For example, the subject is before the predicate, the object is after the verb, and the modifier is before the modifier, which is consistent from ancient times to modern times. However, there are also a few special word orders in ancient Chinese before the pre-Qin period, which have been imitated by scholars in previous dynasties.
The most special thing is that the object should be placed before the verb under certain conditions: 1. Taking pronouns as objects, such as "I am really incompetent who dares to complain", should be "I am really incompetent who dares to complain" in modern Chinese order; 2. Pronouns in negative sentences are objects, such as "My neighbor didn't kiss me", which should be translated into modern Chinese as "My neighbor didn't kiss me"; 3. Emphasize the object and refer to it with pronouns, such as "only you ask", which should be translated into "only you ask" in modern Chinese, in which "Shi" is the object "you", which refers to many things and emphasizes "you".
2. Subject, predicate, object, definite, form and complement in classical Chinese 1. Subject-predicate inversion (predicate before or subject after).
Second, the attribute is postpositioned (the attribute is placed after the head word)
Third, the prepositional object (the object is placed before the verb predicate or preposition)
Fourthly, prepositional object phrases are also called adverbial postposition (adverbial after verb predicate)
First, verb inversion.
There are three kinds of subject-predicate inversion sentences: interrogative sentences with strong tone; Strong sigh; Old poetry and rhythm harmony.
Second, the attributive postposition
Attributive postposition has the following four situations:
1. Center+Attribute+Zhe
(1) The plan is undecided, and asking for help can make people report to Qin, but they have not got it. (Ask someone who can report to Qin)
The young busybody in the village domesticated a worm. (Village busybodies and teenagers)
2. Center+Zhi+Attribute, and "Zhi" is the sign of attribute postposition.
(1) Earthworms don't have the advantages of minions, and their bones and muscles are strong. Earthworms have no claws, but they have strong bones and muscles
(2) If you live in the temple, you will worry about the people, and if you are far away, you will worry about the monarch. (if you are in a high temple, you will worry about the people; If you are far away, you will worry about your king. )
3. If the head word+zhi (er)+attributive+,"zhi" is the sign of attributive postposition.
The stone is loud, and it is everywhere. There are loud stones everywhere. )
(2) Fourth, the poor in the world have no complaints. (these four, the poor people in the world have no complaints about these four, the world.
The poor have no complaints)
Third, the prepositional object (key)
In ancient Chinese, the object of a verb or preposition was usually placed after the verb or preposition, but under certain conditions, the preposition object.
1. Pronoun object and preposition object in negative sentences.
(1) Ancient people were not bullied. (Don't lie to me)
I am willing to take care of you when you are three years old. (Malcolm cares about me)
2. In interrogative sentences, interrogative pronouns are used as objects, that is, prepositional objects.
(1) king fuck? What is the king doing here? )
2 Is Pei Hongan there? (Pei Gong is in an)
3. Use "Zhi", "Zhi Wei" or "Shi" to refer to the prepositional object. When using this preposition object format, you can also add "Wei (Wei)" before the object to form the format of "Wei (Wei)" or "Wei ... Zhi ..." to emphasize the greater role of the object.
(1) Live every day for every month, and take soil. (The sun lives in the moon, and the earth has set-the sun and the moon once shone, and after the sun left, this land of * * * was revealed. )
(2) The death of the king was not compassionate, and ministers were worried. (Worried ministers)
4. Preposition objects in prepositional phrases
(1) Otherwise, why at this point? How did you get here? )
(2) The whole stone is used as the bottom. (Based on the whole stone)
4. Postposition of prepositions and object phrases (adverbial postposition)
Preposition structure is an object-object phrase. In classical Chinese, the object-object phrase composed of "one" and "Yu" is a common adverbial in sentences. There are the following situations after prepositional phrases:
The first kind: the preposition "Yu" is mostly in the position of complement in classical Chinese. When translated into modern Chinese, most of them should be moved to the front of verbs as adverbials, except for a few that are still used as complements.
It's urgent, please order General Sun for help. (ordered to ask General Sun for help)
The poor talk to the rich ... (the poor talk to the rich)
Second, the preposition "one" is also a complement in classical Chinese. In modern translation, it is usually moved to the front of the verb as an adverbial.
(1) shaped like a wine bottle, decorated with mountain turtles, birds and animals. (Decorated in the shape of mountain turtles, birds and animals)
2 tell stories. (Tell me something)
The third kind: when the preposition "Hu" is used in the complement position, "Hu" is connected with "Yu". When translating, the composition can be decided according to the situation, and the structure of the word "Hu" can be used as adverbial or complement.
(1) Before I was born, my smell was solid. Even in my last life, my knowledge of Taoism was solid. )
(2) The name will be remembered by later generations. (Almost known to later generations)
3. How to distinguish the subject, predicate and object in classical Chinese is the same as that in modern Chinese, such as "I deeply hate" (I am the subject, hate is the predicate, it is the object, and deep is the adverb of degree).
The trouble is that the ancients often omitted the subject, so they must add it in translation.
What is more tangled is that there are inverted sentences, which need to be restored to normal sentence patterns. For example, "Wan Li goes to Rongji and the mountain is flying" (the last sentence should be Mulan's army flying, omitting the subject and putting the object "Guanshan" in front).
Another example is "you don't know how to appreciate" (the subject is your ignorance, the predicate is your ignorance, and the normal structure is your ignorance. The translation is that you are too smart, even in modern Chinese, but the literal translation shall prevail)
4. How to distinguish the subject, predicate and object of classical Chinese? In fact, only by understanding these words in modern Chinese can you understand classical Chinese.
Example: I like you. I like it (can be seen as a verb) Object: Take Peach Blossom Garden as an example. "Fishermen are very different." Object: I watch the adverbial of the stars at night (to limit the action behind). So in classical Chinese, adverbial is followed by verb. I don't know if you have learned from it.
Adverbial: Night (night, "night" itself is a noun, so the flexible use of this noun is also involved here) When learning classical Chinese, think more, try to think for yourself if you can understand it, and ask questions if you really don't understand it, which is very helpful for future study. Let's go
5. How to distinguish subject, predicate and object in classical Chinese? The subject of prepositional pronouns is generally a noun or pronoun component, which is the declarative object of a sentence. It can also be borrowed from English, and the subject is the sender of the action.
Predicates are generally predicate components, namely verbs and adjectives, and can also act as nouns in rare cases.
The object is also a noun component. The recipient of the action.
Attributive is generally an adjective, which is used to modify the subject or object.
Adverbials are generally adverbs that modify predicates. Adverbials of time and place can be prepositional structures or locative nouns.
Complement is a supplement to behavior, indicating the state of behavior and so on.
The main structure of a sentence is subject-predicate-object, which can be extended indefinitely and add various components. ...
The word order in the sentence is as follows:
(Attribute)+Subject+(Adverbial)+Predicate+(Complement)+(Attribute)+Object
For example, I hit you. I (subject), I (predicate) and you (object)
I hit you hard. I (subject), hard (attribute) type (predicate), you (object)
6. How to judge the subject, predicate and object 1 in classical Chinese sentences. The so-called passivity in passive sentences means that the relationship between the subject and the predicate is passive, that is, the subject is the passive and patient of the behavior expressed by the predicate verb, not the active and implementer.
Such sentences are called passive sentences. In classical Chinese, passive sentences are often expressed by "for ..." and "see ..." and their corresponding variant structures.
(a) "By ..." 1. "By ..." (Wu Ju) In a county far away, it will be merged by others. ("Battle of Red Cliffs") * "For ..." For ... for ... for.
(The Hongmen Banquet) 2. "Why ..." If you die, you will laugh at the world. Why? (Shang Qin) ② "See ... in ..."1."See ... in ..." (1) Afraid of being bullied by the king and losing Zhao. (Biography of Lian Lin) 2 Parents laugh at the generous family.
("Autumn Water") 2. "I see ..." If you want to give it to Qin, Qin Cheng may not get it, but he will only see arrogance. (Biography of Lianlin) 3. "Yu ..." Wang Huai was confused by Zheng Xiu and bullied by Yi Cheung.
(3) The verb itself is passive. This is an ideological passive sentence that needs to be judged according to the context.
For example, from this perspective, Wang's cover is very embarrassing. (2) Fu Shuo is raised between buildings, and glue is raised in fish and salt ... ("Mencius") (3) Pasturing is the punishment, and Handan is the county.
(4) In modern Chinese, "Bei" and "Bei" are often used to express passive relations, which are also found in classical Chinese, but rarely. For example: ① You are loyal and vilified, can you have no complaints? (2) I can't give the whole land of Wu, hundreds of thousands of people, to the people.
(Battle of Red Cliffs) Second, the ellipsis sentence (1) is divided into 1 by province. The subject ellipsis is that the wild snake in Yongzhou is black and white. (The Snake Catcher said) 2. Omitting the predicate means courage.
High spirits, then decline, three exhausted ... (Cao Gui Debate) 3. The omission of verb objects is to make great contributions to each other and to worship Shangqing. (Lian Po Lin Xiangru Biography) 4. Omission of prepositional objects-The objects of prepositions "Yu", "Yi" and "Wei" are often omitted.
(1) denier, guests come from outside, and sit and talk. (2) If Zheng Wu is good for you, dare to disturb the deacon.
(3) this person one by one. (Peach Blossom Garden) 5. Omission of Prepositions-Prepositions "Yu" and "Yi" are often omitted.
(1) Put a chicken in the belly of a fish and taste it again, and it will be as good as before. 6. Part-time language ellipsis ① The "Chen She family" of foreign generals [Fu Su] is not as good as it is now.
(2) According to the context (1). For example, there are different snakes in the wild in Yongzhou, some are black and some are white.
The old minister is ill and can't run away. He can't see for a long time. ② Hou Meng Province.
For example, Pei Gong said to Sean, "I'm going to join the army, and many people will enter." (3) Dialogue province.
For example, "Who is happier when one is with others?" Say, "Don't be with others." Third, verb inversion in order to emphasize the predicate, the predicate is sometimes placed before the subject.
For example, (1) is embarrassing and you don't benefit! ("Gong Yu Yishan") It' s urgent to be in the public! 4. Preposition Object In modern Chinese, the object is often located behind the predicate as the object of the predicate. In classical Chinese, under certain conditions, objects often appear as prepositional objects before predicates.
There are three special cases: 1. In the negative sentence of prepositional object, when the negative adverbs are "no", "nothing", "Wei" and "nothing" and the object is a pronoun, the object usually comes first. For example: ① Don't worry about people who don't know themselves, but worry about people who don't know themselves.
(2) I didn't cheat and there was no danger. (3) There is no biography in later generations, and I have never heard of it.
(4) You know a hundred things and think you are yourself. (2) In interrogative sentences, the pronoun preposition object, when the interrogative pronoun is the object of a verb or preposition, the object is often placed in front of the verb or preposition. For example, ① Liang asked, "What is your Majesty doing here?" (The Hongmen Banquet) Wes, who are we going home with? Such interrogative pronouns generally include: Who, He, Dad, Hu, Evil, An and Yan.
3. Preposition objects marked by "Zhi" and "Shi". For example: (1) I know a hundred things and think I don't care about myself, so I call it also.
("Zhuangzi? Qiu Shui) Fujin, why do you hate it? ("The Candle Warns Teacher Qin") 3 Mercenaries Figure 4. Preposition "one" preposition object 1 cultivate one's morality day and night, and prosper the country with virtue 3. The whole stone is the bottom.