1. Ancient texts on self-consciousness and self-discipline
The first one: Dealing with others
The Master said: "Isn't it true that one should learn from time to time? You have a friend." Isn't it a pleasure to come from afar? Isn't it a gentleman if he doesn't know (yùn)?" ("Xueer")
The second lesson: How to deal with others
Zengzi Said: "I will examine my body (xǐng) three times in a day: Are you unfaithful in seeking others? Are you not trustworthy in making friends? Are you not accustomed to teaching?" ("Xue Er")
The third Principle: Learning methods
Confucius said: "Those who review the past and learn the new can become a teacher." ("Wei Zheng")
The fourth rule: Learning methods
Confucius said: "Learning without thinking will lead to failure; thinking without learning will lead to peril.
The fifth rule: Learning methods
Confucius said: "You know it!" To know is to know, and to not know is to know. This is knowledge. " ("Wei Zheng")
Confucius said: "Zhong Yu, teach you the attitude towards knowing and not knowing: knowing means knowing, not knowing means not knowing. This is smart (action) ."
The Sixth Article: Learning Attitude
Confucius said: "When you see the virtuous, think about it; when you see the virtuous, you should reflect on yourself." " ("Li Ren")
Confucius said: "When you see the advantages of others, learn from them and hope to be like them; when you see the shortcomings of others, reflect on whether you have the same shortcomings as them. "
The Seventh Rule: Learning Attitude
Master said: "When three people walk together, there must be one who is my teacher. Choose the good ones and follow them, and change the bad ones. " ("Shu Er")
The eighth: How to be a human being
Zengzi said: "A scholar must be ambitious, as the responsibilities are heavy and the road ahead is long. Isn't it important to be benevolent as one's own responsibility? Isn't it just a matter of time before death? " ("Taibo")
Ninth: How to be a human being
Confucius said: "When the year is cold, you will know that the pines and cypresses will wither. " ("Zihan")
Confucius said: "(In the coldest season of the year, you realize that the pines and cypresses (bǎi) are the last to wither."
Tenth Then: How to be a human being
Zigong asked: "Is there anyone who can say something that can be carried out throughout his life? Confucius said: "How can I forgive you?" Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you. "("Gong Linggong of Wei")
Zigong asked: "Is there one sentence that I can stick to throughout my life? Confucius said: "That is probably 'forgiveness'!" Don't force things on others that you don't want to do yourself. "
The above is best from the Analects. 2. The ancient text on self-consciousness and self-discipline
The first one: Dealing with others
Confucius said: "Learn and practice it from time to time; Is that true? Isn’t it great to have friends from far away? Isn’t it a gentleman if a person doesn’t know something but is not surprised? " ("Xueer")
The second point: How to deal with others
Zengzi said: "I have examined my body (xǐng) three times in a day: Is it unfaithful to others? Make friends but don’t believe it? Are you not used to it? " ("Xueer")
The third point: learning methods
Confucius said: "You can become a teacher by reviewing the past and learning the new. " ("Wei Zheng")
The fourth rule: Learning methods
Confucius said: "Learning without thinking is a waste, thinking without learning is peril. < /p>
Confucius said: "Zhong Yu, teach you the attitude towards knowing and not knowing: knowing means knowing, not knowing means not knowing. This is smart."
The Sixth Article: Learning Attitude
Confucius said: "When you see the virtuous, you should think about it; when you see the virtuous, you should introspect yourself." ("Li Ren")
Confucius said: "When you see the virtuous, you should reflect on yourself." Learn from the strengths of others and hope to be like them; when you see the shortcomings of others, reflect on whether you have the same shortcomings as them."
Rule 7: Learning Attitude
Said: "When three people are walking together, there must be a teacher like me. Choose the good ones and follow them, and change the bad ones." ("Shu Er")
The Eighth Rule: How to Be a Human Being
Zengzi said: "A scholar cannot be without great perseverance. The responsibilities are heavy and the road is long. Isn't it important to be benevolent as one's own responsibilities? Isn't it too far to die and die?" ("Tai Bo")
< p>Ninth article: How to be a human beingConfucius said: "When the year is cold, you will know that the pines and cypresses will wither." ("Zihan")
Confucius said: "(It has arrived) In the coldest season of the year, we know that the pines and cypresses (bǎi) are the last to wither."
Lesson 10: How to be a human being
Zigong asked: "There is a saying that can be done "Do you want to do it for the rest of your life?" Confucius said, "Forgive me! Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you." ("Wei Linggong")
Zi Gong asked: "Is there anything you can say?" If you follow it throughout your life?" Confucius said: "That's probably 'forgiveness'! Don't force things on others that you don't want to do.
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The above is best from the Analects. 3. Translation of Shendu in Chinese
Shendu
“Shendu” is a self-cultivation with Chinese national characteristics created by ancient Confucianism. Method. First seen in "Book of Rites: Doctrine of the Mean": "The Tao cannot be separated for a moment, but it is not the Tao." Therefore, a gentleman is wary of what he does not see, and fearful of what he does not hear. Don't see what's hidden, don't show what's subtle, so a gentleman should be cautious about being alone. "The meaning of "Tao" emphasized here and "cannot be separated even for a moment" is the theoretical basis for the establishment of "Shendu".
Traditional explanation
This explanation is widely accepted in society
Zhu Zi explained that "the so-called sincerity of one's meaning in "The Great Learning" means: "Don't deceive yourself, just like a bad smell, like a lustful person, this is called self-righteousness." "Modest, so a gentleman must be careful about his independence." He said: "The one who is alone is something that others don't know but he only knows." If those who wish to cultivate themselves know how to do good in order to avoid evil, they should use their power to prevent self-deception. Let him hate evil as he hates stench, and love good as he loves lust. They must be determined to get rid of it, and they must get it if they seek it. They must be happy and content with themselves, and they must not live in vain and sacrifice themselves for others. However, whether it is true or not, there are things that others cannot know but that we know alone, so we must be cautious about this to judge the truth."
"Be cautious about being alone" refers to people living alone when they are alone. At all times, we can also consciously be strict with ourselves, be cautious about our thoughts and actions, and prevent the occurrence of unethical desires and behaviors, so that morality will always accompany the subject.
** * A more popular explanation of "Shendu" is given. When a person works independently without supervision, he may do all kinds of bad things, but whether he can achieve "Shendu" without doing bad things, and what can be achieved by insisting on "Shendu". The degree of self-cultivation is an important yardstick to measure whether people persist in self-cultivation and the extent of their achievements in self-cultivation. As a method of self-cultivation, "careful independence" not only played an important role in ancient moral practice, but also has an important role in today's socialist moral construction. Important practical value.
Newer explanation
This explanation is the opinion held by some scholars who specialize in ancient Chinese philosophy and Confucianism. " means to uphold or firmly maintain one's own moral nature and original intention. From the perspective of Kung Fu theory, "being cautious about independence" means how to "govern the body with the mind" when facing one's own body and mind; how to not be influenced by external things when facing the external world. And maintain moral consciousness. From a negative perspective, "Being cautious about independence" is a process of preventing and restraining the emergence and emergence of "self-immorality"; from a positive perspective, "Being cautious about being independent" is a process of maintaining and protecting "self" morality. The process of nature
The Qing people advocated the interpretation of "Shen" in "Shen Du" as "sincerity". Correspondingly, some people interpreted "Shen" as "body". For example, Chen Shuofu said: ""The Doctrine of the Mean" talks about Shen Du , that is, sincerity. " (See Wang Xianqian's "Explanation of the Collection of Xunzi·Bugou Chapter", Zhonghua Book Company, 1997)
Unique explanation:
The "said" in the "Five Elements" chapter comes from the relationship between the mourning system and The relationship of inner sadness explains "The son returns home and is sent far away into the wild" in "Poetry·Beifeng·Yanyan". The poem "Looking beyond reach, weeping like rain" says: "If you can send your feathers to the pond, you will be able to mourn." That's right. Those who make mistakes are not in vain. If you are no longer in decline, you will be able to mourn. When the husband is mourning, he is in mourning and mourning. He who talks about what is inside should not be outside. This is called independence. Those who are alone are those who give up their bodies. "In addition, there are also sayings of "giving up one's body and focusing on one's mind" and "giving up one's body and being careful about one's mind, which is called independence." Clearly define "heart" as "independence", or use "heart" as "independence" .
Chapter "Xunzi: Being Strict": "A gentleman's heart is not only good at sincerity, but sincerity has nothing else to do." Only benevolence is maintained, and righteousness is changed and prospered. This is called heavenly virtue. The sky does not say anything, but people think it is high; the earth does not say anything, but people think it is thick; the four seasons do not say anything, but the people think highly of it. ... I am obeying my fate to be careful of being alone. Those who are good are the Tao. If they are not sincere, they will not be independent, and if they are not independent, they will not be visible... Being honest is what a gentleman should abide by, and the foundation of government affairs is to live in the same kind. "
Among Ming Confucians, there are:
Liu Zongzhou: "Sages and sages have said thousands of words about the essence and Kung Fu, but they can never be separated from the word shendu. Du is the essence of the nature of destiny. To be cautious and independent means to learn as much as possible. "(Volume 5 of "The Complete Book of Liu Zi" "The Essentials of Shengxue Zong? Prince Yangming")
"There is no essence other than independence, and there is no Kung Fu except being cautious and independent. " ("The First Chapter of the Doctrine of the Mean" in Volume 8 of "The Complete Book of Liu Zi")
"The power of being cautious and independent can only be recognized everywhere when it is revealed to the original heart, so that the whole body becomes enlightened and harmonious with heaven and earth. ” (Volume 6 of "Liu Zi Quan Shu" "Miscellaneous Explanations of Zheng Xue")
Shen's explanation:
"Zuo Zhuan": "Be cautious about one of them"
< p> "Book of Zhou": "Prudence is the defense of virtue. "Keep it pure to the end""Three Virtues" from Shangbo Slips: "A gentleman is not careful about his virtues", "Be careful about his virtues", "Everyone is careful about his measures and does not lose his way"
"Chengzhiwenzhi" chapter: "Respect and be careful to guard it, and the place where it is will enter", "Speak carefully and seek it from yourself, and you can always obey the sky. ...Therefore, a gentleman should be careful about the six positions in order to offer sacrifices to Heaven."
"Han Feizi·Jie Lao": "Today, if you treat the body without treating external objects, you cannot disturb its spirit. The truth is that prudence is solid. If you cultivate your body, your virtue will be true.
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"The Way of Being an Official" from Shuihudi Qin Slips: "The way to be an official must be clear and upright, prudent and firm, and selfless in review."
From the above " Some important points can be drawn from some use cases of "scrupulous": first, "scrupulous" and "shou" are directly used together, and "scrupulous" can be interpreted as "persistence" (or "focus"); second, "scrupulous" and "shou" are directly used together. "Gu" and "Strong" are used together, and "Shen" means to maintain firmly; thirdly, according to the meaning of the sentence, "Shen" can be interpreted as "keep"; fourthly, "Shen" focuses on people's "Heart" and "innerness" According to these points, the "scrupity" of "shendu" can be completely changed from "maintain", "respect", "respect", "focus", "persistence" and "persistence". Defined in a similar sense, this should be the exact meaning of "Shen" in "Shendu" 4. How to learn classical Chinese by yourself
It is not easy to learn classical Chinese well, as you face such boring words every day. , so be mentally prepared. Here are some of my suggestions:
1. First of all, learning a dictionary of any language is essential, and classical Chinese is no exception, so you have to go. Buy a good and authoritative classical Chinese dictionary.
2. Then read more. When I started learning classical Chinese, I read the Chinese classics by myself. It is a type of classical Chinese. Reading these can not only interest you, but also improve your basic knowledge of classical Chinese.
3. Memorize the usage of commonly used words and phrases. Ah, commonly used words with multiple meanings, different words from ancient to modern times, etc. I just use a special notebook to copy these common and practical words, which is very helpful, especially for exams. I got full marks in basic classical Chinese and sentence structure, etc. You need to get familiar with it as soon as possible. As long as you understand the way of thinking and speaking characteristics of the ancients, it will be easy to read.
4. I personally do not recommend memorizing it, but you still need to memorize some classic sentences, such as some. There are so many key points in a sentence, such as Chinese characters, ancient and modern meanings, etc. These sentences require strong memorization.
The above are my suggestions for learning classical Chinese. They are absolutely original and based on my own experience. Hope it helps.
PS: If the exam requires you to memorize a famous piece, you must definitely memorize it, just two words: classic!