1 Generally speaking, scene description is mainly to show the environment in which characters move and make readers immerse themselves in the situation.
1. Explain the time and place where the story takes place, and reveal the historical background of the work
2. Exaggerate the atmosphere and highlight the character’s mood
3. Show the character’s personality< /p>
4. Promote the development of the plot
5. Use scenes to express emotions and blend scenes
Generally, to judge whether it is foreshadowing is to see whether it is connected with the following text. General questions When asked about the role of scene description, it will have the function of foreshadowing. The teacher will give you marks based on whether you found the right one and whether you found all the objects that were foreshadowed. When answering, just put the above five points into the group, but it must be combined with the specific article.
Foreshadowing, a foil for things to come. For example, Lu Xun wrote in "Kong Yiji": "After the Mid-Autumn Festival, the autumn wind is getting cooler day by day, and it is almost early winter; I have been relying on the fire all day, and I have to put on a cotton-padded jacket." Here in the article, through the description of the natural environment , implying that the weather was already very cold at that time (the autumn wind is getting colder and colder, and it is early winter, relying on the fire and wearing a cotton-padded jacket), which pave the way for the tragic experience of Kong Yiji written below. For another example, Wang Zhousheng's work "This Is Not a Meteor" begins with "I" and my child watching a bear show in the gymnasium. The child was extremely excited when the bear appeared. "I" was surprised, and the reader was also curious: Why did the child see a familiar bear? Would you be so excited? Then the child wanted the bear to die, which was even more shocking. "I" scolded the child, which made the child feel wronged, and then he revealed the hidden secret buried deep in the child's heart: he wanted to make bearskin gloves for his grandma. The reader suddenly realizes this and is sincerely excited by the child's simple and innocent heart. The object "bear" provides an excellent foreshadowing for the development of the storyline.
Writing characteristics: Different articles have different writing methods, thus forming their own characteristics. For example: they are both prose, some focus on lyricism, some focus on narrative; they are also descriptions of characters, some focus on language (dialogue) description, and some focus on psychological description.
When people analyze and appreciate an article, one of the basic skills is to find out the writing characteristics of the article. Different styles, different authors, have different writing characteristics. This requires more hours of lectures. There are too many. The best way is to buy a paper and read the answers to the reading questions.
The main content is a brief summary of an article or a book.
First of all, you must understand what the story is mainly about. Generally, keep the beginning and end of the article, and then the key paragraphs of the article. Remove physical descriptions, metaphors, and personified sentences. For metaphors, remove the likeness behind it and keep the former. For personification, remove the intended object and the words that modify the object, and keep the others. Remove unimportant paragraphs. Sometimes you need to add a transitional sentence to make it smoother. If you can cover it in one sentence, just mention it. In short, the most important thing is the central paragraph.
To summarize the plot of the novel, it is the cause, process, climax and result. Just write it down simply.
The methods of appreciating articles and poems are different. Moreover, the emphasis of appreciation is different, and the methods are also different. Generally, there are two types: writing technique and article content.
Appreciating articles
How to appreciate articles In modern literary reading, the ability to evaluate and appreciate is the highest level of reading ability and belongs to creative thinking. Evaluating and appreciating the ideological content of an article requires being able to judge whether the article's views are correct, whether the understanding is comprehensive, whether the discussion is thorough, and whether the feelings are healthy. The key to correctly evaluating the ideological content of appreciation works is to have high ideological and theoretical qualities. In addition, we must pay attention to the following four points: ① It must be based on comprehensive and in-depth reading analysis; ② The article must be evaluated comprehensively and dialectically; ③ The evaluation must be well-founded; ④ The evaluation must be specific, sufficient, in-depth, and not vague and general. Expression skills refer to the writing principles, rules and methods used in an article to express the content of the article. The evaluation and appreciation of expression skills is to analyze which expression techniques are used in the article, what content is expressed, what artistic effect is achieved, etc. The core of appreciation is aesthetics, that is, exploring the aesthetic factors in works to achieve some kind of aesthetic enjoyment. Compared with the analysis and appreciation of expression skills, different styles should be considered from different perspectives. Narratives (including prose) should be analyzed from the following aspects. ① From the perspective of expression methods: whether various expression methods can be used freely and flexibly; the choice of narrative person, the advantages of first person and second person; the arrangement of narrative sequence, the use and function of reverse narrative techniques; the characteristics of description (line drawing and detailed description) , delicate and vivid), psychological description, detailed description, scene description, etc. ② From the perspective of material selection and tailoring: look at the handling of the relationship between the material and the center, whether the primary and secondary details are appropriate; whether the material is typical, authentic, novel and powerful. ③From the perspective of expression techniques: whether the techniques of symbolism, contrast, foil, suppression first and then promotion, supporting objects to express aspirations, borrowing scenery to express emotions, etc. are used. ④ From the perspective of structural arrangement: each has its own characteristics whether it is the beginning or the end; the structure is tight, complete and well-proportioned; it provides foreshadowing and takes care of the front and rear; it sets up suspense, creates waves, starts and turns, and has twists and turns. ⑤ From the perspective of language use: whether the language is accurate, concise, vivid, and vivid; what unique language style it has (humorous, pungent, plain, natural, concise and lively, implicit and deep, etc.); what unique rhetorical techniques (metaphory, personification, etc.) are used , parallelism, exaggeration, synaesthesia, etc.).
Appreciating poetry
1. Appreciate the expressive "poetry eye" or "question eye". For example, in "Like a Dream" by Li Qingzhao, "It rained and the wind blew violently last night, and I couldn't get rid of the wine left in my deep sleep. I asked the person behind the curtain, but I saw that the crabapples were still the same. Do you know? Do you know? They should be green, fat, red, and thin." The whole word "Poetic Eyes" is "Green, fat, red and thin" is very expressive. Its expressive power is not only reflected in the vividness and appropriateness, such as using the word "fat" to write leaves, which not only means many and big, but also can be associated with the moist and bright shape, which is very accurate and concise; it is also reflected in the emotional integration, such as using "" The word "thin" is used to write flowers, which not only has the shape of being young and small, but also conveys a feeling of pity and pity. It matches the mood of the whole word to express a sentimental and sad mood.
Another example is Jia Dao's "Inscribed on Li Ning's Residence", "The neighbors are living together, and the grass path leads to the deserted garden. / Birds stay in the trees beside the pond, and monks knock on the door under the moon. / Cross the bridge to distinguish the wild colors, and move the stones Move the cloud root. / I have been here for a while, and I live up to my promise. "The word "you" in the title is "Tieye", which is the key to understanding the whole poem. Each couplet of the whole poem is closely linked to the word "secluded". The first couplet describes the "secluded" of the residence: living in a corner, quiet and no one, the grass paths are quiet, and the deserted gardens are sparse. The chin couplet and the neck couplet describe the "secretness" of the environment: the chin couplet sets off the tranquility with the sound, the birds are chirping on the trees by the pool, and the old monk knocks gently on the door under the bright moonlight, all of which further highlight the tranquility of the environment; the neck couplet When writing from night to day, I still focus on the environment, but my field of vision is much wider. I cross small bridges and walk around boulders. Along the way, everything is quiet and wild, and the poet's inner joy arises spontaneously. The last couplet reveals the poet's yearning for a secluded life.
It can be seen that to read poetry, grasp the "poetry eye" and the "question eye" are the key.
2. Analyze the ideological content of the poem. To correctly understand the ideological content of ancient poetry, the most fundamental thing is to learn to know people and the world. As Mr. Lu Xun said: "If you want to write an essay, it is best to take into account the entire article, the author's whole person, and the social state in which he lives. , this is more conclusive.” For example, in Li Qingzhao’s “Like a Dream”, we must connect with the background at that time: Li Qingzhao and Zhao Mingcheng had a deep relationship, but “not long after they got married, Mingcheng went on a long journey, and Yi Anshu "Can't bear to say goodbye" (Liu Yisheng's "Song Poems"), and analyze each question and answer, it is not difficult for us to understand the sentimental feelings of this poem, including the regret of loving flowers and cherishing spring, and the beauty of beauty that is easy to grow old. Sadness, but also the annoyance of missing someone, a few strands of melancholy and twists, "there are countless twists and turns hidden in the short frame". Therefore, when evaluating ancient poetry, one must learn to know people and the world, and grasp the tone and theme of poetry as a whole, which is the foundation for appreciating ancient poetry.
3. Explore the wonderful use of typical sentences. Ancient poems often quote allusions and use verses to arouse people's imagination with rich connotations. To appreciate ancient poetry, one must understand the origin and meaning of allusions and transformed verses, and discover the wonderful uses of allusions and verses in ancient poetry. For example, in Jiang Kui's "Yangzhou Slow", "The spring breeze has passed for ten miles, and all the shepherds and wheat are green." That is to say, Du Mu's poem "Ten Miles of Spring Breeze on Yangzhou Road" is used. The use here creates a sharp contrast between the prosperity of Yangzhou City in the past and the current depression, which makes the present more nostalgic. Exploring the wonderful use of classic sentences is the basis for accurately understanding ancient poetry.
4. Understand the expression effect of rhetorical techniques. In ancient poetry, due to the needs of image and lyricism, various artistic techniques are often used to express, the most important of which are metaphor, rise, personification, exaggeration, duality, repetition, foil, etc. The expression effect of these techniques is grasped , you can better understand the image of the poem and understand the author's feelings. For example, in He Zhizhang's "Ode to the Willow", "Jasper is made up as high as a tree, with thousands of green silk ribbons hanging down. I don't know who cut out the thin leaves, and the spring breeze in February is like scissors." The author abandons simple and intuitive description methods and breaks the traditional way of chanting things and expressing aspirations. The idea, unique imagination and clever metaphors create a novel image with a unique romantic color for us. Therefore, when appreciating ancient poetry, one must understand the rhetorical techniques and the specific images they refer to, in order to correctly understand and grasp the profound connotation of the poems.
5. Understand the artistic conception of ancient poetry. Artistic conception is the artistic realm reached by the work and the harmonious unity of the author's thoughts, feelings and life pictures. Understanding the artistic conception of ancient poetry is the highest level of appreciation, which allows appreciators to enjoy beauty, emotional edification, and spiritual purification, thereby actively and consciously creating and broadening the artistic realm of ancient poetry. To understand the artistic conception, we should pay attention to comparison, exploration and innovation, and association innovation. For example: Lu You's "Bu Suanzi? Ode to Plum Blossoms" and Fan Chengda's "Frost Sky Dawn Corner? Plum Blossoms" both focus on virtual writing, using plum blossoms as metaphors for people and using plum blossoms to express feelings, but their artistic conceptions are different. From the perspective of environment, Lu Ci chose a windy and rainy dusk to highlight the misery of the environment and establish the "lonely" image of plum blossoms; Fan Ci chose an environment of a snowy moonlit night for the plum blossoms in his works, highlighting the lonely image of plum blossoms. Judging from the author's emotional sustenance, after Lu Ci wrote the "lonely" image of plum blossoms, he used the two meanings of "alone" and "the same as before" to deepen the meaning that plum blossoms do not invite favors or seek flattery, bear the blows of wind and rain alone, and bear the loneliness of foxes alone. The subjective spirit of suffering. "There is no intention of struggling for spring, and all the flowers will be jealous." The author based on the characteristics of plum blossoms blooming before all flowers, and developed into the spiritual state of plum blossoms. She does not pursue blooming in spring, so as not to compete with the flowers for favor and beauty, and let the flowers bloom with them. Jealousy and willingness to suffer the cold alone give plum blossoms the noble sentiment of not seeking glory. "Still as before" further praises the plum blossom's noble, strong, and everlasting moral character. "Falling off", "turning into mud", and "crushing into dust" step by step intensify to imagine the tragic fate of plum blossoms, and in turn reveal the preciousness of "only the fragrance remains the same". The author expresses his ambition by chanting plum blossoms, and the flower personality is integrated into one.
The plum blossoms in Fan's poems do not have the multi-layered character of plum blossoms in Lu's poems. The poet uses "victorious" and "sorrowful" to express the charm of plum blossoms: extremely beautiful, but also extremely sad, and uses the feeling of a person leaning alone in a painting building. The image of plum blossoms contrasts with each other, exaggerating the sadness, and the image of plum blossoms is full of sadness and touchingness.
Understand the lyrical methods of ancient poems.
Most of them are lyrical poems. The lyrical methods can be divided into direct lyricism and indirect lyricism. The lyrical method of ancient poems is mainly indirect lyricism, that is, expressing the poet's thoughts and feelings through methods such as "expressing emotions through scenery" and "expressing ambitions through objects", and using scenes.
For example, in Su Shi's "Niannujiao? Chibi Nostalgic", the first part describes the "picturesque" scenery of the ancient battlefield in Chibi, and the second part is based on the scenery, thinking of making achievements here and being young and promising. The Confucian general Zhou Yu, and Zhou Yu thought of his relegated situation, thus expressing the poet's infinite emotion that his ideals could not be realized. Therefore, when we appreciate ancient poetry, we must understand: 1. What is written in this poem? People (including the author as the lyrical protagonist)? Where? What "objects" and "scenes" are written? 2. How to write - what techniques are used? 3. Why write these "objects" and "scenes" in this way? What effect does using this method have on expressing this kind of "emotion" and "ambition"?
Specifically speaking, we can start from two aspects: ideological content and artistic form:
1. Grasp the theme of poetry
(1) Resist foreign invasion and serve the country like Du Fu "Spring Hope" by Lu You, "The Storm on November 4th" by Lu You, and "Crossing the Lingding Ocean" by Wen Tianxiang;
(2) Condemn the rulers for their stupidity, such as Du Mu's "Po Qinhuai";< /p>
(3) Sympathy for the sufferings of the common people, such as Zhang Yanghao's "Sheep on the Hillside and Tong Caring for Ancient Times" and Bai Juyi's "Viewing the Cutting of Wheat";
(4) Expressing family affection, friendship, and love, such as Wang Bo's "Sending Du Shaofu to Shuzhou", Li Shangyin's "Untitled", Ma Zhiyuan's "Tianjingsha? Autumn Thoughts";
(5) Express the author's noble sentiments or the underlying truth (philosophy), Such as Zhu Xi's "Seeing the Book", Tao Yuanming's "Drinking", Du Fu's "Wang Yue", Wang Anshi's "Climbing Feilai Peak", Su Shi's "Shui Diao Ge Tou";
(6) Love Nature, praising the beauty of rivers and mountains, such as Bai Juyi's "Spring Journey to Qiantang Lake";
2. Appreciation of art forms
(1) Expressing feelings directly, such as Zhang Yanghao's "Sheep on the Hill? Tong Caring for Ancient Times" 》“When it prospers, the people suffer; when it dies, the people suffer! "At the end of Du Fu's "Song of Thatched Cottage Broken by the Autumn Wind", "There are tens of thousands of mansions, and the great shelter will make all the poor people in the world happy! Unmoved by wind and rain, it is as peaceful as a mountain. Alas! When I suddenly see this house in front of my eyes, my house alone will be broken down and frozen to death! "
(2) Scenes blend together, such as Du Fu's "Looking at the Mountains" "When you stand at the top of the mountain, you can see all the mountains and small mountains at a glance. "Wang Anshi's "Climbing Feilai Peak" "Don't be afraid of the floating clouds covering your eyes, just because you are at the top. ”
(3) Use rhetoric (such as metaphors, contrasts, etc.) skillfully, such as Li Bai’s "The Road is Difficult" "The road is difficult, the road is difficult, the road is divergent, where are you now?" There will be times when the wind blows and the waves break, and the clouds and sails are hung directly to help the sea. "The end of Gong Zizhen's "Miscellaneous Poems of Ji Hai" "Falling red is not a heartless thing, it turns into spring mud to protect the flowers. ”
(4) Implicit and concise, with a superficial meaning, but actually a deeper meaning, such as Zhu Xi’s poem: “Half an acre of square pond is opened, and the skylight and cloud shadows linger endlessly.” Ask the canal how clear it is, because there is a source of living water. "If there were no title reminder of "Looking at Books and Feelings", I'm afraid many people would really think that the author was writing about a beautiful pond.
(5) There are characteristics in the use of words, such as Bai Juyi's " "Spring Journey to Qiantang Lake" "A few early orioles are vying for warmth in the trees, while the new swallows are pecking at the spring mud. The random flowers are gradually charming the eyes, and only Asakusa has no horse hooves. "The several added words in the sentence have their own uniqueness in expressing the "early" of early spring, and they are used very accurately.
In addition, there is another point that should not be ignored, that is, some important writers, We need to have a certain understanding of the works, including when they were born, what the social situation was like at that time (background of the times, writing background), what are the author’s political tendencies and ideological views, and what are the characteristics of the style of the work... These will also help us Understanding of works.
How to answer ancient poetry appreciation questions
1. Answering instructions
1. Understand the question requirements. Be sure to answer according to the specific requirements of the topic, and never talk about content that is not related to the topic.
2. Pay attention to the title of the poem. The title of the ancient poem is often the eye of the whole poem. It has a guiding role in understanding the whole poem: (1) The title points out the seasonal characteristics related to the writing content, such as "Autumn" in Wang Wei's "Dwelling in the Mountains in the Dark" and Lu You's "The Early Spring Rain in Lin'an". "Spring", "Night" in Li Shangyin's "Night Rain Sends to the North" (2) The title directly points out the subject or focus of the work, such as "Memory" in Wang Wei's "Remembering Shandong Brothers on September 9th". "Send" in Wang Bo's "Farewell to Du Shaofu" (3) The title directly points out the poet's emotional tone, such as "hate" in Du Fu's "Hateful Farewell"
3. Grab key phrases.
Most of the keywords in ancient poetry are what we usually call "poetry eyes". If you grasp them and think about them carefully, you can find the entry point for correctly understanding the whole poem. What kind of thinking can be done to grasp the keywords? (1) Think about its deeper meaning. (2) Think about its rhetorical meaning. (3) Think about its emotional significance. The emotion contained in the key sentences is often the emotional tone of the whole poem. If you understand it, you will basically grasp the whole poem.
4. Understand the artistic conception of the whole poem.
Artistic conception includes two aspects: the poet's subjective mood and objective scenery. It often contains emotions in the scenery and a blend of scenes. Sentences such as "Westerly wind and thin horse on the ancient road, the sunset in the west", "The sound of chickens in thatched shop in the moonlight, the frost on Banqiao where people walk", "The shadow of the solitary sail in the distance is gone in the blue sky, only the Yangtze River can be seen flowing in the sky", and other specific pictures. Full of the poet's specific deep emotions. Once you understand the artistic conception, you can grasp the image and emotion of the poem, as well as the ideological content of the poem.
5. The answer is appropriate and concise.
If you are required to evaluate the artistic achievements (or language features, or expression skills) or author's attitude of a poem, you must start from the specific content of the poem, and do not misinterpret the original meaning, let alone artificially elevate it. Because most ancient poets had the same emotions as ordinary people, and they changed depending on the situation. In short, feelings are what they are. Don't always give poets praises such as "noble" and "great".
The language used to answer the question should be concise and to the point, but also complete. Do not repeat the entire poem; the meaning of each sentence in the answer should be clear but concise, and never wordy.
2. Answering steps.
How to appreciate a specific ancient poem? Roughly speaking, it can be divided into several steps:
The first step is to read the whole poem silently twice to get an overall impression.
The second step is to find the nouns that describe scenes, objects, and people in the poem (sometimes you have to pay attention to the modifiers before the nouns) and find out what it says.
The third step is to find the verbs or adjectives in the poem that reflect the poet’s mood (such as pity, sadness, grief, pain, anger, indignation, resentment, sigh, laughter, joy, joy, etc.) and clarify The feelings expressed by the poet.
The fourth step is to look at the title and make an overall reflection.
3. Appreciate the words commonly used in ancient poetry.
1. Words that reflect the overall expression technique of ancient poetry: direct expression of emotions (or "expressing one's feelings directly" or "expressing one's feelings immediately"). Indirect expression of emotion includes borrowing scenery to express emotion, embodying feelings in scenery, expressing one's ambitions through objects, etc. In addition, there are also methods such as suppressing when you want to promote, praising clearly when denouncing, and combining praise with derogation.
2. Words that reflect the poet’s mood (emotions): joy, joy, excitement, sadness, grief, sadness, praise, admiration, farewell, attachment, heroic feelings, The feeling of leisure and tranquility, etc.
3. Words that reflect the language characteristics of ancient poetry: concise, concise, humorous, witty, simple and natural, fresh and beautiful, vivid, rhythmic, musically beautiful, artistically appealing, etc.
4. Words that reflect the structural characteristics of ancient poetry: straight to the point, advancing layer by layer, interlocking, echoing before and after, etc.
5. Words that reflect the overall style of ancient poetry: vigorous, majestic, tragic, broad-minded, desolate, melancholy, elegant, euphemistic, implicit, lingering, fresh, bright, beautiful, tranquil, poignant, bright, bold , Wanyue, etc.
6. Words that reflect the expressive effect of ancient poetry: sincere and touching, touching, tear-jerking, lofty artistic conception, blending of scenes, thought-provoking, full of words and endless meaning, etc.
First, understand the role of commonly used rhetorical methods.
1. Metaphor: turn the plain into vivid; turn the esoteric into the simple; turn the abstract into the concrete; turn the lengthy into concise.
2. Metaphorism: use simplicity to replace complexity; use reality to replace emptiness; use strangeness to replace ordinary; use things to replace emotions.
3. Analogy: bright colors; descriptive images; rich meanings.
4. Exaggeration: reveal the essence and give inspiration; heighten the atmosphere and enhance appeal; enhance association and create atmosphere.
5. Duality: easy to recite and easy to remember; used in poetry, with musical beauty; concise expression and smooth lyricism.
6. Parallelism: The content is concentrated to enhance the momentum; the narrative is thorough and analytical; the rhythm is clear and good at lyricism.
7. Ask questions: attract attention and inspire thinking.
8. Rhetorical question: Strengthen the tone.
3. You can first use some models for test-taking training.
It can be summarized into three formats according to the proposition method of the college entrance examination - "what is written", "how is it written", and "what is the language" to train the steps of answering questions.
Type 1: What (content) is written?
Questioning method: What kind of artistic atmosphere does this poem create? What thoughts and feelings does the author express?
Question variation ①: What kind of picture does a certain couplet show us? What thoughts does the poet express?
Question variation ②: What kind of scenery do certain lines of poetry describe? What feelings does the poet express?
Answer: The format is three parts - describing the picture of the poem, summarizing the characteristics of the artistic conception, and analyzing the author's thoughts.
In the first part, you should use your own language to describe the artistic conception created by the poem. There are two key points here. One is to use your own words and avoid direct quotations; the other is to describe the main scenery. It is not necessary to write about every sentence or every scenery, but most of the main scenery should be written. Language Strive for beauty.
In the second part, after describing the scene, use a concise sentence to summarize the atmospheric characteristics of the situation created by these scenes, whether it is quiet, bleak, vibrant, or lonely... < /p>
In the third part, we will talk about the poet’s thoughts and feelings based on the characteristics of the situation and atmosphere of this poem (or certain lines of poems).
Common mistakes: First, when describing scenery, the method of literal translation is used, changing description into translation; second, often focusing on the contrast mode of "the fusion of thoughts and scenes, and the blending of scenes", resulting in errors in understanding thoughts and feelings. .
In this case, you should think more about the poet's life, ambition or title, and analyze whether the scenery is a positive or negative foil to your thoughts and feelings, so as to avoid making mistakes
The more you do the questions, the better!