This novel is one of the masterpieces of Soviet literature in the 1930s, both in ideological content and artistic form, and it is a book that people can't put down. In the former Soviet Union alone, this book was printed more than 600 times in 6 1 language, with a circulation of over 30 million copies. How steel is tempered teaches us how to live a meaningful life. Paul's pursuit of life, persistent dedication and firm belief in life are always worth learning.
Content overview
Paul Kochakin, born in a poor railway worker's family, lost his father in his early years and made a living entirely by his mother washing and cooking for others. He was expelled from school for spreading soot on the priest's flour. /kloc-when he was 0/2 years old, his mother sent him to the station canteen to do odd jobs and was humiliated there. He hates shopkeepers who bully the poor, and he hates rich people who spend their time drinking and drinking.
After the "October Revolution" broke out, imperialists and reactionaries attempted to strangle the nascent Soviet regime. Paul's hometown, Shebetoka, Ukraine, has also experienced years of foreign armed intervention and civil war. The Red Army liberated the town of Shebetovka, but it quickly retreated, leaving only the old Bush Viktojuk to do underground work in the town. He stayed at Paul's house for a few days and told him a lot about the revolution, the working class and class struggle. Zhu was the initial leader of Paolo on the revolutionary road. On a fishing trip, Paul met tonya, the daughter of a forestry official. One day, Zhu was captured by the white bandit troops. Paul inquired about his whereabouts everywhere. On the way of the bandit troops escorting Zhu, Paul swooped down, knocked the bandit troops down in the trench and escaped with Zhu. Paul was sent to prison because of the snitch of Victor, the son of Polish aristocrat Lizensky. In prison, Paul endured torture and was strong and unyielding. A second-class officer mistakenly released Paul as an ordinary prisoner in order to welcome Petriu, the "big leader" of the white bandits, to visit the town. Afraid of falling into the clutches again, he didn't dare to go home, so he involuntarily came to the front of tonya's garden and jumped into it. Because Paul saved Niya on his last fishing trip, and she liked his "passionate and stubborn" personality, so her arrival made her very happy. Paul also thinks that tonya is different from other rich girls. They all feel hazy love. In order to take refuge, he agreed to tonya's request and stayed. A few days later, tonya found Paul's brother Aerjiaom, and he sent his brother to Khartoum to join the Red Army. Paul worked as a scout after joining the army and later became a cavalry. He is an able man who dares to charge on the battlefield and an excellent political propagandist. He especially likes reading Gadfly, Spartacus and other works, and often reads aloud or tells stories to his comrades. In a fierce battle, his head was badly injured, but he overcame his death with tenacious perseverance. His physical condition prevented him from returning to the front, so he immediately devoted himself to restoring and building the country. He worked in the league, eliminated counter-revolutionaries and devoted himself to hard manual labor. In particular, the work of building railways is particularly difficult; Autumn rain, mud, heavy snow, frozen soil, lack of clothes and food, open-air accommodation, but also attacked by armed bandits and threatened by disease. During this period, his love with tonya was in crisis, and tonya's vulgar individualism disgusted him. When I saw her again when I was building the railway, she had married a rich engineer. When Paul was the secretary of the Youth League Committee in the railway factory, he had frequent contact with Lida, a member of the Youth League Committee. However, Paul resisted his feelings for Lida with the spirit of "the gadfly". Later, he mistakenly thought that Lida's brother was her lover, so he made up his mind to break off their feelings and lost the opportunity to fall in love with her.
At the end of the road construction work, Paul got typhoid fever and caused pneumonia, so the organization had to send Paul back to his hometown to recuperate. On the way, Paul was falsely reported dead, but Paul defeated death for the fourth time and returned to the world. After his illness, he returned to work and joined the party. Due to various injuries and selfless work, Paul's physique is getting worse and worse, and he has lost his ability to work. The party organization had to terminate his work and let him stay in hospital for a long time. While recuperating at the seaside, he came across Daya, a female migrant worker, and fell in love. While constantly helping Daya to make progress, Paul began to study tenaciously and improve his writing ability. 1927, Paul was completely paralyzed and then became blind. The raging disease finally bound the soldier full of fighting passion to the hospital bed. Paul once had suicidal thoughts, but he soon got out of the trough. This paralyzed, blind man with no writing experience began his heroic career-literary creation. Paul endured great physical and mental pain. First, he writes in a cardboard box. Six months later, the written manuscript was lost when a friend sent it back, and Paul was once depressed. Later, he pulled himself together, dictated by himself and asked someone to record it for him. With the help of his mother and wife, the novel Born in the Storm written with life was finally published! The iron ring of life has been completely shattered, and Paul picked up new weapons and started a new life.
Brief introduction of the author
The author ostrovsky is a cavalry of the Soviet Red Army. 1920 was seriously injured in a battle in the Soviet civil war in the autumn. At the age of 23, he was completely paralyzed. At the age of 24, he was blind and suffered from myelosclerosis. But his perseverance is amazing. He asked someone to write this novel according to his own story through dictation.
After the novel was written, it was rejected by the publishing house many times, and through the efforts of friends, it was serialized in the magazine Young Guards from 1 1 932 to 1934. The novel was snubbed by critics, but it was sought after by readers. 1935, Mi Korsoff published a report introducing ostrovsky in the Soviet Pravda, which caused a national sensation. In June 65438+in the same year 10, ostrovsky was awarded the highest honor of the country-the Lenin Medal. In the next two years, the novel was reprinted fifty times in various languages.
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The characters in the book
Pavel Colta King (nickname: Paul Fu Lusha Paovka)
Celessa Bruzak-Paul's childhood friend, a Red Army soldier and secretary of the Communist Youth League Committee.
Valeria Ruzsak-Xie brought her sister, a Communist Youth League member.
Lida Ustinovich, a staff member of the Political Department of the Red Army Division, is a member of the Standing Committee of the Youth League Committee.
Ivan Zarki, Red Army soldier and secretary of the Youth League Committee.
IGAD pankratov-Docker, Communist Youth League Secretary of the Freight Station.
Nikolai okunev-Secretary of the Youth League Committee of the Machine Repair Factory, Secretary of the Youth League Committee of * * *
Fyodor Zhu Laihe-sailor, underground worker of the Party, chairman of the provincial committee for eliminating counter-revolutionaries, and deputy director of the secret service department of the military region.
Dorynnik Carpenter, the underground worker of the Party, and the chairman of the Municipal Revolutionary Committee.
Achim-* * Secretary of the Communist Youth League Provincial Committee and Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League of Ukraine.
Tokarev, an old locksmith, captain of the road construction team and secretary of the district party committee.
Alexander Puzyrevski-Leader of the Red Army
Old Bolshevik
Aerjiaom Kochakin-Paul's brother, fitter, chairman of the city Soviet.
Politowski-Train Driver
Zahar Ruzsak-Xie took his father, the co-driver of the train.
Maria Yakovlev —— Paul's mother
Daya Kochakina (nickname: Dayusha)-female worker, Paul's wife.
Tonia Tu Mannova-Paul's boyhood girlfriend, the daughter of a forestry official.
Dmitry Dubawa-* * * Secretary of the Communist Youth League District Committee, Trotskyite
Volodya Tufta-* * Minister of Registration and Distribution Department of the Communist Youth League Provincial Committee, Trotskyite.
Cvita's-Trotskyite, Secretary of the Communist Youth League Committee of the Railway Factory.
Father Vasily, member of Ukrainian Social Revolutionary Party, counter-revolutionary.
Victor Lescinsky-Polish hereditary aristocrat, middle school student and informer.
Petriura-bandit leader
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theme
How Steel was Tempered is an excellent novel that describes the growth process of new people and reveals their excellent qualities. When a British journalist asked the author why he named this book How Steel was Tempered, ostrovsky replied, "Steel is cast and quenched in fire. Only in this way can we become hard and not afraid of anything. Our generation was also tempered in such struggles and arduous tests, and learned not to be decadent in front of life. " This title vividly summarizes the ideological content he wants to express; The growth path and ideological character of my generation.
The novel tells people through Paul Kochakin's growth path that only by defeating the enemy in the hardships of the revolution can we defeat ourselves, and only by linking our pursuit with the interests of the motherland and the people can we create miracles and grow into an iron warrior. Revolutionaries are tempered into steel in struggle, which is an important theme of the novel. By revealing Paul's resolute character of daring to overcome any difficulties and hardships for the cause of the party and the people, the novel vividly tells the younger generation what is the proletarian ideal and how to work hard for it. What kind of life revolutionary soldiers should lead is another theme of the novel. What Paul said when he visited the cemetery of his female comrade-in-arms, Valen, is a confession of his materialistic outlook on life and also an exposition of the theme of the novel: "Life is the most precious thing for a person, and life belongs to him only once. This is how people should spend their lives; When he looks back on the past, he will not regret wasting his time, nor will he be ashamed of being mediocre; In this way, when he dies, he can say,' My life and all my energy have been devoted to the most magnificent cause in the world-the struggle for the liberation of mankind.' The theme of the novel can be summarized as follows: one's life should be spent like Paul Kochakin.
Artistic feature
How Steel was Tempered is an autobiographical novel. Many stories in the novel come from the author's personal experience, so it is more real and touching to read. However, the author does not stick to the facts of life, and does a lot of typical treatment of characters and plots. How the Steel was Tempered, like Gorky's autobiographical trilogy, has made an important contribution to the innovation of autobiographical novels.
The whole description of the novel revolves around the growth of the protagonist, with a compact and natural structure. When portraying the hero's character, he also shows his excellent qualities from different aspects. By describing how Paul views prison, war, work, friendship, love, illness and setbacks, that is, how to view revolution and personal, public and private, life and death and other major issues, the image of Paul as a steel soldier is particularly full, vivid and radiant.
Wonderful sayings
Life is the most precious thing for people. Everyone has only one life. A person's life should be spent like this: looking back, he will not regret wasting his time, nor will he be ashamed of doing nothing; On his deathbed, he can say, "My life and all my energy have been devoted to the most magnificent cause in the world-the struggle for the liberation of all mankind."
Character image
The greatest achievement of the novel How Steel was Tempered is to successfully create a typical image of Paul Kochakin, a new industrialist who was trained by the Bollvik Party and tempered in the bonfire of revolution and hard environment. He wrote a magnificent poem for the party and the people with his class stand of distinguishing love from hatred, lofty moral outlook, high revolutionary passion, magical vitality and iron will.
Paul is a self-conscious and selfless revolutionary fighter. He always puts the interests of the party and the motherland first. In the war years of blood and fire, Paul and his brothers galloped on the battlefield together, fighting bloody battles with foreign armed meddlers and white bandit troops to defend the Soviet regime, showing their dedication to the revolutionary cause and not being afraid of sacrifice. In those difficult years of healing the wounds of war and restoring the national economy, he devoted himself to peaceful labor with all his enthusiasm. Although he used to be an iron horse with blood, he didn't take credit and didn't consider personal fame and fortune. He just wants to do more for the party and the people. The party asked him to build the railway, and he went; The party wanted him to be a league cadre, but he went and was killed. He can even sacrifice love for the revolution. He loved Ada, but influenced by the gadfly, he wanted to "devote himself completely to the revolutionary cause", so he left without saying goodbye in the form of gadfly. After paralysis and blindness, all he needs in life is to continue working for the party. As he said, "all my life and energy have been dedicated to the most magnificent cause in the world-the struggle for the liberation of mankind."
Paul is a staunch revolutionary fighter who has withstood severe tests in all aspects of his life. In the face of the enemy's torture, he is firm and indomitable; On the battlefield of bullets, he went forward bravely; In the struggle against diseases that devoured life, he discouraged death many times and created a miracle of "coming back to life". In particular, he struggled to climb the palace of art from the time of his death, showing the highest realm that a revolutionary soldier's iron will can reach.
Paul is also a hero who sees greatness from the ordinary. There is nothing earth-shattering in his resume. He always starts with the most common things. Faced with the heavy blow of the disease, he also had the idea of suicide. It was in his heroic passion to fight the disease that he contained the danger of "Left" infantilism. Paul finally realized that his behavior of not caring for his body could not be called heroic behavior, but willfulness and irresponsibility. Therefore, Paul is great and ordinary. He is an iron warrior who gradually matured in the fire of revolution, and he is a true and affectionate example.
Paul is also a typical autobiographical image based on the author himself. The author describes Paul according to his own life experience and real feelings. So Paul's touching story is not an artistic fiction, but basically a true story, which is more touching because it is true. However, the author opposes to regard this novel as the author's autobiography completely, because "this is a novel, not a biography". He concentrated the thoughts and personality characteristics of many similar figures in his contemporaries on Paul in a typical way. He said: "In this book, I am not writing about Paul Kochakin alone, but about millions of men and women who are searching for gold and fighting for their own happiness!" Paul's image is both autobiographical and sketchy. He is the most outstanding and typical representative of the socialist young generation.
Major achievements
The greatest achievement of the novel How Steel was Tempered is to successfully create a typical image of Paul Kochakin, a new industrialist who was trained by the Bollvik Party and tempered in the bonfire of revolution and hard environment. He wrote a magnificent poem for the party and the people with his class stand of distinguishing love from hatred, lofty moral outlook, high revolutionary passion, magical vitality and iron will.
Paul is a self-conscious and selfless revolutionary fighter. He always puts the interests of the party and the motherland first. In the war years of blood and fire, Paul and his brothers galloped on the battlefield together, fighting bloody battles with foreign armed meddlers and white bandit troops to defend the Soviet regime, showing their dedication to the revolutionary cause and not being afraid of sacrifice. In those difficult years of healing the wounds of war and restoring the national economy, he devoted himself to peaceful labor with all his enthusiasm. Although he used to be an iron horse with blood, he didn't take credit and didn't consider personal fame and fortune. He just wants to do more for the party and the people. The party asked him to build the railway, and he went; The party wanted him to be a league cadre, but he went and was killed. He can even sacrifice love for the revolution. He loved Ada, but influenced by the gadfly, he wanted to "devote himself completely to the revolutionary cause", so he left without saying goodbye in the form of gadfly. After paralysis and blindness, all he needs in life is to continue working for the party. As he said, "all my life and energy have been dedicated to the most magnificent cause in the world-the struggle for the liberation of mankind."
Paul is a staunch revolutionary fighter who has withstood severe tests in all aspects of his life. In the face of the enemy's torture, he is strong and unyielding; On the battlefield of bullets, he went forward bravely; In the struggle against diseases that devoured life, he discouraged death many times and created a miracle of "coming back to life". In particular, he struggled to climb the palace of art from the time of his death, showing the highest realm that a revolutionary soldier's iron will can reach.
Paul is also a hero who sees greatness from the ordinary. There is nothing earth-shattering in his resume. He always starts with the most common things. Faced with the heavy blow of the disease, he also had the idea of suicide. It was in his heroic passion to fight the disease that he contained the danger of "Left" infantilism. Paul finally realized that his behavior of not caring for his body could not be called heroic behavior, but willfulness and irresponsibility. Therefore, Paul is great and ordinary. He is an iron warrior who gradually matured in the fire of revolution. He is a true and affectionate role model. Paul is also a typical autobiographical image based on the author himself. The author describes Paul according to his own life experience and real feelings.
So Paul's touching story is not an artistic fiction, but basically a true story, which is more touching because it is true. However, the author opposes to regard this novel as the author's autobiography completely, because "this is a novel, not a biography". He concentrated the thoughts and personality characteristics of many similar figures in his contemporaries on Paul in a typical way. He said: "In this book, I am not writing about Paul Kochakin alone, but about millions of men and women who are searching for gold and fighting for their own happiness!" Paul's image is both autobiographical and sketchy. He is the most outstanding and typical representative of the socialist young generation.
Movies and TV programs
This novel has been made into movies and TV series many times.
1942, the Soviet Union filmed the film How Steel was Tempered on the basis of the first film How Steel was Tempered.
1957, the Soviet Union filmed Pavel Colta King according to the second part of How Steel was Tempered.
1999, Chinese mainland adapted a TV play of the same name based on the original book How Steel was Tempered, in which many Ukrainian actors were used and dubbed in Chinese. This is the first Soviet TV series adapted by China. The broadcast in 2000 was very popular. Screenwriters: Liang, etc. Chief Director: Han Gang. The play won 18 China TV Golden Eagle Award and the 20th China TV drama Flying Award.
Main content: The novel takes Paul's life experience as a clue, showing the vast historical picture of Soviet Russia and the people's hard struggle life from 19 15 to 1930.
Reading experience
This is a novel with lofty idealism;
(2) Successfully created pavel korchagin's proletarian hero image;
(3) novels are mainly narrative and description, including inner monologues, letters and diaries, aphorisms and so on. Interspersed among them, the characters are lifelike.
④ The description of scenery, psychology and environment in the novel is also excellent, with concise and beautiful language and expressive force. Character image-typical plot-personality characteristics: Pavel Colta King worked as a child laborer and was tortured and insulted at the lowest level of society since he was a child. Later, under the influence of Zhu, he gradually embarked on the revolutionary road. After that, he experienced a series of life challenges and made himself stronger and stronger. Even when the injury mercilessly took away his health and forced him to lie in the hospital bed, he still did not give in to fate, but wrote with tenacious perseverance and practiced his life oath in another way. Has the spirit of dedication to the ideal, the iron will and the noble quality of tenacious struggle.