The first famous song, Song, and Song Ci. Abbreviated as "Ci", it is also called Yuefu, Modern Yuefu, Music Movement and Qin Qu, and also called poems, songs and long and short sentences. To sum up, these names mainly illustrate the close relationship between words and music and their different formal characteristics from traditional poetry.
Li Qingzhao
Lonely geese (parallel order) It is common for the world to write plum poems. Try to write an article, but know that the preface doesn't match the last one.
A paper tent on a rattan bed sleeps. I can't say it, and I don't have any good ideas. The agarwood is intermittent and the jade furnace is cold, which brings my feelings like water. The flute is three lanes, Mei's heart is broken, and there are many Chun Qing.
The wind is blowing and the rain is rustling. Hurry again, a thousand tears. Bagpipers go to Yulou, heartbroken people lean on it. A 10% discount is worth a lot of money, and no one gives it.
Full-court cream
The small pavilion hides the spring, the idle window locks the day, and the painting hall is infinitely deep. The seal is burnt out, and the shadow falls on the curtain hook. It is better to plant Jiang Mei by hand, so why go upstairs in the water? No one arrived, lonely and muddy, He Xun was in Yangzhou.
Never, knowing rhyme wins, embarrassing rain, not resistant to the wind. Whose flute blows out deep sorrow. Don't hate incense to eliminate snow, be sure to guide, sweep away traces and stay. It's hard to say, it's still romantic when the night is bright and full of shadows.
The most distinctive literary form in Song Dynasty is Ci, which has the characteristics of both literature and music, or Ci is a poem sung in a certain tune. Every word has a phonetic name, which is called "epigraph", and the word-filling by sound is called "Yi". The nicknames of Ci in Song Dynasty are Qu, Zaju, Qu, Yuefu, Qinqu and Yuedong, all of which are related to music. On the surface, another popular alias "long and short sentences" lies in the fact that the words used are different from the traditional five-seven-character metrical poems, but the length of words and sentences is uneven, or because of the need of melody rhythm. According to different music fragments and rhythms, words can be divided into "ling", "sound", "near" and "slow". Ling, also known as "Xiaoling". Slow words, the ancients focused on the number of words, also known as "long tune." Word segmentation is called "segmentation". In addition to monotony, a word is mostly composed of upper and lower blocks, and there are as many as three or four slow words.
In the Tang and Five Dynasties, Ci was introduced into teaching workshops and poetry circles by literati on the basis of folk creation, but what they did was still dominated by small poems, and qi and miscellaneous words coexisted. The appearance of a large number of slow words is the creation in the middle of Northern Song Dynasty. Since then, Song Ci has become another peak in the history of China's poetry.
In the history of ancient literature and art in China, Ci occupies an extremely important position. Ci was originally a song composed with Yan music since Sui and Tang Dynasties, and later it gradually became a poetic style combining length with length. It first spread among the people, and the literati in the late Tang Dynasty began to create, thus greatly improving the artistic level of Ci. In the Song Dynasty, Ci reached the artistic peak, juxtaposed with Tang poetry, and each was beautiful and reached its peak.
Ci is the most beautiful literature, the most touching literature, the most lyrical writing and the most fascinating writing in ancient China. Beautiful and muddy. Deep and secluded, meaning eternity, beauty to the extreme, and boldness to the extreme.
Authentic graceful and restrained poets, soft and gorgeous, are extremely soft, and are best at entertaining guests and writing grievances between men and women, with subtle twists and turns. All the unspeakable things in the poem are expressed in words, "the sky is high and the clouds are light, the green waves are rippling, and the pursuit is far away." If you are bold and unrestrained, the words are like poems, which will lead to sadness, cherish the past and cherish the present, and there are words in social life and political situation. Very generous and touching.
It is best at expressing emotions, writing eroticism without delicacy, writing wealth without vulgarity, such as flowing water, old pines and soft trees, accompanied by the breeze of the moon, elegant artistic conception, beautiful arms, fascinating and infinite addiction.
Yan Shu, Yan, Ouyang Xiu, Liu Yong, Song Qi, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Qin Guan, He Zhu, Chao, Zhou Bangyan, Qian,,, Shi Hao, Yue Fei, Li Qingzhao, Xin Qiji, Chen Liang, Lu You, Jiang Kui, Wu Wenying, Wen Tianxiang.
Only in an aesthetic era can such beautiful art appear.
They are brilliant classics that will last forever, and they are the best companions on the stormy road of life.
Ci: A kind of China's poems, also known as long and short sentences, poetic sentiment, fun and so on. [See (Shi Zhecun)]. It began in the Tang Dynasty and prevailed in the Song Dynasty.
Originally refers to the chorus lyrics, so it is also called qu or qu ci. Then write new words according to the rhythm of the music score, called "lyrics" or "relying on sound", and then fill in according to the number of words, sentences, rhythm and rhythm of the previous works. From then on, Fang broke away from music and became a kind of metrical poem with uneven sentences.
There are many different tones of Chinese characters, and each tone has its own specific name, which is called epigraph, such as Xijiangyue and Rumengling. Different tones have different specifications in terms of the number of paragraphs, sentences, rhythm, words, sentence patterns and the rhythm of each sentence. Strictly follow the lyrics. According to the number of sentences and words, words can be divided into small, medium and long tones.
Xiaoling: Generally speaking, it refers to words with few words. The predecessors used less than 50 words as a poem, although it was unfounded, but it was often used.
Alto: Generally speaking, it refers to the words between Xiao Ling and Long Tone. The predecessors used 59-90 words as alto, but later they used more.
Long tune: generally refers to words with more words. The predecessors used the word above 9 1 as a long tune, and later they also used it.
When the word "poem" is connected together, it becomes a word. In modern people's literary knowledge, it refers to two literary forms: one is "poetry", which has existed for a long time since the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. One is "Ci", which originated in the Tang and Five Dynasties and flourished in the Song Dynasty. However, before the Song Dynasty, the word poetry was rarely used together. Occasionally used together, it can only be said to be "poetry." Because at that time, the word had not yet become the name of a literary form.
"Ci" is a simplification of an ancient word, which turned out to be "Qi". This word, written in ancient Chinese, was saved as a word, but now it is written as a word, and the official script of Han Dynasty is simplified as a word. Therefore, "poetry" is originally "poetry". In Song Dynasty, Ci became the name of a new literary form, so "poem" was not equal to "poem".
Poetry is a lyric verse form, and 305 articles in The Book of Songs are all poems. When poetry is put into music, it can be used for music and singing, and it becomes a song, or a song. In fact, all the poems in the Book of Songs can be sung. At that time, poetry was a song. However, from the literary point of view, it is called poetry, and from the musical point of view, it is called Qu Ke or Ge Ke, which is called Qu Ke for short. "Chuke" is named from the perspective of music, because it is a popular song among the people of Chu. In fact, if named from the perspective of writing, Chu Ke is also a Chu Ci. In the Han dynasty, after the appearance of five-character poems, poetry gradually became a literary form that could not be sung, so poetry and song were separated. From then on, all poems that can compose music and sing often have the word "Qi" under the title. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, there were Bai Qi, Bu Xu Qi and Ming Qi Jun. After the Jin and Song Dynasties, this word was simplified to one word. Until the Tang Dynasty, all the words "colonization", "Liangzhou", "Zhi Zhu", "Hengjiang" and "Sange" only had the meaning of lyrics or were common nouns, which did not mean that they were a unique literary form.
A new kind of lyrics of long and short sentences appeared in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, whose syntax and syllables were more convenient for composing, but gradually moved away from the form of poetry. We know from the preface of Huajianji that this kind of lyrics was called tune at that time. Each song is titled with a tune, such as "Bodhisattva Man", indicating that this is the lyrics of Bodhisattva Man's song.
From the late Tang Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty, "Ci" has not yet become an inherent noun in a literary form. Niu Jiao, the female champion, said, "Double cymbals laugh and sing the fine print in a low voice. Huang Tingjian's word order said: "A guest should have small print. Another cloud said, "Zhu Yuanzhang is good at making wine because of this word." . Su Dongpo's word order says: "Plum Blossom Ci and Yang Su", and there is a cloud: "Play this word. Words like this also mean lyrics, not a literary form. At the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, Zeng Yi compiled the poem Yuefuya. Today, we say it is an anthology, but at that time, the title only indicated that it was an elegant Yuefu lyric poem. Poets in the Northern Song Dynasty did not use words as the names of word sets. Su Dongpo's ci collection is called Dongpo Yuefu, Qin Guan's ci collection is called Huaihai layman's long and short sentences, Ouyang Xiu's ci collection is called Ouyang Wenzhong's Gong Jin Yuefu, and Zhou Bangyan's ci collection is called halal collection. There is no word set called ×× Ci.
The word "Yu Shi" appeared in the early Southern Song Dynasty, which generally refers to the lyrics of Su Dongpo, Qin Guan and Ouyang Xiu. Regardless of "Yuefu", "long and short sentences" or "near-style Yuefu", these nouns all reflect that the author still regards it as a style of poetry. The appearance of the word "poetic surplus" means that Quzi Ci is regarded as the remaining product of poetry at that time. In other words, it has been divorced from the field of poetry. A poem "Caotang Poetry Talk" laid the foundation for this transitional period.
Soon, Changsha Publishing House edited and published 60 poems, most of which were renamed as ×× Ci. For example, Dongpo Yuefu was renamed Dongpo Ci, Huaihai layman's long and short sentences were renamed Huaihai Ci, and the collection was renamed Huimin Poetry and then Qingzhen Ci.
Since then, the inherent name of "Ci" as a new literary form has been determined, and the word "Poetry" has emerged as the times require.
For the sake of clarity, literary historians write the word "ci" in lyrics as "ci", and use the word "ci" to refer to a literary form.
Brief introduction of Tang poetry
The Tang Dynasty was the golden age of China's poetry development. Strong national strength, eclectic cultural spirit and rich cultural accumulation have prepared sufficient conditions for the prosperity of Tang poetry. Many great and outstanding poets pushed the development of China's poetic art to the peak. There are more than 3,700 authors of Tang poetry who can be tested today, which shows that there are more than 54,000 existing Tang poems. This is only a part of Tang poetry, but we can already see the prosperity of poetry at that time.
Poetry creation in the early Tang Dynasty was still influenced by the poetic style of the Southern Dynasties, with narrow themes and the pursuit of gorgeous rhetoric. Only with the appearance of Yang Jiong, Lu and the so-called "Four Masters" did the scope of poetry expand, from Taige to Guanshan and Saimo, showing its majestic momentum and broad mind. Whether writing frontier fortress, traveling or farewell, there is such an emotional style. In terms of poetic style, at this time, the finalization of the five or seven words was completed. Metric poetry belongs to modern poetry, which is relative to ancient poetry. The ancient style is divided into four, five, seven characters and miscellaneous characters, which are not limited to flat tones or duality. The levelness and rhyme of modern poetry have a certain style and also require duality. Stereotyped writing has had a far-reaching influence on the development of China's poetry and has become the main style of China's ancient poetry.
In the early and late Tang Dynasty, two important poets appeared: He Zhang. Chen Ziang argued that poetry should be endowed with something. His 38 poems Feeling Encounter are the practice of this proposition. But his best poem is on the rostrum of Youzhou: "Where was the past before me?" Behind me, where are the future generations? . I think of heaven and earth, there is no limit, there is no end, I am alone, and my tears fall. " Expressing unexpected sadness, it contains self-confidence and ambition, strong feelings, and a great loneliness that is first in the trend and not understood. Zhang's Moonlight on the Riverside describes the bright moonlight on the Riverside, with strong feelings, profound philosophy, euphemistic style and endless charm, creating a perfect artistic conception. And Zhang's artistic maturity reveals the coming information of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
The prosperous Tang Dynasty is the peak of the development of Tang poetry. At this time, the stars in the poetry circle shine. Wang Wei and Meng Haoran are good at expressing the beauty of landscape and countryside, as well as the quiet and peaceful state of mind in which man and nature live in harmony. Wang Wei's landscape poems are poetic and picturesque, which brings people to a bright and clean realm full of vitality. An autumn night in the mountains: "after the rain, the mountains are empty and stand in the autumn night." The bright moon shed clear light from the cracks and cleared the fountain on the rocks. The bamboo forest is sonorous, the washerwoman returns, and the lotus leaves are swaying to get on the canoe. My friend's prince, what does it matter if spring is over and you are still here? The pine trees after the rain are mottled with moonlight and flowing spring water. Huansha girl came back noisily from the bamboo forest in the moonlight; The fisherman is separating the lotus leaves and rocking the boat away. The night in the mountain village is picturesque. He also has some poems, and there is some Zen in silence. Among the important poets in the Tang Dynasty, he was most obviously influenced by Buddhist thought. However, he is not a completely reclusive poet. Some of his poems are impassioned, while others show strong human feelings. The song "Send Two Ambassadors to Anxi" was later incorporated into Yuefu and became a song repeatedly sung at the farewell party, because it was about people's general feelings when they were deeply separated. Meng Haoran is good at writing the beauty of landscape and countryside with the most economical pen and ink. Passing through the Old People's Village describes the joy of being a guest, a quiet farmhouse, sincere friendship and rich life interest. "Xiao Chun" describes the feeling of beauty, tranquility and comfort in spring. The song "Sleeping in Jiande" is just 20 words, but it has written endless feelings: "The boat is sailing in the fog, and at dusk, the old things start. How vast the world is, how close the trees are to heaven, and how close the moon is to the water! "A touch of Woods in the dusk, a touch of moon shadow in the water. In this hazy and clear, far-reaching and quiet realm, there is a faint homesickness. Many of Meng Haoran's poems express multiple realms and feelings in extremely frugal words. At this time, Chang Jian, Chu Guangxi and others have similar poetic styles to Wang Wei and Meng Haoran.
During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, there appeared some poets who took frontier life as their theme, such as Wang Changling, Gao Shi, Cen Can and Zuyong. Most of them have been to the frontier fortress, enjoyed the magnificent scenery of the frontier fortress and yearned for the merits of the frontier fortress. In their poems, the magnificence of the mountains and rivers of the motherland and the lofty sentiments of defending the country are all vividly displayed. Wang Changling wrote more than twenty frontier poems, the most famous of which are Upper Frontier and Joining the Army. His frontier poems have a profound sense of history and a clean style. He is also good at writing poems on other subjects, and his seven-character quatrains have great artistic achievements. Gao Shi's poetic style tends to be magnificent and generous: "Wan Li did not hesitate to die and once succeeded. Draw a picture of Kirin Pavilion and enter Mingguang Palace. Laugh at the scribes, poor and white! The ancients were ignorant of this and often became old people. " We can feel his chivalrous temperament from this poem. The representative figures of frontier poets, as well as Cen Can. He wrote about the magnificence of frontier fortress scenery and the heroic and unrestrained soldiers. Deserts and sufferings have become magnificent pictures full of lofty sentiments in his works.
Li Bai, a great poet, can best embody the spirit of the prosperous Tang Dynasty and represent the high artistic achievements of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Li Bai is a poet with heroic personality, unrestrained feelings, boldness and eagerness to make contributions. His poems fully show the self-confidence and ambition of the literati in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and are full of ideals. His achievements in poetry are various, which greatly enriched the expression of classical poetry and pushed the creation of Yuefu poetry to a new height. His seven-character quatrains, together with Wang Changling's seven-character quatrains, were later praised as the representative works of the Tang Dynasty. His poems have distinct artistic personality: explosive lyricism, unpredictable imagination and vivid images. He writes Yuefu and songs like flowing water, and his feelings gush out, just like the water of the Yellow River, flowing thousands of miles and pouring down. Born in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, I felt the high spirit of the times in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. In his later years, he witnessed the decline of Tang society, and the contrast between ideal and reality was huge. In his poems, there are both confidence in establishing meritorious deeds and indignation and criticism of the darkness of the imperial court. He once went to Beijing to worship the Hanlin, and was appreciated by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. He felt that it was time to make contributions and be elated. Not long after, he was slandered by the powerful minister and expelled from the court, only then did he realize that state affairs were actually corrupt. He said that he is "a poem in the north window, a million words are not worth a glass of water", and he is brilliant and cannot be reused; While denouncing those mediocre people who are proud of the spring breeze, "Huayi Boxing can't be eaten as a meal, and donkeys are proud of the spring breeze", they directly denounce those traitors "Dong Long is a chicken and dog!" Even in the case of frustration, he did not forget to serve his country. After the Anshi Rebellion, he joined the army twice. His poems are so imaginative that he often thinks that people think everywhere. Previous people commented on his poems, saying that "out of nothing", "difficult to get around" and "dreaming of climbing Mount Tianmu" are all examples. In my imagination, I often use exaggerated elements to write that I am worried about having white hair, saying that it is "white hair and three thousands of feet"; Write the five old peaks of Lushan Mountain, saying, "Jin Furong cut out the sky"; Write about the Yellow River, saying that "the Yellow River falls into the East China Sea and Wan Li falls into the bosom". He is an imaginative poet, and his poems are often strongly subjective. Because of his cheerful and bold personality, his poems are bright, fresh and colorful. He is a gifted poet.
Another great poet at that time was Du Fu, who was called "Poet Saint" by later generations. Du Fu is younger than Li Bai 1 1 years old, and their profound friendship has become a literary story that has been told through the ages. Du Fu in his youth, like many poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, had a vagrant life of "chasing horses lightly". But his main activity was after the An Shi Rebellion. Deeply influenced by Confucianism, he has the ambition of "being a gentleman, being a gentleman", but he has been down and out all his life, so he can better understand the sufferings of the people emotionally. The Anshi Rebellion brought great damage to the society of the Tang Dynasty, and half of China was reduced to a mound of ruins. Du Fu emigrated during the war and wrote a poem about the sufferings of the people in the Northern Expedition. Many important events in the war, the destruction caused by the war and people's mentality in the war are vividly reflected in Du Fu's poems. No poet in the Tang Dynasty reflected the history of An Shi Rebellion so profoundly and extensively, so his poems were called "the history of poetry". Because of his own bumpy experience, he deeply felt the sufferings of the people and sang songs, so that the pain of his home country and personal sorrow were integrated. "Spring Hope", "Climbing the Building" and "Climbing Yueyang Tower" are all such poems. "There are wars and mountains to the north of this wall. How can I not cry by this railing?" And "where the petals flow like tears, lonely birds sing sadness" is a mixed feeling, which is not only the feeling of life experience, but also the sadness of home and country, and it is difficult to separate. The change from Tang poetry to Du Fu is a great change, and the theme turns to writing about current events and the lives of the people at the bottom. Writing plays the role of narration and detail description, while lyricism uses narration and detail description. In order to write current affairs conveniently, he often uses ancient prose, but his higher achievement is metrical poetry. Among his 1400-odd poems, regular poems account for more than 70%. The achievements of his metrical poems are mainly to broaden the scope of expression and exert the expressive force of metrical poems as much as possible, which not only strictly abides by metrical poems, but also breaks the shackles of metrical poems. Unpredictable, unconventional and superb in writing. Poems like Hope in Spring are all examples. Sometimes, in order to express an event or the feelings caused by an event more completely, he adopts the form of a group of poems. Writing current affairs with poems is Du Fu's creation. Rhyme, especially seven rhymes, is highly mature in Du Fu's poems. Du Fu is different from Li Bai in artistic techniques and styles. Li's feelings gushed, and Du Fu sang repeatedly. Li is imaginative and Du is realistic. Li is unrestrained and elegant, and Du is depressed and frustrated. It is generally believed that in the history of China's poetry development, Du Fu is comprehensive and has a far-reaching influence on later generations.
In the middle Tang Dynasty, the development of poetry was diversified, and different schools with distinct artistic opinions appeared. Han Yu, Meng Jiao and some poets around them, in the face of such high achievements in Tang poetry, found another way. They pursue fantastic beauty, attach importance to subjectivity, often break the shackles of legal style and enter poetry with prose sentences. Among this group of poets, Li He is a brilliant, kind-hearted and emotional poet. He only lived for 27 years. In his poems, the colorful world full of youthful interest and the sparseness and sadness of life are intertwined with the feeling of aging before age. His poems are rich in imagination, colorful in images and dense in combination. In this school of poetry, his poetic style is particularly distinctive. At this time, another school of poetry was dominated by Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen. They believe that poetry should aim at development and be beneficial to the use of politics and religion. Bai Juyi put forward that "articles should be combined with the times, and songs and poems should be combined with each other." Both Yuan and Bai expressed their concern for the country, their criticism of the dark phenomenon and their sympathy for the people's sufferings on the topic of Yuefu. Bai Juyi's 50 new Yuefu poems, some of which are well written, such as Selling Charcoal Weng. In artistic expression, Bai Juyi advocates that the style of writing should be easy to understand, and his taste is just the opposite of that of Han and Meng poetry schools. Bai Juyi not only wrote a lot of allegorical poems, but also wrote a lot of leisurely poems. The most successful ones in art are Long song's Song of Eternal Sorrow and Pipa Travel. Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi were also famous poets in the middle Tang Dynasty. Their artistic tastes are different from those of Han, Meng, Yuan and Bai, and each has its own characteristics.
Another change of poetry in the late Tang Dynasty. The spirit of reform in the middle Tang Dynasty disappeared, and the poet went to himself. At this time, a large number of well-written epics appeared, among which Tu Mu and Xu Hun were the representatives. Du Mu is a great writer who sings epic poems. Thinking about history is actually a feeling of reality. The sense of history and realism are integrated in beautiful natural images and emotions. Jiangnan Spring is a masterpiece in the history of singing. One of the poets with the highest artistic achievements in the late Tang Dynasty was Li Shangyin. The development of Tang poetry, to the creation of artistic conception in the prosperous Tang dynasty, reached the realm of exquisite images and untraceable pure beauty, which was a peak. Du Fu moved from realism to synthesis, which is another peak. It is another peak for poets in the middle Tang Dynasty to find another way, or pursue strangeness, or pursue simplicity and find another way when the prosperous times are extremely difficult to sustain. At this point, poetry is at the end of its tether. After Li Shangyin's debut, with his profound cultural accomplishment and amazing talent, he opened up a realm full of hazy beauty, which made people chew on it and reached a new peak. He is a poet who is good at expressing his mental journey and has strong and delicate feelings. His love poems are affectionate, ambiguous, unforgettable and difficult to understand. Many of his poems (especially untitled poems) are characterized by emotional flow and jumping, illogical image combination, vague meaning and rich feelings, which can often be interpreted in many ways. His artistic skills reached a superb level, which greatly expanded the emotional capacity of poetry and made a final contribution to the development of Tang poetry.
Poets in the late Tang Dynasty, some gorgeous, some indifferent, achieved little, and could not be compared with their predecessors.