Hard-pen calligraphy is a wonderful flower in the hundred gardens of calligraphy. Its writing tools include pens, and ink is the main carrier to express the writing skills of China people. This is the era of hard pen calligraphy that I brought to you. Let's have a look.
The times, also known as the spirit of the times, is a dominant style presented by many artists in their creative activities in a certain historical period. This dominant style represents the creative tendency and aesthetic tendency at that time. Calligraphers of all ages are engaged in calligraphy activities in a specific era, and their calligraphy activities are bound to be restricted and influenced by the times, and their calligraphy works are bound to be branded with the times. Pen was introduced from abroad, and it was only a hundred years since it was introduced to China. The ups and downs of this century. Hard pen calligraphy has also stumbled to this day. When we look back, we can clearly see that the times have played an important role in promoting the development of hard-pen calligraphy. At the same time, calligraphers also react to the times and influence the style of a generation of calligraphy. Calligraphy has many subtle connections with the times.
First, the affiliated period
/kloc-At the end of 0/9, the Reform Movement of 1898 died, and progressives influenced by western ideas were forced to wander around to avoid risks. For example, Kang Youwei, a master of epigraphy, fled to Japan and tried to make a comeback by using his calligraphy advantages, while others gathered in relatively stable and prosperous places such as Shanghai and Zhejiang to make a living, which promoted the development of calligraphy in various places to some extent. With the invasion of Eight-Nation Alliance and the infiltration of capitalist powers into China, the foreign policy of closing the country to the outside world gradually wavered. Foreign forces took the opportunity to carve up China by various means. With the help of the gun, the dip pen transformed from goose feather or goose feather tube was introduced into China. Because it uses lunch box, people use it instead of brush to write notes on some occasions, but from the perspective of calligraphy, it has to compete with brush calligraphy with thousands of years of history. There is no doubt that it will arouse the opposition of those old and young and conservative figures. At first, its sales and use were only seen in Tianjin, Shanghai, Guangzhou and coastal ports, which satisfied people's freshness of foreign writing tools for a while and did not really gain a foothold.
With the outbreak of World War I, foreign forces were busy with the European war and temporarily relaxed their aggression against China. The strength of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat in China continues to grow. Under the influence of the Revolution of 1911, their revolutionary democratic thoughts became increasingly active, which led to the outbreak of the May 4th New Culture. The collapse of the imperial examination system for more than 1000 years has greatly liberated their bondage to the "pavilion" style of writing. New literary societies and schools have sprung up, and some calligraphers' groups have also emerged. Calligraphy art is quietly changing. This makes the art of hard pen calligraphy stand out. Most writers in the New Culture Movement, such as Yu Dafu, Ba Jin, Hu Shi and Ding Ling, provided and used pens to write manuscripts. Lu Xun also actively advocated the use of pens in schools in Nanjing and Japan, and practiced it. He often writes books with a pen. However, because they are "careless calligraphers", they still use brush all the time because of their attachment and love for traditional writing tools. Only when they stay in bed for a long time or have trouble moving, do they write with a pen occasionally. These pen characters are completely derived from brush calligraphy in terms of brushwork, typesetting and composition. Therefore, although hard-pen calligraphy appeared from the early 20th century to the late 1930s, it was still attached to brush calligraphy, and calligraphers were all brush calligraphers. Basically, they can't do it well. Even some students don't admit that pens are written in calligraphy. They use pens or other hard writing tools as simple and practical writing tools. Hard-pen calligraphy in this period shows the following characteristics: first, the traces of brush calligraphy are heavy; Second, natural frankness; Third, rough, little change; Fourth, it is basically a handwritten note. For example, Xu Zhimo (1896- 193 1), a poet of "Crescent School", is skillful, sloppy and simple in lines, but it looks a bit sloppy because it is naturally revealed, and the stippling and font style are lacking in change. Another example is Mr. Lu Xun, whose calligraphy is well versed in official seals and climbed to Wei and Jin Dynasties. He not only attached importance to the northern inscriptions, but also devoted himself to the folk inscriptions outside the famous monuments and stickers. However, the pen he wrote to Mr. He Qing (Dong Yuan) in his illness in the 1930s was still too lacking in care, especially at the beginning of the second and third lines, and the stippling was too fragmentary, except for the words "still you". As for most other calligraphers, with the full-scale outbreak and deepening of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation, some used hard pens in their hands to publicize the just war and actively support the revolution, but their handwriting was mostly untidy. Hard pen calligraphy in this period can only be a vassal of brush calligraphy.
Second, the budding period
1949 In July, at the first plenary congress of China literary and art workers held in Beijing, the Report on Politics and Metallurgy and Guo Moruo's Report on the New China Literature Movement emphasized the issue of uniting literary and art workers, and literature and art served the workers, peasants and soldiers and the people. At this time, the hard pen has been improved from a dip pen to a fountain pen, which has undergone a qualitative change. The pen is mainly produced by Parker Company of the United States. Ballpoint pens are mainly "ballpoint pens" produced by Renault Company of the United States, which are widely sold in China. Since then, western hard-pen calligraphy has been combined with Chinese characters in China. Hard-pen calligraphy has changed from a few literati to a popular hobby, and gradually demonstrated the magnificent scene of mass hard-pen calligraphy activities in China. At this time, hard pen calligraphy has the following characteristics: first, it gradually separated from brush calligraphy and began to sprout; Second, it is gradually popularized and practical; Third, begin to pay attention to skills; Fourth, some works have appeared. During the Republic of China, Mr. Chen Gongzhe took the lead in creating calligraphy works with pen, especially a running script "Thousand Characters" published in 1935, which laid the seeds of hard pen calligraphy. Deng Sanmu's Pen Character, written in the 1940s, made a bold exploration and artistic attempt in pen writing, but adopted the hidden front technique of "wanting to be left first and then right" and "wanting to be down first" with a brush. Not only can it not meet the practical needs of quickness and convenience, but it also insists on imitating the writing brush technique, which greatly weakens the artistic personality of hard pen calligraphy, so it fails to attract enough attention. On the contrary, Mr. Huang Ruozhou, who actively advocated hard-pen calligraphy as early as the early 1940s, published a monograph on hard-pen calligraphy "Shutong" in the 1950s, which made a beneficial exploration of hard-pen calligraphy in theory. In particular, his "Chinese Characters Writing Method" combed the structure of Chinese characters in China in practice, combined with the characteristics of traditional brush calligraphy, found out some regular collocation writing principles, used horizontal writing, and added appropriate echoes and meanings between the left and right characters, so that learners could practice in a short time. However, it is undeniable that due to Mr. Huang's failure to control the hard pen well, his lines are soft and charming, lacking a sense of strength, and the size of the font is controlled by statutes, which makes him stiff, unnatural and not free. This highly skilled writing style will narrow the way for calligraphy lovers and even lead them to a dead end, because cursive writing is not only "quick writing", but also pays attention to the rhythm of the whole work, showing the rich psychological feelings of modern people. It should be said that Huang Zhu is not a complete hard-pen calligraphy monograph. It is worth noting that in his later years, Mr. Huang's handwriting was obviously "mellow" and "elegant", and the more he read it, the more attractive it became, which was beyond the reach of ordinary calligraphers.
Third, the development period.
In the late 1970s, the disastrous "Great Revolution" came to an end and the literary and art circles became active again. Hard-pen calligraphy has gradually recovered after some people's hard exploration, but due to everyone's different aesthetic pursuits, hard-pen calligraphy has developed into two different roads. One is practicality, and the artistic value is greatly reduced. With the resumption of the national college entrance examination, in order to meet the needs of thousands of people in Qian Qian, there is an urgent need for a basic hard-pen copybook that can quickly master the writing skills. Pang Zhonghua's "Talking about Learning to Write Pen Words" undoubtedly knocked on the door of modern hard-pen calligraphy art in China. Based on practicality, supported by aesthetics and popularity, Pang Zhu created beautiful, steady and neat fonts, which not only complied with people's aesthetic ideas tempered in the Cultural Revolution, but also catered to people's practical purposes to a great extent, integrating ornamental, artistic and practical features, and became a popular calligraphy style easily accepted by the people. The "exposure" method in the works has played a guiding role in the popularization and development of hard pen calligraphy techniques. However, due to Mr. Pang's lack of in-depth understanding of the art of brush calligraphy, his books are too thin, rigid, regular and straight, showing the "craftsman spirit." Besides being more suitable for beginners, it is difficult to integrate the author's feelings into the works and express them well through lines, such as monotonous strokes, neat arrangement and average font size. The other is people-centered, which not only attaches importance to traditional techniques, but also explores lofty artistic conception. Mr Honggen Shen gave us a good answer. His hard-pen calligraphy is the most diligent in Jin and Tang dynasties, and the two kings are cursive. He integrated the rigorous statutes and fresh and elegant charm of Jin and Tang dynasties into a concise, lively, delicate and refreshing brushwork, and constantly explored and tempered. Therefore, regular script contains a lot of statutes in Wei and Jin dynasties, which is rich and heavy. The cursive script is magnificent, with vigorous lines and great strength. In particular, the works are unique in white and form their own style. Thus attracting a large number of followers. But his works are bold and unrestrained, but they lack a little moral. Although cursive script is like a turbulent ocean, it is bold and domineering. Exploratory works may be impetuous because they are too rebellious to stand scrutiny.
Fourth, the growth period
In today's society, knowledge explosion, information explosion, concept explosion, hard-pen calligraphy also blossomed in the explosion, showing a wonderful scene. The main signs are: a large number of people engaged in hard-pen calligraphy, numerous associations at all levels, frequent activities, various schools, a large number of copybooks in newspapers and magazines, and various pen types emerge one after another. There are indications that the world of hard-written books is gradually growing. Some people want to get a kind of spiritual enjoyment while communicating with each other through hard pen calligraphy. They often have no utilitarian purpose, and they pay little attention to the results and lack artistic depth. Others take fame and fortune too seriously, and the ultimate goal is to join authoritative associations or participate in exhibitions and win prizes. Once they do, they will not make progress. Only a few people take hard-pen calligraphy as their lifelong goal with piety, and after persistent pursuit, they become real hard-pen calligraphers. Such calligraphers are themselves high-level calligraphers with brush. Through the research and application of the expressive ability, personality and techniques of hard-pen tools, they successfully grafted the skills and creative methods of brush calligraphy into the creation of hard-pen calligraphy. In the form, method and expression of creation, they have rich connotations, strong artistic interest, strong sense of innovation and high artistic taste. Such as Wang Zhengliang and Wang Dongling in Zhejiang, Tian Yingzhang in Beijing, Leo in Shaanxi, He Changgui in Heilongjiang, Qiu Zhenzhong in Jiangxi and Cao Baolin in Guangzhou. This cursive script of Wang Dongling is written with an ordinary pen, without any processing, giving people an overall feeling of being bold, vigorous and dynamic. The work is shaped by words, with smooth movements, strong sense of rhythm and rich music, like a beautiful tune. It is not difficult to see that when Mr. Wang writes with a pen, what he feels in his heart is still his brush. He is still familiar with his lines with his strong personality. There are also a group of hard-pen calligraphers who learn creative skills from brush calligraphy, make up for the lack of artistic expression in the development period of hard-pen calligraphy, and strive to get rid of practicality and reach a higher artistic level. Such as Xie in Zhejiang, Xie in Xinjiang, etc. Xie, who is known as an "award-winning professional household", advocates pen as the best and has a deep understanding of pen nature. He uses the golden pen and meticulous brush to create, and can make proper use of the elasticity of the pen to control the writing strength within a certain range, without making the writing lines thinner and losing rich aesthetic feeling, just like using a brush, trying not to write. With the ups and downs of strokes, the ink color of handwriting also changes at different levels, such as shade, weight and so on. At the same time, he is good at introducing variant characters or different writing methods of the same word in inscriptions, which increases the appreciation level of his works. In terms of composition, it adopts the form of vertical columns and horizontal lines, which is smart, simple and fresh and memorable. In addition to the above two types of hard-pen writers, there are pioneers who explore modern art in an all-round way. Their thoughts on activities, communication and communication are advanced, and their works are forward-looking in form and profound in consciousness, such as Dong Wen in Liaoning and Tan Zhenfei in Jiangxi. 1993, Tan Zhenfei published a work entitled "Architecture in Rain" in Jiangxi Hard Pen Calligraphy Newsletter, drawing on and absorbing modern avant-garde art such as modern painting, modern architecture and music. First of all, the author draws inspiration from modern collage and writes Qiu Zhenzhong's passionate poem on two pages: "You flap, flap wildly ... storm! Storm! Storm! Storm! " , and then a positive and a negative collage together to form a work, the left and right sides of the work have large blanks of different levels, and the strokes move on both sides of the collage line, which is very exploratory.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) view
We can't make a definite judgment on the future hard-pen calligraphy, but we can imagine that with the further acceleration of people's life rhythm, China's entry into WTO, the further deepening of foreign exchanges, the continuous expansion of the college entrance examination scale, the increasingly mature network information, the emergence of various advanced simulation technologies and the intervention of various ideological trends, people's ideas, spiritual pursuits and aesthetic tastes will be constantly updated, and hard-pen calligraphy, which is related to our spiritual world, will surely rise again in culture. It will be endowed with new connotations, from expressing the traditional literati-style knowledge literacy to expressing the complex and profound life experience of modern people. The long process of cultivating the ability of classical creation and appreciation will be impacted by the extremely fast-paced modern life, but the hard-pen calligraphy works with pure traditional style will continue to exist. However, it is a kind of "cultural relic" with a classical artistic style. It is more about using various writing tools and calligraphy skills to expand people's vision of hard-pen calligraphy art in terms of time length and space span, surpassing tradition and self, and providing people with an abstract work of special visual art. The hard-pen calligraphy we expect is such a real modern visual art.
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