"The smoke and dust of the Han family are in the northeast, and the Han generals will leave their families and destroy the thieves. The man is self-respecting and rampant, and the emperor is very generous." Han family: refers to the Tang Dynasty. Poets of the Tang Dynasty liked to use the Han Dynasty to replace the Tang Dynasty. There are generally two reasons why they refer to it this way: First, because the Han Dynasty was relatively powerful, so when describing battles with enemies, poets in the Tang Dynasty often used Han to refer to the Tang Dynasty to boast of the majesty of the Tang army. For example, Cen Shen's "Zou Ma Chuan Xing Sends Feng Dafu to the Western Expedition" clearly states that Feng Changqing was a general in the Tang Dynasty, but he is described as "a Han general who went to the west." Another example is Gao Shi's poem, which is clearly about a war that took place in the Tang Dynasty, but he spoke of "Han family" and "Han generals", showing a sense of boastfulness and pride in his words. There is another reason why poets of the Tang Dynasty liked to use Han to refer to Tang Dynasty, which is to facilitate satire. When poets of the Tang Dynasty satirized the emperor, they often used Han to refer to the Tang Dynasty, which made the satire of the emperor seem more tactful. For example, Bai Juyi's famous poem "Song of Everlasting Sorrow" criticized Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty for his lust for women, saying that "the emperor of the Han Dynasty focused on sex and wanted to overwhelm the country." Another example is Li Qi's criticism of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, who went militarily and invaded other ethnic minorities, "seeing that the sweet apples entered the Han family for nothing." Therefore, I raise this point to ask everyone to pay attention. When encountering similar problems in the future, you will not stick to the literal meaning and be at a loss. Smoke and dust: beacon smoke and dust. In ancient times, during wars, wolf dung was used to light the fire and then the police were called. When the smoke rises, it calls for friendly forces to come for support, and there are always beacon towers on the border. Smoke is used here to refer to war. In the northeast: refers to the northeast direction. During the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty, several wars broke out between the Tang Dynasty and the Khitan and Xi tribes in what is now northern Hebei. From the perspective of Chang'an, northern Hebei is northeast of Chang'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty, so the smoke is in the northeast. This sentence means that a war broke out on the northeastern border. It points out the time, place and events, indicating that the enemy is invading and the border is in danger. The generals of the Han Dynasty bid farewell to their relatives, friends and hometown, preparing to go and annihilate the ferocious enemies. Please pay attention to the word "Cruel". Generally, there is no annotation in books. Here it means "cruel". "Cruel enemy" refers to a ferocious enemy. Today it means remnant, remnant, like a remaining enemy, it is called a remnant enemy. If there were only remaining enemies at that time, there would be no need to mobilize troops to support them. This sentence is a continuation of the previous sentence and explains the reason for the expedition. General Tang left his home in order to go to the battlefield to kill the enemy. A man's self-respect is rampant: A man's original value is killing the enemy and fighting, so that he can show his true nature. Heavy: value. Horizontal: galloping vertically and horizontally, unstoppable. This sentence first came from "Historical Records". There was a famous general named Fan Kuai in the Han Dynasty. He once said to Empress Lu: "I would like to lead an army of 100,000 people to march rampant among the Xiongnu." This means that he hopes to lead an army of 100,000 people to go to Xiongnu. Sweep the Huns. Because there were deep conflicts with the Huns at that time. Here Gao Shi made full use of Fan Kuai's words to show that the officers and soldiers of the Tang army shared the same hatred of the enemy and were very motivated to kill the enemy. The emperor is very generous. Tianzi: refers to the emperor. The country believed that the emperor was the beloved son of heaven. Very: unusual. This word also exists in modern Chinese, and everyone is familiar with it, but we need to explain: in ancient times, "very" was two words, "fei": no, not. "Chang": usually, usual. "Extraordinary" means unusual. Although "very" has this meaning today, it is a word and an adverb. The meaning is "very" similar to the ancient one, but the two are not exactly the same. Give color: As the saying goes, give face and reward face. Gift: In the past feudal society, whatever the emperor gave to anyone was called "gift". Giving you an official position is called "conferring favors" or "conferring officials." But those who want to find fault with you and condemn you are called "conferring sins." Telling you to die is "giving death." Color: complexion, face. The word is also different from what we have now, now it is "color". In ancient times, "yan" means "face"; "color" means complexion. "Give color": give face. The meaning of the whole sentence is that the emperor also greatly appreciated the man's ambition and actions to go to the border to kill the enemy and perform meritorious service. The third and fourth sentences are comments, indicating that the man resigned from the family and became a thief to serve the country. This is the true nature of a man, and the emperor appreciated it very much.
The above is the first part of this poem: explaining the reasons for the Tang army's expedition and the officers and soldiers' rustic spirit and high morale during the expedition.
"I beat the drums with gold and went down to Yuguan, and the jingles meandered among the rocks. The captain's feathers flew across the sea, and the Chanyu's hunting fire illuminated the Langshan Mountain." These four lines are the second part of this poem. It describes the Tang army's massive momentum during the expedition, the military appearance was tidy, and the military situation ahead was urgent.
The sentence "Strike the gold and beat the drums down to Yuguan" describes the great momentum of the expedition. 搐: impact. Gold: Ancient military musical instruments, such as zither and sunken fish. Beating and striking these instruments are used to direct the army's advance and retreat. There is often a saying in ancient books that "the troops retreat with the sound of gold". In fact, this is what it refers to. Cut: beat. Drum: war drum. The practice of beating war drums to encourage warriors to pursue them dates back to the Spring and Autumn Period. For example, in "On the War of Cao GUI", there is a saying that "one vigorous effort will lead to failure, and three times it will be exhausted." Yuguan: Shanhaiguan. It is the key pass from my country's interior to the northeast. Xiayu Pass: Head towards Shanhaiguan Pass. Next: go, arrive. The sentence "Jing Jing meanders among the Jieshi" describes the military clean-up of the Tang army when they went out for an expedition. Jingzhao: Various flags in the military. Winding: describes the meandering march of the Tang army. Jieshi: Jieshi Mountain is located in the northwest of Changli County, Hebei Province. Some people also believe that the ancient Jieshi Mountain was on the Bohai Sea and has now sunk into the sea. This sentence describes that when the Tang army went out for an expedition, the troops were neat and tidy. Thousands of troops were like a long dragon, walking through the winding road of Jieshi Mountain, with military flags fluttering and swords and guns flashing one after another. The two sentences "The captain's feathers fly into the vast sea, and the Chanyu's hunting fire shines on the Langshan Mountain" describe the mighty momentum of the Tang army when they went out for battle. On the way, we received urgent information from the border defense front line that the enemy was about to launch an attack again. Colonel: The official title of the military attache at that time, here refers to the commander of the Tang Army on the border front.
Feather Book: A document with feathers inserted in it indicates that the situation is tense and urgent. In the movie "Chicken Feather Letter", Haiwa's chicken feather letter is the feather letter. Hanhai; originally meaning desert, here refers to the border with the enemy. Chanyu was originally a special title for the leader of the Xiongnu in the Han Dynasty. The author here refers to the enemy leader. Hunting fire: In ancient times, nomadic people often held military exercises in the name of hunting before preparing for war. Hunting fire is the fire that was ignited during hunting. This is used as a sign that war is about to break out. Hunting fire together means that war is about to break out. Langshan: Place name, the full name is Langjuxu Mountain, located in the northwest county of Inner Mongolia today. It was the territory of the Xiongnu during the Han Dynasty. Since Shanyu is used to refer to the enemy's leader, Langjuxu Mountain is used here to refer to the area where the enemy is active. This makes the two appear consistent and consistent with the Han family Yanchen and Han generals. These two sentences indicate that the war is urgent. The Tang Guards Military Academy Captain sent people to quickly deliver urgent information. The enemy has started a war in Langjuxu Mountain.
The four sentences in the second part are structurally connected. The first two sentences closely follow the first four sentences, describing the Tang army climbing through thorns and climbing valleys, setting out in great force, with flags flying, meandering forward, which is very spectacular. The last two sentences describe the urgent military situation and exaggerate the atmosphere, paving the way for the upcoming battle scenes below. This reinforcement was originally very tense, but an urgent document was received during the march, which shows how urgent the situation was. "Feather Book" is already extremely urgent, and the use of the word "fly" makes it even more urgent. The situation is imminent. The two sentences "The captain's feathers flew across the vast sea, and the Chanyu's hunting fire illuminated the Wolf Mountain" not only exaggerated the tense atmosphere before the war, but also attracted the interest of the readers, who were eager to understand the underlying situation.
"The mountains and rivers are desolate and borderless, and the barbarians are riding against the tombs mixed with wind and rain. The warriors are half dead in front of the army, and the beauties are still singing and dancing under the tents. The desert is poor and covered with grass in autumn, and the sun sets in the isolated city and the soldiers are sparse. I should meet with eternal kindness. Underestimating the enemy, we exhausted our strength and failed to relieve the siege." This is the third part of this poem, describing the specific circumstances of this battle. Depressed mountains and rivers: The scenery on the border is very desolate and desolate. Extreme: exhaustion, exhaustion. Extreme border soil: all the way to the end of the frontier, that is, to the border. Hu: In ancient times, the Han people’s name for ethnic minorities was a disrespectful term. Riding: pronounced in the fourth tone, one person and one horse are called riding. Hu cavalry: the enemy's cavalry. Ping: rely on, rely on. Ling: insult, bullying. Ping Ling: The enemy launched a fierce attack because of their tall people and large horses, and their ability to fight on the fly. Mixed wind and rain: Describes the enemy's fierce approach, like a strong wind mixed with heavy rain. These two sentences mean that the Tang army arrived at the desolate and desolate border. Before they could take a stand, the fierce enemy launched an attack based on their advantage. The offensive was as fierce as a storm and unstoppable. These two sentences pave the way for the heroic battle with the soldiers below. This war was initiated by the enemy, and the Tang army was fighting a just defense war. Therefore, despite being at a disadvantage, the soldiers were still fearless and fought bravely in the face of powerful enemies. The two armies fought hand to hand and fought desperately. The soldiers of the Tang army suffered heavy casualties, and many soldiers fell. "The warrior is half dead in front of the army", before the army: in front of the formation, on the battlefield. Half dead, half dead, half living. The word "death and life" here is a compound word with a partial meaning. The author mainly emphasizes that many soldiers of the Tang army died in the battle, half of them died in the battle, and its meaning focuses on the word "death". "生" is incidental. The soldiers fought bravely and bloodyly, but where were the commanders and generals of the Tang army? What were they doing? "There is still singing and dancing in the tent of the beauties": The generals are still drinking and having fun, and they are still watching the beauties singing and dancing in the tent. The word "Jew" is very crucial, it is the "poetic eye". It profoundly reveals that these so-called generals are self-sufficient and only know how to dominate and enjoy themselves, regardless of national interests and no consideration for their subordinates. In such fierce battles and so many casualties, It was so tragic that they were still watching dancing, listening to singing, drinking and having fun, which showed how comatose they were. If they were like this when the two armies were fighting, it is not difficult to imagine what they did in peacetime and other times.
What needs to be pointed out and explained is that there have always been different understandings of the phrase "there is still singing and dancing under the beauty's tent". Some selected books and reference articles have different views: a few people believe that this sentence is not to expose the general's debauchery, but to praise them for their ability, their ability to remain calm in the face of danger, and to imitate Zhuge Liang's empty city strategy when a powerful enemy is pressing the situation. The reason is that there is a record in "The Biography of Zhang Shougui in the Old Book of Tang Dynasty": In the 15th year of Kaiyuan, Tufan invaded Guazhou. Wang Junfan, the governor of Guazhou, died in the battle. The imperial court appointed Zhang Shougui to succeed the governor of Guazhou and lead the army to fight against the enemy. When Zhang Gang arrived in Guazhou, he led the people to build two city walls. At this moment, the enemy suddenly attacked the city again. The soldiers and civilians in the city looked at each other in despair. They all thought that the battle could not be fought and did not dare to resist. Zhang Shougui said that we were outnumbered and the enemy was outnumbered, so we could not defend with all our strength, so we drank and had fun on the city and sang about the empty city. After the enemy saw this, they thought the city was well prepared and did not dare to attack the city, so they withdrew their troops. Zhang went out of the city to take advantage of the opportunity to pursue him and won a great victory. The author believes that based on this point alone, it is untenable to say that "There is singing and dancing under the beauty's tent" as Gao Shi's praise of Zhang Shougui. Our reasons are:
1. The time is wrong. Zhang Shougui resisted Tufan in the 15th year of Kaiyuan. At that time, his official position was the governor of Guazhou. It was in the 23rd year of Kaiyuan that Zhang was appointed as the imperial censor, and Gao Shi wrote a small preface before writing this poem, saying that it was the 26th year of Kaiyuan that the censor Zhang Gong left the fortress, which was a total difference of eight to ten years.
2. The location is wrong and the target is different. The object of Zhang Shougui's resistance in the 15th year of Kaiyuan was Tufan, located in Guazhou, but this time he fought against the Khitan, located in Youzhou. Thousands of miles apart, the two are incompatible with each other.
Furthermore, Gao Shi wrote in the preface to his poem that he wrote the poem because he had some feelings after talking to a guest who came back from the frontier fortress. Although this guest was Zhang's subordinate, it does not mean that he wrote it. It can be concluded that the soldier written about in this poem must be Zhang Shougui.
3. This understanding is inconsistent with the relevant narrative in the poet's poem. According to the "Old Book of Tang Dynasty" introduced earlier, Zhang Shougui sang about the time of the empty city and did not engage in combat with the enemy. He only sent troops to pursue the enemy when they retreated. When Gao Shi wrote this poem, before "Singing and Dancing Under the Beauty's Tent", It is very clear that "the warrior army is half dead in the front" and is fighting, and behind it is "use all the strength to pass the mountains to rescue the siege." As we read, we can know that the Tang army failed this time, but Zhang Shougui sang the empty city time and the Tang army won. If someone takes the records in the "Old Book of Tang" as evidence, then this statement itself is untenable. Obviously, what Gao Shi wrote was not about the Battle of Guazhou, nor was he praising Zhang Shougui at all, but accusing and criticizing those generals who were dissolute and harmed the country. The reason why we raise this question is that some people may want to read some reference articles, and there are many but different ones, so I raise this question to avoid misunderstandings. Since the commanders were so stupid, it was impossible for the troops under their command to win the battle; even though the soldiers fought hard, the battle failed. "The warriors are half dead in front of the army, but the beauties are still singing and dancing under the tents." The two sentences describe the great disparity in joy and sorrow between the warriors and the generals, using a contrasting technique. The soldiers resisted bravely on the battlefield and suffered heavy casualties; while the beauties in the commander's tent were still singing, dancing and having fun. The contrast between the two highlighted the poet's sympathy for the soldiers and his indignation towards the general.
"The desert is poor and the grass is stuck in the autumn, and the isolated city is fighting at sunset with few soldiers." This is a concrete and vivid description of the tragic scene of the failure of the Tang army. Note that there are 5 Jingyu with frontier fortress characteristics. Desert: desert, here refers to the desolate frontier battlefield. Qiongqiu: late autumn. Plug grass: grass on the border. Fei: The original meaning is disease, here it means the grass is withered and yellowed. The lonely city: refers to the border defense castle of the Tang Army. These two sentences describe the miserable scene near the end of the battle. In the wilderness covered with withered grass, the sunset was bleak and the autumn wind was bleak. There were corpses and blood everywhere on the ground. The horses that had lost their owners made a heart-stopping neigh. The few remaining soldiers were still fighting, with swords in their hands. The collision made a clanking sound, and behind them was a lonely castle, which was both sad and tragic. If compared with a movie, the fighting soldiers are in the middle shot, and their background is a lonely castle, a bleak sunset, and an empty, desolate wilderness. This picture is very sad, and the sentiment is very tragic. The sentence "A lonely city fights against a small army at sunset" is very well written. (1) It vividly and summarily describes the chilling atmosphere on the battlefield at sunset; (2) It echoes the previous narrative of "the half-life of the warriors in front of the army", making the entire poem's narrative of the battle appear coherent and complete.
"The warrior army was half dead" emphasizes the severity of the failure from the large number of dead, while "the sparse fighting force" emphasizes the more serious casualties from the fact that there are very few people alive. The two take care of each other. (3) It describes the spirit of the soldiers of the Tang Army who would rather die than surrender and fight to the end. Although they were "sparse" and suffered heavy casualties, they were still fighting, still fighting, and did not surrender. Is it because they were "fighting soldiers"! When encountering kindness, one should always underestimate the enemy. When: receive. Enyu: The emperor's favor. Heng: Always underestimate the enemy and not be afraid of bloodshed and sacrifice. This sentence means that because the soldiers were praised and praised by the emperor, they were always grateful and were not afraid of bloodshed and sacrifice to serve the country with their lives. This is in response to the previous "The Emperor bestows color". I tried my best to pass the mountain but still failed to clear the siege. The soldiers tried their best, but still could not relieve the enemy's offensive on the border castle. These two sentences describe the mentality of the soldiers, who vowed to defend the country to the death, but this reinforcement still failed.
The third part describes the progress of the battle, which is both vivid and general, and the author's feelings are also quite clear.
"I have been garrisoning far away in iron clothes for a long time, and the jade chopsticks should cry when I leave. The young woman in the south of the city wants to have her heart broken, and the conqueror looks back in the sky in the north. The side court is fluttering, so what can be done, but the vast expanse of the land is so murderous? At three o'clock, there was a cloud in the formation, and the sound of coldness spread all night long. Looking at each other, there was a lot of blood, and I never paid attention to the death festival! I still remember General Li until the battle is over. The mood and thoughts of the soldiers.
Tie Yi: Armor, here refers to soldiers. Hard work: Hard work. This sentence means that the soldiers have been wearing armor and have been away from home for a long time. Jade chopsticks: chopsticks made of jade, here it is a metaphor for the tears of a missing woman. A pair of chopsticks has two rows when they stand up, and the young woman's tears also have two rows. The chopsticks made of jade are crystal clear, and so are the tears of the young woman. Therefore, jade chopsticks are used as a metaphor for the young woman's tears. The rhetorical technique of this sentence is the same as the previous sentence. It also uses parts to refer to the whole and jade chopsticks to refer to the wives of these soldiers. "Ying cry after separation" is an inversion sentence, "Ying cry after separation", which means that my wife at home may have been crying after breaking up with me. Answer: I'm afraid, it means guessing. Chengnan: It always refers to the wife’s residence in the hometown, not exactly. Heartbreaking: The young women were so sad that they felt heartbroken. The sadness is very deep. Recruitment: soldiers. Ji: In ancient times, there was Jizhou, located in the northwest of Tianjin. Jibei here refers to the frontier fortress. Looking back: Looking back in vain means that it is in vain to look back at my hometown from afar, and it cannot comfort the strong lovesickness in my chest. There was a saying in the poems of the Han Dynasty, "looking at Angelica from afar", which means that if you miss your hometown and cannot go back, it is good to take a look at your hometown as an alternative to going back. It's like going back home once. In fact, looking far away is not enough. This is what this sentence means.
"It's no use looking back", it's useless to go home and look back, it's useless to look back, you can't see home, even if you can see it, it can't replace going back. It can't comfort the strong thoughts in my chest. The above four sentences are about the nostalgia and pain between the husband and the missing wife. They are written in a sad and touching way, which is heartbreaking. Soldiers have been away from home for many years, guarding the frontier, and living a hard life; wives have been sad and shed tears because of longing for their husbands since they left for the war. The young woman is heartbroken at home, and the husband misses his wife in vain when he is away from home. Side court: border. Fluttering: fluttering, a metaphor for a turbulent situation. Na Kedu: I can’t survive, I can’t live. This sentence says that the days on the border are turbulent, like the wind and rain, and it is simply impossible to survive. Absolute territory: the ends of the world, the farthest place, vast: describing desolation. What's more, nothing. The above two sentences describe the hardships of Zhengfu's military life. The border fighting is tense, and there are few people outside the Great Wall. Murderous atmosphere: war atmosphere. Three o'clock: Some interpret it as the three farming seasons of spring, summer and autumn. Here it is better to interpret it as morning, noon and evening. This can increase the tension and hardship of the soldiers. Zuozhenyun: Transformed into a battle cloud, that is, there are constant battles all day long. Cold sound: A sound that makes people feel chilled. This refers to the sound of fighting. Diao Dou: It is a copper pot used by the ancient army for cooking. It was used for cooking during the day and for night patrol at night. This sentence says that because of the constant fighting, the soldiers were worried when they went to bed at night. They could not sleep well, and there were disturbing sounds of fighting in their ears from time to time. These two sentences follow the previous two sentences and further describe the tense atmosphere of the battle and the plight of Zheng Husband. The fighting was fierce on the battlefield during the day, and the security was tight at night. Looking at each other, the blades are full of blood: after the battle, the soldiers gathered together, you look at me, I look at you, the blades are full of blood. One after another: expresses many. "You never care about your honor when you die" means that when you die to serve the country, you never think about your own fame and fortune. Festival: moral integrity, solar terms. Today it is understood as a certain ideal and a certain morality. Day of Death: Die for a certain ideal, for a certain morality. This refers to dying in service to the country. Gu: consider, consider, think of. Xun: meritorious service. General Li: Refers to the famous general Li Guang of the Han Dynasty. Li Guang was a famous general during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. He fought against the Huns more than seventy times in his life. The enemies were frightened when they heard his name. At that time, the Huns called him Flying General. Li Guang fought bravely, but was very kind to his soldiers. Everywhere the troops went, he would not eat if the soldiers did not eat, and he would not drink if the soldiers did not drink. However, when facing the enemy, Li Guang took the lead and charged forward. Therefore, he was deeply supported and loved by his subordinates. When Gao Shi wrote this poem, Li Guang had been dead for nearly nine hundred years, but the soldiers still missed him deeply. This longing is actually an expression of strong dissatisfaction and resentment towards those dim generals at that time. Don't you see: These three words are often seen in Tang poetry, such as the beginning of Cen Shen's "Zou Ma Chuan Xing to Send the Feng Dafu to the Western Expedition": "Don't you see, Zou Ma Chuan Xing, by the snowy seaside." Li Bai's "About to Enter the Wine" It starts with: "If you don't see, the water of the Yellow River comes up from the sky, and rushes to the sea and never returns!" "If you don't see, the mirror in the high hall has sad white hair, and the morning is like blue silk, and the evening turns to snow!" They all use the three words "You don't see". These two sentences summarize the whole poem. They use a questioning sentence pattern to express the poet's sympathy for Zhengfu's hard life and his hope that the good general Li Guang will be reincarnated.
In the fourth part, the author penetrates deeply into the hearts of the soldiers and focuses on depicting their inner conflicts. The battle was over. The soldiers were hungry and tired. They sat in a group silently, feeling very heavy. They had experienced the desperate fighting and were very tired. Now that they feel a little relieved, they think of many questions: They think that they have been away from their hometown for a long time. How are their relatives living after leaving home? Perhaps since the day he left home, his wife has been crying, crying to the point of breaking her heart. But he couldn't go home or comfort his wife. In the end, he could only stand on a high place and look at his hometown for a few glances. But he couldn't go back to reunite with his relatives and could only live such a tense and miserable life in the wilderness. But life on the border is so hard that it’s hard to endure it. The situation was turbulent, the scenery was desolate and desolate, and the soldiers' life consisted of continuous battles during the day and the disturbing sounds of fighting at night, all of which made them distressed and resentful. However, soldiers are noble. When they think of the country, they put aside their personal grudges. They felt that they would die to serve the country, even sacrificing their lives. What could individuals be reluctant to throw away? So I left everything I had just thought behind. But they are human beings after all, living people after all. They have feelings and thoughts. Although they are willing to die fighting for their country, they also hope that the generals can understand, sympathize with, care about them, give them warmth, and sympathize with their difficulties. So after the battle, when they were sad, they couldn't help but miss Li Guang, who was charging ahead and sharing the joys and sorrows with the soldiers. In fact, the phrase "I still remember General Lee" not only expresses the resentment in their hearts, but also expresses their hope that there will be a "General Lee" who understands their difficulties and cares about them to fight with them. This hope Very reasonable. The entire fourth paragraph depicts the psychological conflicts of the soldiers very delicately. The author truly writes about their inner pain and the duality of their inner conflicts. Soldiers not only have the spirit of sacrificing for their family and country thousands of miles away from home, but also have rich thoughts and feelings of missing their hometown and relatives; they have the heroic spirit of charging into battle without fear of sacrifice, but they also hope to receive sympathy, consideration, and warmth, and their inner world is very rich. The author vividly describes their sentiments and thoughts by depicting their psychological activities.
And the images of these soldiers also appear fuller and more friendly because of the description and portrayal!