Before the imperial examination system:
Before Qin Dynasty, the system of "Shi Qing Shi Lu" was implemented, and then the system of military titles was gradually introduced. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the emperor enfeoffed the world. On Zhou Li's imperial examination map, social class is clear. Managing the country is the responsibility of emperors, governors, ministers and scholars at all levels. And all walks of life are inherited by blood. During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the stable system began to collapse, so talents outside the system such as "Ke Qing" and "Diners" appeared to serve the monarchs of various countries.
In the Han Dynasty, the enfeoffment system was gradually abolished and the centralization of the emperor was strengthened. In order to govern the country, the emperor needs to promote folk talents. At that time, the procuratorial system and the collection system were adopted. The former is that local governments at all levels recommend talents with both ability and political integrity, while the latter is that the central and local governments collect talents from the society. Those elected by the state are called Jinshi, and those elected by the county are called dutiful sons. The inspection system lacks objective selection criteria. Although there is a system of sitting together, there are selfish local officials and false referees in the later period. Expropriation system also has various drawbacks.
When Wei Wendi (Cao Pi) was in power, Chen Qun established a nine-class Zheng Zhi system. Private talents were assessed by specific officials of the central government according to their origins and moral character, and were divided into nine-class employees. This system was used in the Jin and Six Dynasties. The Jiupin Zheng Zhi system is an improvement on the procuratorial supervision system, which mainly transfers the procuratorial supervision power from local officials to officials appointed by the central government. However, this system is always based on the selection of talents by local officials. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the clan was powerful, which often affected the Zheng Zheng government's evaluation of officials' talents. Later, the standard was even limited to family background. So there is a phenomenon of "no poverty in the top grade and no gentry in the bottom grade". It not only blocked the talents of the people, but also allowed the clan to control the personnel of the court and affected the power of the emperor.
After the imperial examination system:
Sui dynasty, the establishment of imperial examination system. During the great cause years, Yang Di also established Ming Jing, Imperial Examination and Imperial Examination, which marked the official birth of the imperial examination system. At that time, the main test of current affairs strategy was a political paper about the political life of the country at that time, which was called test strategy. Although it was a pioneering period, there was no system, but this method of selecting candidates by subjects and trying to choose by strategy closely combined reading, taking exams and being an official, which opened a new page in the election history of China.
The Tang Dynasty can be said to be the perfection of the imperial examination system. Examination subjects in the Tang Dynasty are divided into two categories: regular subjects and system subjects. The exams held in stages every year are called regular classes, and the temporary exams held by the emperor are called making classes. There are more than 50 regular subjects such as Scholar, Ming Jing, Jinshi, Gentleman, Faming, Zi Ming and Shu Ming. Among them, Faming, Shu Ming, Ziming and other subjects are not taken seriously.
-The Ming Classics and Jinshi subjects were initially only trial measures, and the content of the examination was Confucian Classics or current affairs. Later, although the examination subjects of the two subjects changed, the basic spirit was that scholars paid more attention to poetry and fu, and Ming Classics paid more attention to classics and ink meaning. The so-called paste is to open a page of scripture at will, cover the left and right sides, only open a line in the middle, and then cover the three words with paper paste for participants to fill in. Mo Yi is a simple written test of biblical words. As long as you are familiar with classics and annotations, you can try, while poetry and prose need to be literary. It is very difficult to be the first in the middle school, so there was a saying at that time that "30-year-old students learn classics and 50-year-old students learn less".
-the draft in the Tang dynasty depends not only on the test results, but also on the recommendations of various people. As a result, candidates rushed to the doors of officials and dedicated their masterpieces to them, calling them papers. What is thrown to does is called official paper, and what is thrown to dignitaries is called writing paper.
-The Tang Dynasty also had martial arts. Wushu began in 702 AD when Wu Zetian was in Chang 'an for two years. Ying Wuju candidates are "xianggong", Ministry of War examination. The examination subjects include horse shooting, step shooting, flat shooting, carbine, weight wrestling and so on. "The person who ranks highest is awarded an official position and then promoted to the next level." In the Tang Dynasty, the most famous martial arts champion was Guo Ziyi.
Song dynasty, the reform of imperial examination system. Jinshi in Song Dynasty was divided into three classes: the first class was called Jinshi and Jinshi; Second-class said that Jinshi was born; A third-class scholar. Due to the expansion of the admission scope, the number of places has also doubled. In the Tang Dynasty, there were no more than 20 or 30 scholars, ranging from a few to more than a dozen. As many as 200 to 300 people, or even 500 to 600 people, were admitted at one time in the Song Dynasty. Candidates who fail the exam repeatedly are allowed to sign up for the attached exam when they meet the emperor's exam, which is called the special name. You can also ask the emperor to have mercy, grant birth qualifications and appoint officials to set a precedent for future generations.
-The imperial examinations in the Song Dynasty also made great reforms in the examination contents. The imperial examination in Song Dynasty basically followed the Tang system, and scholars attached classics, ink and poetry to the imperial examination, which had great disadvantages. Scholars take phonology as their service, ignorant in ancient and modern times; Ming Jing only memorizes and recites widely, but its meaning is useless learning. After Wang Anshi took part in politics, he began to reform the contents of the imperial examination, abolished poetry and fu, attached classics and ink meaning, and paid attention to selecting scholars through righteousness, reason and strategy. The so-called Confucian classics, similar to theory, is a short essay, which is limited to using the sentences in Confucian classics as the topic and using the meaning in Confucian classics to play. Wang Anshi's reform of examination content lies in the application of Confucian classics. In the eighth year of Xining, Song Shenzong ordered the abolition of poetry and fu, the posting of scriptures, and the selection of scholars by ink, and awarded Wang Anshi's New Meanings of Three Classics and On Choosing Scholars. The Book of Changes, The Book of Songs, Zhou Li and The Book of Rites are called great classics, while The Analects of Confucius and Mencius are called concurrently classics, and they are designated as required books for scholars. It is stipulated that there are four examinations for Jinshi: one is the Great Classics, the other is the Two Classics, the third is the Theory, and the last is the Strategy. The palace exam is limited to 1000 words or more. Wang Anshi's political reform was opposed by Su Shi and others. Later, with the change of political struggle, the new meanings of the Three Classics were cancelled, and sometimes poetry and prose were tested, sometimes classics were tested, and sometimes both were changed.
In Yuan Dynasty, the imperial examination system declined. Basically, it follows the Song Dynasty, and describes the text with the titles of "Jing Yi" and "Jing Yi". Imperial examinations are divided into local provincial examinations, general examinations in the capital and court examinations. In the Yuan Dynasty, only one subject was tested in the imperial examination, but it was divided into about two lists. On the right list are Mongolian and Semu exams; There are only two exams in the township entrance examination, and the requirements are relatively simple. The left list was taken by Han people and southerners, and there were three provincial exams, which were relatively strict. The list of candidates who have obtained the rural examination and the general examination is distributed by race.
-Examining scholars with four books is a precedent set by the Yuan Dynasty.
Variation of imperial examination system in ming dynasty. The official imperial examinations in the Ming Dynasty were divided into three grades: after having obtained a local examination, the senior high school entrance examination and palace examination. The rural examination is a local examination held by the southern and northern Zhili provinces and ministries. The location is in the south, where the Beijing government and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs are stationed. Held once every three years, it is every child, noon, Mao, and unitary years, also known as. The examination place is called Gong Yuan. The examination period is in August of autumn, so it is also called Autumn Wei. Candidates and invigilators in this province can take the exam. There are two examiners, four co-examiners, one transfer, and several other officials who preside over the provincial examination. The exam was divided into three sessions, which were held on August 9th,12nd and15th respectively. Jurors in rural areas are commonly known as Lian Xiao, and their first name is Xie Yuan. Tang Yin won the first place after having obtained the provincial examination, so he was called Tang Jieyuan. After passing the provincial examination, it is called B list, also called B section. When the list was released, it was sweet-scented osmanthus, so it was also called Guibang. After the announcement, the governor presided over a banquet. During the dinner, Luming Literature was sung and Kuixing Dance was performed.
-Examination is a national examination presided over by the Ministry of Rites, also known as the Ministry of Rites. It was held in the second year of the rural examination, that is, every day, every day and every year. The national juren will take the exam in Beijing, and the exam time is in February of spring, so it is called the end of spring. There are also three exams, held on February 9th,12nd and15th. Because the final exam is a higher-level exam, the number of examiners is twice that of the provincial exam. Officials such as examiners, examiners and transfer officials are all senior officials. The examiner is called the chairman, also known as the seat owner or seat teacher. Gong, commonly known as Gong Chu, is called Mingjing, and his first name is Huiyuan.
-palace examination was held in the year after the exam, which was originally on the first day of March. Ming Xianzong Chenghua eight years, until March 15th. The candidate is Gong. The palace test did not fail, but was rescheduled by the emperor. The court exam, presided over by the emperor himself, only tests current affairs. After the palace exam, I will read the papers the next day and release the results the next day. Admission is divided into three classes: first-class and third-class, respectively, for Jinshi and top scholar Ding, runner-up and flower exploration runner-up, collectively known as Sandingjia. Second, I am a scholar, and third, I am a scholar. Second, the first of the top three is called biography. A, B and A are collectively referred to as Jinshi. Jinshi list is called Jiabang, or Jiake. The Jinshi list is written in yellow paper, so it is called Huang Jia, also known as the Golden List, and the sergeant base is called the champion.
Examination content: the first eight-part essay of the rural examination and general examination in Ming Dynasty. Whether you can be admitted depends mainly on the quality of the eight-part essay. Therefore, the average reader often spends his whole life on eight-part essay. Eight-part essay takes the sentences in the Four Books and Five Classics as the topic, and can only explain the meaning according to the meaning of the topic. The wording should be in the tone of the ancients, that is, the so-called generation of sages. The format is also dead. The structure has certain procedures, the number of words is limited, and the syntax requires duality. Eight-part essay is also called Zhi Yi, Zhi Yi, Shi Wen, Barbie and Si. Eight-part essay is an article composed of eight pairs, generally divided into six paragraphs. Use the first sentence to solve the problem, two sentences to bear the problem, and then explain the reason, that is, the origin. The main part of the eight-part essay consists of four parts: initial sharing, middle sharing, post-sharing and binding sharing, each of which has two paragraphs. At the end of the article, a big knot is used, which is called a big knot. Eight-part essay evolved from Confucian classics in Song Dynasty (mainly from Zhu Zhu's notes). Eight-part essay is extremely harmful, which seriously fetters people's thoughts, is a tool to maintain feudal autocratic rule, and also leads the imperial examination system itself into a dead end. Gu, a famous scholar at the end of the Ming Dynasty, said indignantly, "Eight-part essay is prosperous but six classics are weak, eighteen rooms are prosperous and twenty-one histories are abolished". He added, "I think stereotyped writing is more harmful than burning books."
Qing dynasty, the demise of the imperial examination system. The imperial examination system in the Qing Dynasty was basically the same as that in the Ming Dynasty, but the policy of ethnic discrimination was implemented. Manchu people enjoy all kinds of privileges, and it is not necessary to pass the imperial examination to be an official. Before Yongzheng, the imperial examinations in Qing Dynasty were divided into two lists: Manchu and Chinese. The standard-bearer enjoys a special advantage in the provincial examination and the general examination, and only one translator is tested, which is called the translation department. In the future, although Manchu and Chinese took the exam together, Han people still took the most exams.
In order to qualify for the official imperial examination, the Qing people had to take the children's examination first. Those who take the children's exam are called Confucian scholars or children's students, and they are called students after entering school (there are official schools, state schools and county schools in Qing Dynasty, collectively referred to as Confucianism). Confucianism and Confucius Temple are called Gong Xue together. Students are disciplined by instructors (professors, scholars, teachers and instructors) as soon as they enter the school.
-The imperial examination is divided into three levels: after having obtained the provincial examination, the senior high school entrance examination and palace examination.
-all kinds of exams mainly test eight-part essays and try to paste poems. The title of the eight-part essay comes from the four books and five classics, which is slightly similar to the Confucian classics in the Song Dynasty, but the wording should be the tone of the ancients, the so-called generation of sages. The structure has certain procedures, the number of words is limited, and the syntax requires parallelism, also known as Babiwen, Shi Wen, Shi Yi and Zhi Yi.
-The content of the imperial examination is mainly eight-part essay. Eight-part essay mainly examines the contents of Confucian classics, poems, books, rites, changes and the Spring and Autumn Period, and chooses certain topics to write in the Five Classics. The title and writing style have certain formats. Stereotyped writing has four paragraphs, and each paragraph must have a parallelism sentence. A paragraph with parallelism is called four strokes, and later it is called eight shares. Eight-part essay was very important at that time, which was related to whether a person could be promoted or not, and whether he could be promoted in the imperial examination. Therefore, it is said in the novel: "Today, the article is heavy, and it is not necessary to talk about Han and Tang Dynasties." "Han" refers to the articles of the Han Dynasty, while "Tang" refers to the Tang poems, articles of the Han Dynasty and poems and songs of the Tang Dynasty, which are not as important as the eight-part essay valued by emperors today. Eight-part essay was very important at that time. So people at that time were preoccupied with eight-part essay, and only eight-part essay could knock on the door of imperial examination.
They are all excerpts from Baidu /view/5 138.htm, but they are all key parts.