original text
1 1? 1 Confucius said: "advanced (1) is a gift, and savage (2) is also; Lagging behind (3) is due to music and propriety, and so is a gentleman (4). If you use it, then I will be advanced. "
To annotate ...
(1) advanced: refers to people who learn etiquette and music first and then become officials.
(2) Savage: a simple and rude person or a rural civilian.
(3) Backwardness: being an official first and then learning etiquette and music.
(4) Gentleman: This refers to the ruler.
translate
Confucius said, "Those who learn etiquette and music first and then become officials are civilians (those who have no title before)." Be an official first, then learn manners and music, and you are a gentleman. If we want to use talents first, then I advocate choosing people who study etiquette and music first. "
Comment and analysis
During the Western Zhou Dynasty, people were divided into nobles, civilians and villagers because of their different social status and residence. Confucius believes here that the person who becomes an official first, that is, the person who has obtained the title of nobility, has not received systematic education on etiquette and music knowledge before becoming an official, and does not know how to be an official, so it is easy to become an official. Such a person will not be chosen. And those civilians who didn't have a title originally, they had studied the knowledge of rites and music comprehensively and systematically before they became officials, and only then did they know how to be an official and how to be a good official.
original text
1 1? Confucius said, "I am not as good as Chen and Cai (1)."
To annotate ...
(1) Chen and Cai: Both are country names.
(2) Not as good as the door: the door, here refers to the place to be taught. It's better that the door is not taught in front of you.
translate
Confucius said, "I didn't teach the students who followed me from Chen to Cai."
Comment and analysis
In 489 BC, Confucius and his students went from Chen to Cai. On the way, they were surrounded by Chen Guoren. They were deprived of food for seven days, and many students were too hungry to walk. At that time, the students who followed him were Luz, Zigong, Yan Yuan and others. In 484 BC, after Confucius returned to Lu, he and Zi Gong left him successively, and Yan Hui also died. Therefore, Confucius often misses them. This sentence reflects this kind of mood of Confucius.
original text
1 1? Virtue (1): Yan Yuan, Min Ziqian, Ran Boniu, Zhong Gong. Speech (2): Kill me and pay tribute. Politics (3): You Ran, Lu Ji. Literature (4): Ziyou, Xia Zi.
translate
Yan Yuan, Min Ziqian, Ran Boniu, Zhong Gong, good virtue. Good at rhetoric are: kill me and Zigong. Good at politics are: You Ran and Lu Ji. Ziyou and Xia Zi are familiar with literary knowledge.
original text
1 1? Confucius said, "No one helped me, so I said everything."
translate
Confucius said, "Yan Hui is not a helpful person. He doesn't fully believe what I said. "
Comment and analysis
Yan Hui is one of Confucius' favorite students. He was always obedient and respectful to Confucius, and he believed in Confucius' theory and accepted it completely. So Confucius praised Yan Hui many times. Here Confucius said that Yan Hui was "not helping me", not blaming Yan Hui, but praising him proudly.
original text
1 1? Confucius said, "Filial piety is Min Zikai! People are not due to the words of their parents Kun (1)②. "
To annotate ...
(1): criticize, criticize and criticize.
(2) Kun: Brother, brother.
translate
Confucius said, "Min Zikai is so filial! People have no objection to his parents and brothers praising him for everything. "
original text
1 1? ⑥ Bai Gui (1) was honored in the south. Confucius married his brother's son.
To annotate ...
(1) Bai Gui: Does Bai Gui mean The Book of Songs? Daya？ The poem "Suppression" says: "The stain on the white jade can be grinded, but the stain on the aquamarine can't be done", which means that the stain on the white jade can be grinded off, and there is something wrong with our words, which is irreparable. This is a warning to people to be careful what they say.
translate
Nan Rong repeatedly read "The Canon of Bai Gui, which can be grinded;" Can't say anything, can't do it. "That poem. Confucius married his niece to him.
Comment and analysis
Confucianism, starting from Confucius, strongly advocated "being cautious" and never said anything that should not be said. Because white jade is defiled, it can be worn off, and it can't be redeemed if it is wrong. I hope people are careful what they say. Here, Confucius married his niece to Nanrong, indicating that he appreciated Nanrong's cautious words.
original text
1 1? Ji Kangzi asked, "Who is the disciple who wants to learn?" Confucius said to him, "Those who have Yan Hui are eager to learn, but unfortunately they died short-lived and will die today."
translate
Ji Kangzi asked Confucius, "Who among your students is eager to learn?" Confucius replied, "There was a student named Yan Hui, who was very studious, but unfortunately died short-lived. There is nothing like him now. "
original text
1 1? Yan Yuan died, and Yan Lu (1) invited his son car to think of (2). Confucius said, "Talented people are not talented, but sons are also talented. Carp (3) also died, with coffins but without coffins. I'm not just thinking. Therefore, after becoming a doctor (4), I can't just walk. "
translate
After Yan Yuan's death, his father Yan Lu asked Confucius to sell his car and buy a coffin for Yan Yuan. Confucius said, "Although Yan Yuan is a carp, one is talented and the other is not, and each is his own son. Kong Li died without a coffin. I didn't sell the car, I bought it for him on foot. Because I am still following the doctor, I can't walk. "
Comment and analysis
Yan Yuan is Confucius' favorite student. Confucius highly praised Yan Yuan for many times, believing that he had good moral character and was eager to learn and make progress. After Yan Yuan's death, his father Yan Lu asked Confucius to sell his car and buy a coffin for Yan Yuan. Although Confucius was very sad, he was unwilling to sell his car. Because he used to be a doctor-level official, and doctors must have their own cars and can't walk, otherwise it would violate the etiquette rules. This chapter reflects Confucius' rigorous attitude towards ceremony.
original text
1 1? When Yan Yuan died, Confucius said, "Alas! The day has passed! The sky is lost! "
translate
When Yan Yuan died, Confucius said, "Alas! God really wants to kill me! God really wants my life! "
original text
1 1? 10 Yan Yuan died and his son cried (1). The follower said, "I'm afraid." Say, "What's the matter? Non-husband (2) Who cares about people? "
translate
Confucius wept bitterly when Yan Yuan died. The followers of Confucius said, "You are so sad!" Confucius said, "Is it too sad? I am not too sad for this person, but for whom? "
original text
1 1? Yan Yuan died at 1 1, and his master was going to have a funeral (1). Confucius said, "No." The master gave it a heavy burial. Confucius said, "If I come back, I will treat my father instead of my son (2). Not me, my husband has three or two sons. "
To annotate ...
(1) reburial: grand burial.
(2) Don't take my son seriously: I can't take him as my own son.
(3) Husband: auxiliary words.
translate
Yan Yuan died, and Confucius' students wanted to give him a grand burial. Confucius said, "Not so." The students still gave him a grand funeral. Confucius said, "Yan Hui treats me like a father, but I can't treat him like my own son. It's not my fault, it's those students. "
Comment and analysis
Confucius said, "Don't treat your son like a Jew", which means you can't bury him like your own son, according to etiquette. His students still solemnly buried Yan Yuan. Confucius said it was not their own fault, but the students did it. This still shows that Confucius abides by etiquette and righteousness, even on the issue of reburying Yan Yuan.
original text
1 1? 12 Lu Ji asks ghosts and gods. Confucius said, "If you can't serve people, how can you serve ghosts?" Yue: "Dare to ask death." Yue: "If you don't know life, how can you know death?"
translate
Lu Ji asked how to serve ghosts and gods. Confucius said, "If you can't serve good people, how can you serve ghosts?" Lu Ji said, "What is death?" Confucius said, "If you don't know the truth of life, how can you know death?"
Comment and analysis
When Confucius said "serving the people", he meant serving your father. If you can't be loyal and filial when your father is alive, you can't be filial to ghosts and gods after your father's death. He wants people to be loyal and filial to your father. This chapter shows the basic attitude of Confucius towards ghosts and gods and the concept of life and death. He doesn't believe in ghosts and gods, and he doesn't care about the afterlife or after death. He should have been loyal and filial before his father died, so there is no need to mention anything about dealing with ghosts and gods. This chapter is a footnote to what he called "staying away from ghosts and gods".
original text
1 1? 13 mins are waiting, (1) is like this; The same is true for Zilu and Line 2; You Ran, Zigong, Kan Kan (3) and so on. Zile. "If it is right, it will not die."
translate
Min Zikai stood beside Confucius with a cheerful and docile face; Lutz is a strong look; You Ran and Zi Gong are both gentle and happy. Confucius was very happy. But Confucius said, "I'm afraid I won't die like Zhong You!"
Comment and analysis
Lutz is brave and foolhardy, although he is strong. On the one hand, Confucius was happy that his students had their own specialties, but he was worried about his future, fearing that he would not have a good result. It is human nature that teachers love life. This concern of Confucius illustrates this point.
original text
1 1? 14 Lu people (1) are Changfu (2). Min Zikai said: "It still penetrates ③, so what? Why change it? " Confucius said, "Madam (4) If you don't say anything, you will do it."
translate
Lu restored the vault of the secret service. Min Ziqian said, "How about proceeding as usual? Why rebuild? " Confucius said, "This man doesn't talk much on weekdays. As soon as he opened his mouth, he got to the point. "
original text
1 1? Confucius said in 15: "What is the mountain gate (2)?" A master has no respect for his son. Confucius said, "Going to the hall without entering the room (3)."
translate
Confucius said, "Zhong You plays the piano, why do you play with me?" Confucius' students therefore don't respect Luz. Confucius said, "Zhong You, whose studies have reached the level of promotion, has not entered the room."
Comment and analysis
This passage records Confucius' evaluation of Luz. First of all, he criticized Lutz in a reproachful tone. When others didn't respect Luz, he changed his mind and said that Luz had been allowed to enter the court but had not yet entered the room. This is in playing musical instruments. Confucius' attitude towards students should be relatively objective. Praise achievements, oppose mistakes, let students realize their own shortcomings, and at the same time build up confidence and strive for greater achievements.
original text
1 1? 16 zi gong asked: "who is the saint, the teacher or the businessman?" " Confucius said, "The teacher has passed, but the business is inferior." Yue: "But will the teacher restore harmony?" Confucius said, "Too much is too late."
translate
Zi Gong asked Confucius, "Who is better, Zhang Zi or Xia Zi?" Confucius said, "There are many children, but not enough in summer." Zi Gong said, "Why not be a child?" Confucius said, "Excessive and insufficient are the same."
Comment and analysis
"Too much is not enough" is the concrete explanation of the golden mean. The Doctrine of the Mean says too much, so it's better to be in the middle. "Impossible, I know. The knower goes over it, but the fool doesn't. The road is unknown, I know it. The sage has passed, and the unscrupulous are not as good as it. " "Do you think it's smooth to hold hands at both ends and use them for the people?" In other words, Shun takes one of the two ends and educates the people with the middle way, which is neither excessive nor inferior, so it is the Great Sage. This is the concrete explanation of Confucius's "going too far". Because Zhang Zi went too far, Xia Zi didn't do enough, and neither of them was good, so Confucius commented that they "went too far".
original text
1 1? 17 Ji Jia Fu Zhou Gong (1), seeks to gather together (2), benefits (3). Confucius said, "I am not a disciple. It is also possible for boys to attack with drums. "
translate
Ji's family was richer than the Zhou Dynasty governors, and Ran Qiu also helped him search for it to increase his money. Confucius said, "He is no longer my student. You can attack him with great fanfare! " "
Comment and analysis
In 562 BC, the three tribes of Lu divided the government, that is, the land under the direct jurisdiction of the king of Lu and the slaves attached to the land, and Ji's surname was given one third, and the feudal exploitation method was used instead of the slavery exploitation method. In 537 BC, the three clans were divided into the government for the second time, and Ji got two quarters. Because Ji introduced new political and economic measures, he soon became rich. Ran Qiu, a student of Confucius, helped Ji collect money and plundered the people. Therefore, Confucius was very angry, saying that he refused to admit that Ran Qiu was his own student and asked other students to beat drums to denounce Ran Qiu.
original text
1 1? 18 Chai (1) is also a fool (2), Shen (3), Taifu (4), and so are you (5).
translate
Gao Chai is dull and straightforward, Zeng Shen is dull, Zhuan Xu is extreme, and Zhong You is reckless.
Comment and analysis
Confucius thinks that his students are biased and inconsistent with the Bank of China, and their qualities and virtues must be corrected. This passage also expresses Confucius' golden mean. The doctrine of the mean is an idea of compromise and reconciliation, and reconciliation and compromise are a state in the development of things, which is relative and temporary. Confucius revealed this state of development of things and summarized it as the "golden mean", which is a contribution in the ancient history of China.
original text
1 1? Confucius said in 19: "It is also dull (1) and repeatedly empty (2). If you don't give, Huo Zhi (3) will be embarrassed, and 100 million (4) will be repeated. "
translate
Confucius said: "Yan Hui's knowledge and morality are close to perfection, but he is often poor. If you don't listen to your destiny, you will do business, guess the market, and often guess. "
Comment and analysis
In this chapter, Confucius deeply regrets that Yan Hui's knowledge and morality are close to perfection, but he is often poor in his life. At the same time, it is extremely unfair to Confucius that Zi Gong did not listen to his destiny and became rich in business.
original text
1 1? When Zhang Zi asked about the way to be good (1), Confucius said, "No practice (2), no entry (3)."
translate
Zhang Zi asked the way to be a good person. Confucius said, "If you don't follow the footsteps of your predecessors, you won't be at home.
original text
1 1? Confucius said in 2 1: "Who is a gentleman on Benedict's authenticity (1)? What about Secun? "
To annotate ...
(1) On DuDu is sum: On speech. Dedication and sincerity. Use, praise. It means to praise someone who speaks honestly and sincerely.
translate
Confucius said, "When you hear people talking frankly and sincerely, you praise them, but you should also see if he is a real gentleman." ? Or someone who pretends to be serious? "
Comment and analysis
Confucius hoped that his students would not only speak honestly and sincerely, but also match their words with deeds. The fifth chapter, chapter 10, has a saying that "listen to his words and watch his actions", which shows that when Confucius observes others, he should not only look at his sincere attitude when he speaks, but also look at his actions. A real gentleman is consistent in words and deeds.
original text
1 1? Lutz asked, "Steven Zhu Xing (1)?" Confucius said, "With my father and brother around, how can I smell and act?" You Ran asked, "Where is Sven?" Confucius said, "Si Wen must do it." Gong Xihua said: "Wen Sixing is also asked about everything. Confucius said:' Father and brother'; Asked xing, Confucius said' Si Wenxing'. Red is also confused and dares to ask. " Confucius said, "Seek to retreat, so advance; Because it is also a person 2, I retired. "
translate
Lutz asked, "Will you act when you hear it?" Confucius said, "If you have a father and a brother, what should you do?" You Ran asked, "Will you act when you hear it?" Confucius said, "Smell it and do it." Gong Xihua said, "Zhong You asked,' Did you act as soon as you heard it?' You replied,' There are still fathers and brothers alive', and Ran Qiu asked,' Did you act as soon as you heard it?' You answered' act when you hear it'. I was confused and dared to ask. Confucius said, "Ran Qiu is always timid, so I encourage him;" Zhong You is brave, so I restrained him. "
Comment and analysis
This is a concrete example of Confucius putting the golden mean into educational practice. Here, he hopes that his students will not shrink back or be too radical, but will advance and retreat moderately. Therefore, Confucius gave different answers to the same question according to the different situations of Lutz and Ran Qiu. At the same time, it also vividly embodies a characteristic of Confucius' educational method, that is, teaching students in accordance with their aptitude.
original text
1 1? 23 Yu Kuang, Yan. Confucius said, "I regard my daughter as my death." He said, "You are here, why dare you die?"
translate
Confucius was besieged by local people in Kuang Di, and Yan Yuan finally escaped. Confucius said, "I thought you were dead." Yan Yuan said, "Master is still alive. How dare I die? "
original text
1 1? The 24th Century Nature (1) asked: "Are Zhong You and Ran Qiu ministers?" Confucius said, "I take zi as a different question, and I have (2) between my desire and my desire." The so-called minister, doing things by the Tao, is unstoppable. Today can be said to be Minister ③. " Said, "But who should follow (4)?" Confucius said, "If you kill your father, you won't obey."
translate
Ji Ziran asked, "Can Zhong You and Ran Qiu be ministers? Confucius said, "I thought you were asking someone else, but you were asking why, begging." "The so-called minister can serve the monarch at the request of the duke of Zhou. If not, he would rather resign. Now, these two people, Qiu, can only be regarded as servants in the number. " Ji Ziran said, "Then why do they follow Ji in everything?" Confucius said, "They will not follow the example of killing their father or monarch."
Comment and analysis
Confucius pointed out the principle of "ruling the monarch by Tao" and warned Ran Qiu and He that the Duke of Zhou should be used to persuade Ji not to make mistakes. If Ji Jia doesn't listen, he will quit. It can be seen that Confucius treats the relationship between monarch and minister with Tao and courtesy as the criteria. Here, he asked ministers and monarchs, both of whom should follow Tao and courtesy. If Ji killed his father and your husband, the Ran Qiu Peace Conference would object.
original text
1 1? Lutz sacrificed the lamb. Confucius said, "The thief (1) wife (2)." Lutz said, "The people and the country. (3) Why study and then study? " Confucius said, "A husband is evil."
translate
Luz made Zigao a field officer. Confucius said, "This is simply harmful to children." Lutz said: "There are people and countries in that place. Governing the people and offering sacrifices to God are all learning. Do you have to study to be considered learning? " Confucius said, "So I hate people who talk eloquently."
original text
1 1? 26. Zeng (1) and Gong Xihua were seated. Confucius said, "A day is long, but not long (2). Zhu (3) said, "I don't know!" If you know it, why bother? Lutz led Er ⑤ and said to him, "A country is a thousand times bigger than a big country, which is ⑤. With a teacher's journey, it is also hungry. Compared with (7) three years, it can make you brave and know one side (8). "Master Yi (9)." Q, what about you? "Yes, I said," If the Party is sixty or seventy (10), for example, (1 1) fifty or sixty, that will be enough for the people, compared with three years. Be a gentleman if you are polite and happy. ""red, and you? "Yes:" If you can't do it, you are willing to study. The ancestral hall (12), such as Huitong (13) and Duan Zhangfu (14), is willing to be a small picture (15). " "Military academy, and you? Gu Sexi (16), Kenger, and Shese wrote (17): "The works of three extraordinary sons. Confucius said, "What's wrong with this?" They also speak their minds. "As the saying goes," Mo (18) spring, spring clothes have been finished, there are five or six champions (19), six or seven boys, bathing in Iraq (20) dance style (2 1), and returning to the song. The master sighed: "I am with a point! "The third son came out and used to be the queen. Zeng said, "What about the words of one husband and three sons?" Confucius said, "It's already what people want." He said, "What's the reason, Master?" He said, "Serve the country with courtesy. If you don't let it, it is a reason. " Only (22) is not a state to seek? ""who is safe in sixty or seventy, like fifty or sixty, not a country? " "Only red does not stand?" "Ancestral temple in conjunction with the governors, isn't it? Red is small, how can it be big? "
translate
, Zeng, Gong Xihua sat with Confucius. Confucius said, "I am older than you. Don't be afraid to say it just because I am old. You always say,' Nobody knows me!' What are you going to do if someone knows you? Lutz quickly replied, "A country with 1000 personnel carriers is sandwiched between big countries and is often invaded by other countries. Besides, there is a famine at home. Let me handle this. As long as it takes three years, people can be brave and good at fighting and know manners. " Confucius laughed it off. Confucius asked again, "Ran Qiu, what about you?" Ran Qiu replied: Let me manage a land 60-70 miles or 50-60 miles square. After three years, the people can get full warmth. As for the education of rites and music in this country, it is necessary to wait for the gentleman to implement it. Confucius asked again, "Gongxichi, how are you?" Gong Xichi replied: "I dare not say that I can do it, but I am willing to learn. I am willing to wear a dress and a hat to make a small tribute in the activities of the ancestral temple sacrifice, or in the alliance meeting with other countries. " Confucius asked again, "Ceng Dian, what about you?" At this time, Ceng Dian's voice gradually slowed down, and then with a clang, he stood up and replied, "What I thought was different from what the three of them said." Confucius said, "What does that matter? That is, everyone talks about their ambitions. " He once said, "In March of the second spring, I had put on my spring clothes. I went to the Yihe River to take a bath with five or six adults and six or seven teenagers, blew a breeze on the stage and walked back singing all the way. " Confucius sighed and said, "I agree with Zeng Xi's idea." You Ran and Gong Xihua all went out, but only once stayed. He asked Confucius, "What did the three of them say?" Confucius said, "That is, only talk about one's own ambition." Zeng Xi said, "Why did Master laugh at Zhong You?" Confucius said: "to govern a country, you should be polite, but he is not humble at all, so I laugh at him." He once asked: "So Ran Qiu is not talking about governing the country?" Confucius said, "Isn't a place of sixty or seventy square miles or fifty or sixty square miles a country?" He once asked: "Isn't Gong Xichi talking about governing the country?" Confucius said: "Ancestral temple sacrifice and vassal alliance, this is not a vassal's business, what is it? If people like Chi can only take small pictures, who can take big pictures? "
Comment and analysis
Confucius believes that the law of governing the country by the first three people is not fundamental. He just appreciated Ceng Dian's ideas, just like Ceng Dian described the scene under the rule of rites and music in an image way, which embodied the principles of "benevolence" and "propriety" in governing the country and reached the fundamental point. In this chapter, Confucius and his students talked about their political ambitions, from which we can see Confucius' political ideals.