, what will I hear later! " ("Have a meeting and make a preface > ), I hope
that my own words can be passed down to future generations, and I also vaguely reveal a sense of making
life by consciously writing. He loves to write poems and compositions too much. He said that he "often writes articles to amuse himself, which shows his ambition", and he said more than once that he "drunk and composed poems" ("Biography of Mr. Wuliu
>; ), even "after being drunk, I have to ask a few questions to amuse myself" ("Introduction to Drinking"). In his later years, he
lamented: "I have been ill for many years and I am no longer a writer. This is not rich, and the old disease is followed. " (A < P > Introduction to Pang Joining the Army) There are infinite regrets and pains between words. Literary activities, as a positive expression of
Tao Yuanming's freedom and true personality, have run through his life and achieved his reputation as a poet and a hermit, so that Zhong Rong praised him as "the hermit poet of ancient times
today" in his Poems.