(3) Techniques of expression:
In a broad sense, technique of expression is the special way of organizing sentences used by the author in wording and expressing thoughts and feelings.
1. Rendering and contrast
Rendering is originally a technique of traditional Chinese painting. In places that need to be emphasized, ink or light colors are used to smear the picture to show the yin and yang of the object. Enhance artistic effect. Poetry is often used to describe the environment, scenery, etc. These descriptions are positive descriptions in many aspects to highlight the image. For example, Meng Haoran's "Early Cold and Pregnancy": "The trees are falling, and the wild geese are heading south, and the north wind is cold on the river. My home is the bend of the Xiangshui River, far away from the Chu clouds. The tears of the villagers are all gone, and I return to the sail to see the sky. There are questions in advance, and the evening is long on the flat sea. "This poem describes the poet's sadness of homesickness and confusion about his future when he roamed the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the cold autumn. The first couplet, "The trees are falling and the geese are heading south, the north wind is blowing over the river," describes the scene in late autumn. The leaves are gradually falling off, the northern geese are flying south, and the north wind is whistling, exaggerating the cold and sad atmosphere of autumn. The poet grasps the most representative things and tries his best to describe the autumn cold from the front. This is a rendering technique.
Contrast is a traditional technique in Chinese landscape painting, which uses ink or color to paint the outline of an object to make it stand out. When used in poetry, it means to describe it from the side, as a foil, to make the thing to be expressed stand out clearly. For example, Du Fu's "Eight Poems of Autumn (Part 1)": "The jade dew has withered the maple forest, and the Wushan Gorge is desolate. The waves in the river are surging from the sky, blocking the wind and clouds, and the ground is overcast. The chrysanthemums are blooming, and the sun is weeping, and the solitary boat is alone. It is tied to the heart of my hometown. Cold clothes are everywhere, and Baidi City is high and anxious. "The first couplet writes about the desolate scene of late autumn. The couplet writes about the sky and the earth, the rivers and the barriers, the stormy waves and the turmoil everywhere. Uneasy, depressed and gloomy, this scene vividly expresses the poet's churning worries and depression in his chest. These descriptions of scenery are from the side, using pen and ink to describe the scenery. In fact, they vividly bring out the poet's thoughts and emotions, which is a contrasting technique.
In many cases, rendering and contrast are combined, which does not mean that the two can be equated, but only means that these two expression techniques are often used closely together. Especially in poetic works that use scenery to express emotion, the technique of rendering is often used to describe the scenery to create the artistic conception, and then the scenery (artistic conception) is used to highlight the emotions of the characters. For example, Meng Haoran's "Early Cold and Embraceful" above first renders a cold and sad atmosphere in autumn, and then uses this atmosphere to highlight the poet's sadness of returning home and the melancholy of a bleak future. Du Fu's "Eight Poems on the Rise of Autumn (Part 1)" first renders a gloomy and solemn atmosphere of depression and depression, and then uses this atmosphere to heighten the inner emotions.
2. Contrast and foil
Contrast is to use the similarity or opposition between things to highlight the things to be expressed by using some things as foils. It can make the things being foiled appear more prominent and vivid. There are two types of foil: forward foil and reverse foil. Using the similar conditions of things to set off is positive foil; using the opposite conditions of things to set off is contrast. It emphasizes "setting off" one of them through comparison. For example, Cui Hu's "Inscription on Nanzhuang of the Capital City": "On this day last year, in this gate, the human face and the peach blossoms reflected each other's red. The human face did not know where to go, but the peach blossoms still smiled at the spring breeze." This is a lyrical poem, in which the author goes through last year in a seemingly narrative. The contrast between today and today this year highlights the sentimentality that the peach blossoms "remain" but the human face is no longer present at this moment this year. The key point here is to use last year's joy to set off (contrast) this year's loneliness, sadness and helplessness through comparison!
Contrast is to describe opposite things, or scenes, or situations, or people, or emotions, and compare them to make people feel and understand them, and to convey them more strongly and clearly. A technique of expression that expresses the intention of the poet and enhances the artistic effect. It emphasizes expressing a certain intention more vividly and strongly through contrast. For example, Li Bai's "Looking at the Ancient Times in Yue Zhong": "King Gou Jian of Yue defeated Wu and returned home, and the soldiers returned home with all their brocade clothes. The palace maids filled the spring palace with flowers, but now only partridges are flying." The poet used the technique of contrast, and the contrast between the past and the present formed a strong contrast. Let readers clearly feel the impermanence of historical ups and downs. The focus here is to make people clearly and strongly feel a certain philosophy through the comparison of the past and present situations, rather than to highlight one of the situations.
Contrast and foil both mean contrast, and are accomplished by contrasting certain things (or images or emotions). But contrast is limited to the comparison of relative things (or images or emotions), while foil can also be the comparison of similar things (or images or emotions). The goal of contrast and comparison is not to highlight either side of the mutual contrast, but to reveal a certain emotional understanding from the comparison; the goal of contrast through contrast is to highlight a certain side of the mutual contrast.
3. Set off and set off
Set off has been introduced before. No matter what kind of foil, the emphasis is on the comparison of two things to make one of them more prominent. Focusing on a "lining", special emphasis is placed on comparison with similar or opposite things. For example, in Cui Hu's "Inscription on Nanzhuang of the Capital City" mentioned above, the poet contrasts two opposite scenes: "the human face and the peach blossoms reflect each other's red" and "the human face does not know where to go, but the peach blossoms still smile in the spring breeze" to express the inner loneliness. Through the comparison of these two things of the same "quality", the joy of last year's day is used to highlight the sadness of today's this year.
Highlighting has also been introduced before. It emphasizes the deliberate description or arrangement of a thing from the side to make the image of the thing more prominent. The anchor is not necessarily a comparison of similar or opposite things, but rather an emphasis on "baking" the things sideways. For example, in Meng Haoran's "Woods in the Early Cold" cited above, the first two couplets describe the scenery and exaggerate an artistic atmosphere; the last two couplets express his homesickness and the sorrow of a bleak future. Although there is an inherent similarity between artistic conception and mood, the two are not similar or opposite things of the same "quality". There is no relationship that highlights one through comparison, so they are not a foil. The cold and sad artistic atmosphere is like an external decoration for the author's mood and emotion. This artistic atmosphere exudes the worry and confusion in the author's heart. Although it seems to be a description of the scene, it is actually from the perspective of the author. The side describes the author's emotions from the outside. Therefore, the description of scenery and the rendering of artistic conception are a kind of foil for the author's emotional expression.
Both foil and contrast focus on "support", which means that something, a certain image, and a certain emotion are highlighted. However, the means of the two are different. The foil is mainly accomplished by contrasting the thing (or image or emotion) with the thing (or image or emotion) that is similar or opposite to it (or image or emotion); foil is mainly accomplished by contrasting the thing (or image or emotion) with it. This is achieved by describing the external side.
Foil is a rhetorical technique that uses other things to set off and contrast something in order to make the characteristics of something more prominent. In terms of the nature and relationship between the foil and the main body, foil can be divided into two types: positive foil and reverse foil.
Positive contrast is to use a concept or scene that is consistent with the original thing to set off and highlight the original thing from the front.
For example, "the ancients are still capable" of hanging beams and thorns, "studying tirelessly. For the great ideal of communism, you will definitely be more attentive, sleep and eat, and work hard to tackle key problems." (Guo Moruo's "Scientific" Spring")
This example uses the energy of the ancients to "hang the head and stab the buttocks" to set off the spirit of "hard work" of today's ideal young people.
p>Contrast is a way of using an idea or thing that is opposite or opposite to the original thing to set off the original thing.
For example, "When you dismount and sit on a rock to smoke." When the body was resting, although the sun was shining brightly outside the forest, the red light of cigarette butts was shining in the dense forest that blocked the sun. (Bi Ye's "Tianshan Scenery")
In this example, the author rode into the primeval forest of the Tianshan Mountains and saw the red light of cigarette butts, highlighting the dense growth of the forest and the darkness of the forest. This is a "contrast".
As the saying goes: "Although red flowers are good, they must be supported by green leaves." This sentence can illustrate the principle of foil. The same is true for writing articles. Using the technique of foil will make the object described more vivid and prominent. In its physical application, there are mainly two types.
To use scenes to express emotions, that is, to use specific and vivid descriptions of scenes to highlight the characters’ emotions or personalities.
For example:
① It was late winter, and as we approached my hometown, the weather became gloomy again. The cold wind blew into the cabin, making a whining sound. Looking out from the gap, Under the pale yellow sky, there are several desolate deserted villages far and near, without any vitality. (Lu Xun's "Hometown")
This passage describes the desolate, desolate and suffocating scene of my hometown, which sets off the sad mood of "my". This is where the scenery sets off the mood.
②This woman makes a mat. Soon, a large piece formed under her body, and she seemed to be sitting on a piece of white snow or a piece of white clouds. Sometimes she looked at Dianli, which was also a silvery world. A thin layer of transparent mist hangs over the water, and the wind blows over, carrying the fragrance of fresh lotus leaves and lotus flowers. (Sun Li's "Lotus Lake")
This example exaggerates a fresh and tranquil atmosphere through the description of Shui Sheng's wife weaving reed mats, and highlights the image of Shui Sheng's hardworking, simple, gentle and kind-hearted woman. The scenery sets off the people.
To contrast tranquility with movement, that is, to contrast and render a quiet natural environment or a peaceful inner world through the description of specific sounds or actions.
① Riding horseback through the forest, you can only hear the sound of horse hooves splashing water flowing over the rocks, which adds to the tranquility of the dense forest. (Bi Ye's "Tianshan Scenery")
In this example, the sound of water splashing from hoofs can be heard while riding a horse through the forest to highlight the inaccessible, deep and secluded nature of the Tianshan forest.
② Even if you don’t go out in Peiping, you can rent a shabby house to live in the imperial city among the crowds. Come up in the morning, make a bowl of strong tea, sit in the courtyard, and you You can also see the very high green sky and hear the flying sound of tame pigeons under the blue sky. (Yu Dafu's "Autumn in the Old Capital")
Sitting in the yard in autumn, you can hear the flying sound of tame pigeons under the blue sky, which sets off the tranquility of the surrounding environment and the author's sad state of mind.
In addition, there are some ways to set off, such as using small to set off big, using beauty to set off beauty, using contrast to set off positive, using virtual to set off solid, using guest to set off subject, using evil to set off good, and using positive to set off good. Linzheng et al.
Contrast is a figure of speech that puts contradictory and opposite things together and compares them with each other.
Comparison can intercept two different things or two different aspects of the same thing. Comparing the two makes the beauty and ugliness of the image appear more vivid, the characteristics of both sides are more obvious, the pros and cons are explained more profoundly, and the contradictory issues are exposed. Sharper. Contrast, in terms of content, can be divided into two types: contrast between two bodies and contrast between one body and two sides.
Comparing two bodies is to put two opposite people and two things together for contrast and comparison.
① Some people are alive, but they are already dead; some people are dead, but they are still alive. (Zang Kejia's "Some People")
②A warrior with shortcomings is still a warrior, and a perfect fly is just a fly. (Lu Xun's "The Soldier and the Fly")
These two examples are a comparison of two types of characters. For example ①, through contrast and comparison, the greatness of Mr. Lu Xun and the insignificance of the reactionary rulers are even more apparent, and they can even more arouse our feelings of love and hate. For example ②, through contrast and comparison, the revolutionary warriors who adhere to the truth are affirmed and praised, and the reactionary minions who slander the revolution are denied and condemned. Another example:
③ Zhumen smells of wine and meat, and there are frozen bones on the road. (Du Fu's "Five Hundred Words of Odyssey to Fengxian County from Beijing")
④ A cart of charcoal weighs more than a thousand kilograms, and the palace envoys and generals will regret it. Half a piece of red gauze and one foot of silk are tied straight to the cow's head. (Bai Juyi's "The Charcoal Seller")
These two examples are a comparison of two things. Example ③ expresses the poet's anger at the rulers' extravagant desires and his sympathy for the people's misery through contrast; it allows us to see the sharp class contradictions and oppositions in feudal society. For example ④, "a cart of charcoal, more than a thousand catties" indicates a large amount of material, and "half a bolt of red silk and a foot of silk" indicates a small value. Comparing the two reveals the predatory nature of the palace market and expresses the poet's love for the people. Sympathy for suffering.
Two-sided comparison is to put the opposite or opposite sides of a thing together for contrast and comparison.
For example:
①These people have Marxism and liberalism: they speak Marxism and practice liberalism; they treat people with Marxism; Be liberal to yourself.
② He put his hand on Xiaobao's "monk's head" and rubbed it, and his old heart, numbed by poverty, suddenly gave birth to new hope. (Mao Dun's "Spring Silkworms")
③Our soldiers are so cruel to the enemy, but they are so loving to the Korean and Korean people, full of deep feelings of internationalism. (Wei Wei's "Who is the Loveliest Person")
④ From the perspective of assuming the main leadership responsibility, if the one hundred to two hundred of our party systematically rather than piecemeal and practically Comrades who have not learned Marxism-Leninism in vain will greatly improve the fighting strength of our party... (Mao Zedong’s Position of the Communist Party of China in the National War)
These examples, Example ① criticizes the duality of liberals very specifically; example ② uses "old" psychology to highlight "new hope"; example ③ compares the two completely opposite attitudes of volunteer soldiers and praises our soldiers for their clear distinction between love and hate; example ③ ④ Comparing the opposing concepts of "system" and "fragmented", "actual" and "empty", one side is negative and the other side is positive, making the point of view more distinct and the meaning more prominent.
Based on structural standards and with reference to traditional classification methods, comparison can be divided into two subcategories: flat ratio and difference ratio.
Equal comparison refers to comparing two things equally and side by side, often using parallel sentences. For example:
① Humility makes people progress, and pride makes people fall behind. (Mao Zedong's "Opening Speech of the Eighth National Congress of the Communist Party of China")
② Today, we are as gentle to the people as we are to our mother; tomorrow, we will use harsh artillery fire to destroy the invaders of enemies burned to ashes! (Li Ying's "Snowy Night")
Example ① Use parallel sentences to compare the different results of "humility" and "pride", and the pros and cons are immediately obvious. Example 2 has the same sentence structure. Through comparison, it reveals the truth that a warrior is gentle to the people before he is harsh to the enemy; making the two aspects of the warrior's character more distinct.
Difference ratio: refers to the comparison of two things with a difference in importance. The difference is that the party often uses transitional sentence patterns or progressive sentence patterns. For example:
③Bees are small; bees are so noble! (Yang Shuo's "Lychee Honey")
④The water in Peach Blossom Pond is a thousand feet deep, not as deep as Wang Lun's gift to me (Li Bai's "Gift to Wang Lun"
Example ③ Use "turning sentence pattern" difference ratio , revealing the common truth that Mi's work and life seem "insignificant" but are actually "noble". Example 4 uses the related words "less than" to express the difference, emphasizing that the latter is deeper than the former.
To sum up, foil and contrast are both related and different. A and B contrast, and at the same time they foil each other. , so some rhetorical works combine them as "contrast" or "contrast", but the difference between foil and contrast is still obvious.
① In terms of the status of A and B, A and B are contrasted. , Generally speaking, there is no obvious distinction between primary and secondary. Through contrast, they complement each other, and the two are more distinct and prominent. It is not the so-called half and half, but there is a primary and secondary distinction. B is against A, and A is the main body. , B is the foil, which makes the main body more distinct and prominent. This is the main difference between contrast and foil.
② From the perspective of the appearance of A and B, when contrasting with B, both must appear, otherwise the clear black and white expression effect will not be achieved; and for A and B to set off, the foil must appear, and The subject is allowed to be hidden, and one can express one thing and allude to that, especially contrasts such as using movement to contrast stillness, light to contrast dark, etc., and the subject often does not appear.
③ From the perspective of the genus of A and B, whenever A and B are compared, the two are either the same object or the same aspect, otherwise they are incomparable; and when contrasting with A and B, the two can be of the same genus, and also It can be of different categories. For example, using scenery to express feelings means saying one thing but implying another. Contrast and foil are not only rhetorical methods, but also expression methods in various arts. They are often used in drama, film, painting, photography, sculpture and music. If used properly, good artistic effects can be achieved.
Metaphor: ontology (the thing being compared), metaphor (the thing used for metaphor) and metaphorical words (symbolic words for metaphorical relationships) Type: Simile A resembles B. The ontology, metaphor, and metaphor are all clearly present. For example: The leaves are high in water, like the skirts of a graceful dancer. Like, as if, like, like...
Metaphor A is B. Both the ontology and the metaphor appear, and when the words "is, become, and become" are used to connect more, the dark clouds gather and the mountains become ink landscapes.
Metaphor A replaces B. The ontology does not appear, and the metaphor is directly described. Only a hero can drive away tigers and leopards, and there is no hero who is afraid of bears. Boyu uses several metaphors to explain an entity. It rains most often for three or two days at a time, so don't worry. Look, it looks like cow hair, like flower needles, like filaments, densely woven diagonally. The roof of the house was covered with a thin layer of smoke.
Metony: Metonymy is a rhetorical technique that uses related things to replace the things to be expressed. This type of rhetoric does not directly say the person or thing to be said. Types of metonymy: 1. Substituting the characteristics of things for the original thing: Red Eyes originally knew that there was only one old lady in his family. 2 Concrete modern abstraction: political power comes from the barrel of a gun. 3. Specific name instead of general name: Our era needs thousands of Lei Feng. 4 parts as a whole: there is nothing to write about after chanting, 5 reasons for the result: specializing in writing, and making the strong man laugh (laughing is the result of laughter). To use metonymy, one must grasp the most typical characteristics of things, the borrowed form of metonymy and the original thing Can't show up.
The similarities and differences between metonymy and metonymy: they both use one thing to replace another thing, and the thing itself does not appear. Difference: The function of metonymy is to "call generation", which is to directly refer to the borrowed object as the ontology. It is only metaphorical. Metaphors function as metaphors. The correlation of the basic things that constitute metonymy requires a certain relationship between the borrowed object and the ontology. The basis of metonymy is the similarity of things, which requires that the metaphor and the ontology are similar in some aspects.
Similarity: Comparison is a rhetorical method that simulates thing A as thing B. It includes writing about things as people (personification); writing about people as things (personification); writing this thing as that thing (personification). Personification: Personification of things. Phenomenon: object A and object B materialize. Gazi pricked up his ears to hear the difference between analogy and metaphor: analogy is to imitate the characteristics of the thing being simulated to write the ontology. The focus is on planning. A metaphor uses a metaphor to compare the entity, and the focus is on the metaphor. In the analogy, the noumenon and the pseudotype merge into one another, and the noumenon must appear. The ontology may or may not appear in the metaphor, but the metaphor must appear
Hyperbole: Hyperbole is a rhetoric that deliberately expands or reduces the object, characteristics, function, degree, etc. of things in order to meet the needs of certain expressions. Way. Types of hyperbole: expanded hyperbole, contracted hyperbole, advanced hyperbole. 1 Exaggeration: A form of exaggeration that deliberately makes objective things "big, numerous, high, strong, and deep". The road to Shu is as difficult as climbing to the sky. 2. Reduced form: an exaggerated form that deliberately describes objective things as "small, few, weak, low, and shallow". A man covered in black stood in front of Lao Shuan. His eyes were like two knives, which made Lao Shuan shrink in half. 3 Advance exaggeration: A form of exaggeration that advances things that will appear later in time. Seeing such bright green seedlings, I can smell the fragrance of white bread. Note: Exaggeration must be reasonable. Comrades, come and see, we are as powerful as the sky, and the earth under our feet is like a ball. Pay attention to stylistic features, such as scientific and technological expository articles and reasoning articles, which are rarely used or even exaggerated.
Duality: Duality is a rhetorical method that uses a pair of phrases or sentences with the same number of words, the same structure, and symmetrical meaning to express two opposite or similar meanings. Types of duality: 1. Positive pairing: a duality form in which the meanings of the upper and lower sentences are similar, close, complementary and commensurate. The reeds on the wall are top-heavy and light-footed; the bamboo shoots in the mountains have sharp mouths, thick skin and hollow bellies. 2 Opposition: a dual form in which the upper and lower sentences have opposite meanings. With a cold eyebrow and a thousand fingers, he bows his head and is willing to be a ruthless ox. 3 string pairs: The meaning of the upper and lower sentences has the dual form of relationships such as succession, cause and effect, progression, hypothesis, condition, etc. He only drank water from the Yangtze River and ate Wuchang fish. According to the form of the upper and lower sentences, the duality can be divided into: 1. Strict duality: equal number of words, the same part of speech, the same structure (cannot form a pair of sentences), relative oblique and oblique, and no repeated use of words. Such as sentences 1 and 2. 2. Wide duality: Only part of the five requirements can be met. Not very strict, like 3 sentences.
The structure of the duality: 1. Component duality: However, my disadvantage is that I do not save face when discussing current affairs, and I often use types, and the latter is especially inappropriate. 2 Sentence Duality: The autumn water and the long sky are the same colour, the setting clouds and the solitary swans fly together.
The differences between duality and contrast: 1. The basic characteristic of contrast is "contrast", while the basic characteristic of duality is "symmetry". 2 Duality mainly refers to the structural form, which requires symmetrical structures and equal number of words. Contrast is based on meaning, which requires opposite or similar meanings, regardless of structural form. 3. The "opposition" in the duality (such as "a cold brow to a thousand fingers, a bowed head willing to be a ruthless ox") is contrast in terms of meaning, and duality in terms of form. This is a phenomenon of both rhetorical techniques.
Parallelism is a rhetorical method in which three or more phrases or sentences with the same or similar structure, related content, and consistent tone are arranged together to strengthen the momentum, emphasize the content, and heighten the emotion. Types of parallelism: 1-component parallelism is the song of Yan'an...it is the torch in the night, the coal in the snow, and the rain in the drought. 2 clause parallelism Their character is so pure and noble, their will is so tenacious and strong, their temperament is so simple and humble, their mind is so beautiful and broad. 3 Single Sentence Parallelism The Eighth Route Army wore straw sandals and drove the Japanese into the sea. The People's Liberation Army wore straw sandals and kicked the Chiang Dynasty from power. Now the eighth company wears straw sandals, trampling the fragrant wind and poisonous mist under its feet. 4 Compound Sentence Parallel
Repetition (Repetition) In order to express strong feelings, a word, sentence or sentence group is intentionally repeated. This rhetorical method is called repetition. Types of repetition: 1. Continuous repetition: Waiting, waiting, the hearse carrying your body runs through my heart. Silence, silence, if you don't break out in silence, you will perish in silence. 2 intervals repeated: What a "friendly person"! They were not surprised when the Japanese imperialist troops occupied Liaoji and bombarded government offices; they were not surprised when they blocked railways and chased and bombed passenger cars; they were not surprised when they arrested and banned officials. They were not surprised by the years of civil war, unprecedented floods, buying children to help the poor, beheadings in public display, secret killings, and torture to extract confessions under the rule of the Kuomintang. There was a little confusion in the students' wishes, and they were surprised! The function of repetition: emphasizing the effect, used to describe the scene lyrically, with strong appeal.
Pun: In a certain language environment, using the polysemy and homonym conditions of words, consciously making sentences have double meanings, a rhetorical method in which the words are here and the meaning is there. 1 Homophonic pun: I lost my arrogance and the poplars lost their willows, and the willows soared up to the sky. (Yang actually refers to Yang Kaihui, and Liu actually refers to Liu Zhixun). The sun rises in the east and rains in the west. There is no sunshine (love) but there is sunshine (love). 2 semantic pun: The night is long and the road is long, I might as well forget it and not say it.
Irony: Irony is a rhetorical method that uses irony to enhance the effect of expression. Types of irony: 1. Irony expressing sarcasm: The great achievements of the Chinese soldiers in slaughtering women and infants, and the martial arts of the Eight-Nation Allied Forces in punishing students were unfortunately all obliterated by these bloody stains. ...It's really beautiful... 2 Habitual irony: Finally, at the end of the year, one day... 3 Irony expressing close and friendly feelings: Several women were a little disappointed and a little sad, and each of them cursed himself in his heart. A cruel thief. Although both puns and irony have two meanings, the literal and literal meanings of irony are opposite; the literal and literal meanings of puns are related.
Contrast: It is a rhetorical method that compares two opposite or opposite things, or two different aspects of one thing, side by side. The function of contrast is to simultaneously make good appear better and bad appear worse. Some people are alive, but they are dead; some people are dead, but they are still alive.
Contrast: In order to highlight the main thing, first describe the things related to it as a rhetorical method to set off the main thing. This rhetorical method is divided into direct foil and reverse foil according to the different relationships between things and foils. Positive foil: The foil thing and the main thing change in the same direction. Use the desolate and depressed environment and atmosphere to set off the sad mood. Contrast: The change in the opposite direction between the foil and the main thing. Use "...but I thought the boat was slow" to express the eagerness of "I".
Dingzhen (Thimble, Lianzhu) Dingzhen is a rhetorical method in which the word at the end of a sentence is used as the word at the beginning of the next sentence. When the bamboo leaves are burned, there are still bamboo branches; when the bamboo branches are broken, there are still bamboo whips; when the bamboo whips are cut, there are still bamboo roots buried deep in the ground. The true rhetorical figure has the characteristics of succession and continuation. This language method is suitable for expressing the interdependent relationship between objective things. It can only be used if things really have this relationship, otherwise it becomes a word game.
Transposition (transposition) Translation is a rhetorical method in which two things A and B are related, and the modifier originally used to describe thing A is used to modify thing B. In fact, it’s just the use of words: the rhythm of the buildings in the square is actually harmonious. (Using the harmony of music to modify buildings) Modifiers that describe people are often applied to objects. Transposition and personification: The transposition of words reflects the change of modifiers of related things. Personification, on the other hand, focuses on "humanizing" things.
Synaesthesia: (transfer) Synaesthesia is a way of communicating people's various senses (vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch, etc.) through metaphors or descriptions. Divided into descriptive synaesthesia and figurative synaesthesia. Descriptive synaesthesia: The red apricot branches are full of spring. Metaphorical synaesthesia: However, light and shadow have a harmonious melody, such as the famous song played on Fan Wuling. The difference between synaesthesia and transposition: transposition focuses on the replacement of words in a certain context; synaesthesia focuses on the phase shift in feeling .
Euphemism (euphemism) is a rhetorical method in which the meaning to be expressed is not stated directly, but is used to express or hint to the reader in a tactful and tortuous way. As soon as Kong Yiji arrived at the shop, all the drinkers looked at him and laughed, and some shouted: "Kong Yiji, you have a new scar on your face?" implying "another beating". Loop (palindrome) is used to loop around. A rhetorical method in which the same sentences are repeated in a loop. The words are the same but the word order is reversed. He gets up and falls, gets up after falling, and continues to struggle forward. There are only two language fragments in the loop; in reality, it is not limited to two. The loop is A-B, B-A; the top line is A-B, B-C.
Calling: It is a rhetorical way of directly addressing the people or things in the text. Directly calling and talking to people or things that are not in front of you can generally be divided into two forms: calling people and calling things. Lei Feng, although you live in the 1960s, people learn from you. We also see the future humanity, the communist humanity, in thousands of revolutionary warriors. (Calling people) Ah, you, the sharpest sword in the universe, was pulled out! Gone, but you, you can pull away my tangible sword, but you can't pull away my invisible sword! (Huwu)
Intertextuality: Refers to the adjacent sentences in ancient poetry. A rhetorical method in which the words complement each other and combine to express a complete meaning. Pines and cypresses are planted on the east and west, and sycamores are planted on the left and right. The host dismounts and wants to drink without orchestra.
Expression techniques, in a broad sense, refer to the special way of organizing sentences used by the author in wording and expressing thoughts and feelings. To analyze a work, you can specifically grasp its special way of expression from point to point. , first of all, there are many rhetorical techniques in words and sentences, including metaphor, symbolism, exaggeration, parallelism, parallelism, foil, personification, allusion, etc.; when grasping the expression technique of the work as a whole, we must pay attention to it. Works of different genres,
Lyric prose has rich and colorful expression techniques, such as borrowing scenes to express emotions, supporting objects to express aspirations, combining circumflex and uplift, symbolism, etc.;
Narrative writing techniques include beginning and end anaphora, The finishing touch, skillful use of rhetoric, appropriate detail, combination of narrative and argument, contrasting positive and negative aspects, etc.;
Argumentative essay writing techniques such as quotation from scriptures, clever use of metaphors, reverse differentiation, positive and negative comparisons, analogical reasoning, etc.< /p>
; The analysis of the novel’s description techniques, foiling techniques, foreshadowing and allusion, suspense and interpretation, real writing and fictional writing, etc.
The analysis of the techniques of expression is a very broad topic. When answering questions, you should pay attention to fully understanding the answer requirements of the questions, and answer the questions concisely and accurately. For some questions, such as appreciation of writing skills, you should accurately grasp the context, article subject matter and genre style, and select the most important one. A variety of answers are enough, and there is no need to cover everything, such as the various techniques of character creation in novels, and the various techniques of expressing emotions in prose. Try to capture the scoring points.
The expression techniques are mainly divided into three categories: lyrical techniques, Descriptive techniques and rhetorical techniques.
Lyric techniques are divided into: direct lyricism and indirect lyricism. Indirect lyricism includes expressing feelings through scenes, expressing ambitions through objects, and embodying ideas through objects.
Descriptive techniques are divided into: (1) foil: positive foil and contrast (2) association and imagination, that is, the combination of virtual and real; (3) contrast (4) line drawing
Rhetorical techniques: (1) Bixing (preface other things to cause the thing to be chanted) (2) Metaphor (3) Personification (4) Exaggeration (5) Pun (6) Allusion (7) Questions, rhetorical questions and irony
Contrast", "set off" and "contrast".
"Contrast" in poetry refers to the juxtaposition of two opposite or opposite things, or two aspects of one thing. Use *** to express a certain artistic conception or emotion. For example, Li Bai's "Looking at the Ancients in Yue Zhong": "King Gou Jian of Yue defeated Wu and returned home, and the soldiers returned home in full splendor. The palace maids filled the Spring Palace like flowers, but now only partridges are flying." The poet said We showed two pictures: one is that the King of Yue defeated the Kingdom of Wu and returned in triumph. The soldiers all took off their shirts and put on "brocade clothes" to show off their military exploits to the people. The palace ladies were all dressed up. Like children, they are enjoying themselves in the palace; the other picture is "Only partridges are flying now" - now there are only a few partridges flying around the former site of the royal city, and the victory and excitement of the past have long since disappeared. The poem will be about the past. The prosperity of the country and the desolation of today are sharply contrasted through specific scenery, expressing the sense of impermanence of ups and downs. The use of contrasting techniques highlights the theme and is thought-provoking.
"Contrast" refers to the use of things between things. Similar or opposing conditions, a method of using some things as foil to highlight the main thing. "Foil" is divided into positive foil and negative foil. Positive foil refers to the use of similar conditions between things to set off the main thing, such as Li Bai's "Dreamwalking Tianmu Yin" Leave a Farewell>: "Tianmu reaches the sky and stretches across the sky. The five mountains are overwhelming and covering Chicheng. The rooftop is 18,000 feet tall, and it wants to fall to the southeast." Here the poet did not directly say how high Tianmu Mountain is, but used the phrase "it is famous for its high height". The five mountains and rooftops are used to set off Tianmu Mountain, so that Tianmu Mountain is described as towering into the sky, reaching into the sky, and magnificent. Contrast refers to using the opposite conditions of things to set off the main thing. For example, the 1999 college entrance examination question selected Du Fu's "Man Cheng Yi" >: "The moon over the river is only a few feet away, and the wind lantern illuminates the night for the third watch. The herons at the head of the beach are silent, and the fish are jumping from the stern and making a sound." Among them, the sentence "fish jumping from the stern of the boat is making a sound" is a contrast. The poem The first three sentences of "" focus on depicting the word "quiet", but this sentence uses movement and sound, which seems to break the tranquility, but the actual feeling given to the readers is exactly the opposite. Use movement to write stillness, and the more quiet it becomes, and use sound to complement the stillness. The more quiet it becomes. The poem "The forest with cicadas becomes quieter, and the mountain with singing birds becomes more secluded" means this.
The difference between "contrast" and "set off" is that contrast is opposite or similar. These things are compared with each other to express a certain thought.