At the turn of the Millennium in the west, all ethnic groups along the European coast competed with each other in navigation. At that time, the Portuguese prince don henley (1394-1463) devoted himself to ocean affairs. He made his fortune in Santo Port, Azores and Canary Islands near the Atlantic Ocean. Columbus (1440- 1506) sailed to the Atlantic Ocean and discovered the West Indies four times before and after, thus opening up the American continent. At the same time, Portuguese Vasco Da Gama sailed along the south bank of La Liga in Asia and Africa, crossed the Cape of Good Hope, arrived in India and returned to Europe (1486- 1497). More than ten years later, Portuguese Magellan crossed the Pacific Ocean, opened the Philippine Islands and traveled around the world (15 19- 1522). Naturally, there are two continents, old and new, east and west. The traffic is wide open and the whole world is close at hand, so the preparation is wonderful. In history, the most glorious era is also. While I was in Taidong Empire, a sea giant, Zheng He, rose with me from time to time.
Chinese mainland has a vast territory and can be transplanted, so people can't take advantage of it outside the country. So the shipping industry didn't develop in the past. Considering the coastal provinces, people were often involved in the sea two thousand years ago. It is said that there are Dongti, Yizhou and Zhangzhou overseas in Huiji. At the time of Qin Shihuang, alchemist Xu Fu stopped thousands of children, men, women and children. Its location is today's Nagasaki area. Chen Han's old country, also known as Qin and Han Dynasties, was moved by the bitter and harsh people when Qin was founded. It is located in Gyeongsangdo, North Korea today (where Pusan is located), and people facing Japan are also there. All this is evidence that China's aviation industry has developed since ancient times. Later, in the Han and Six Dynasties, the shipping routes were gradually opened, and some of our merchant ships arrived in the Gulf of Aden and Mesopotamia. Gai and Persian Arabs promoted Yun Qi. (See Guangdong's position in the book "World History" for details. ) In the Tang and Song Dynasties, it was replaced by a little bit. China's aviation industry has been depressed for hundreds of years, and the expansion of the country in the Ming Dynasty is not one aspect.
A large part of Southeast Asia, the so-called Indo-zhina and Nanyang Islands, is the only tail of the Chinese nation. I will be the only influential circle of the Chinese nation in the future. According to today's theory, its political strength, white corpse and livelihood strength can no longer compete with us. Today, we only choose those who have been colonized by our people elsewhere. The quantity and comparison are as follows:
Although the statistics listed in the above table cannot be called accurate statistics, the big end is not very absurd. That is to say, if our people are self-bred, it will be no less than 545 million, and if we mix with natives, it will be 7 million. In the meantime, if the mining industry in the islands, agriculture in Siam, Vietnam and Myanmar, forestry in the islands and Siam, and even all businesses and industries are in our hands, it will be ten to eighty-nine. So, in fact, all the places are covered by our foreign governments, and how can China do this and push forward the original merits? I think Zheng He.
Zheng He, a native of Yunnan, is also known as the eunuch of Sambo in the world. When it was clear that my ancestors were born in Yan Di, they began to fight, made meritorious deeds and exhausted eunuchs. During the reign of Emperor Chengzu, that is, from 1403 to 1424, Henry of Portugal rewarded navigation, and the transition of a new era in western history was also called. Cheng Zu was very talented, inherited Gao Di, the world was settled at the beginning, and the national strength was greatly boosted, similar to the era of Han Xiaowu and Emperor Taizong. Chengzu set up Tatars in the north, sent troops to the west of Liang Hai, set up Uszang in the west, imprisoned Tusi in the name of Dhamma, and went to Vietnam in the south to become a county. The prosperity of land transportation is several times that of Han and Tang dynasties, and it is even more powerful in the new country. Zheng He's career was initiated by the unparalleled British master Ming Chengzu.
According to the old history, Cheng Zu suspected that Hui Di had died overseas, wanted to trace it, wanted to show off his army in a foreign country, and showed that China was rich and powerful, so he got a life and set sail. However, its motive is safe, so there are two things we should pay attention to before our first trip to Jun Zheng.
One day its purpose is to cross Europe and the west. Biography said: "Wang Jinghong and other friends were ordered to send an envoy to the Western Ocean." Another cloud said, "It is said that the eunuch Sambo's voyage to the Western Ocean was a major event in the early Ming Dynasty." Accordingly, this trip is not to cross the south, but to explore the west. Since Kyle Polo became an official, Europeans have read his book and learned that China is civilized, so they began to seek China Eastern Airlines, which is also the reason for the new Indian air route. Neither of them reached their final destination, but now the key to the east-west passage is pregnancy.
Second, the development of navigation tools. Biography says: "Sixty-two man-made ships are 44 feet wide and 18 feet wide, and can accommodate more than 27,800 foot soldiers." When I read this article, I lamented the boldness of my national spirit and asked what others could do. It is now the largest merchant ship in the world, known as the Mina Soda of the Great Northern Company of the United States (it started sailing this year, and Kazuo Komura of Japan brought it to the United States), with a length of 630 feet and a width of 73 feet. The whole world is surprised by it, saying that it is Damo and Beijing. The ruler is our ruler, nine inches, 8577, while the Ming ruler is our ruler, which takes one inch and one second. However, Zheng He took a boat, which was more than twice as vast as "Minadaso". In today's America, there are only two people who can make "Minesota". In China at that time, 62 people could make "Mina soda", and the autocratic monarch had all the abilities, which was incredible. Steam machinery had not been invented at that time.
If you use such great technology to leap over Wan Li, someone will definitely drive an excellent car. Columbus may have sailed four times, Keaton five times and Zheng He seven times. Today, the age is shown as follows:
According to the above table, Zheng He has lived at sea for 30 years, almost without age, and he is not in the stormy waves. Those who have a little rest during this period will be deaf for six years after the collapse of their ancestors. In the middle of Xuanzong, the plan of Zhuang was revived, and the land was the farthest, and it was harmonious with the old. The fact that he traveled overseas is too rare to elaborate, but his great martial arts can be seen in the chaos of capturing the kings of Sanfo Qi, Ceylon and Su Ding. After Shi Yan's self-reconciliation, all those who will command the sea will be praised for their self-reconciliation. That's why Jaco wants to impose it on the western region.
At that time, Ji Xing wrote two books:
(a) Ying Ya Sheng Lan, written by Ma Huan, was published in the 14th year of Yongle, covering 19 countries.
(2) Xing Lan was written by Fei Xin, published in the first year of orthodoxy, with a history of 40 countries.
Both Ma and Fei are Muslims. Because I understood Arabic, I was ordered to be a translator, so I wrote by myself. After the publication of Ma Zhu, there were fewer names and more detailed records of the old countries. After the book was published, many people in the old country recorded it less. Today, I refer to two books to explain the current place and record the prestige at that time.
(1) Fifteen countries to the east of the Malay Peninsula.
(2) full country, every four countries.
(3) Sue door a thorn, every seven.
(4) Indian countries, all six
(5) Arab countries, including five.
(6) Countries in Africa, Asia and Africa
(1) countries east of Malay Peninsula:
(1) Changba or Champa, the city of Hanlin. In the Tang Dynasty, it was called Zhan Lao or Zhan Po, and now the place where Saigon City in Xiatoe, Vietnam is located was an independent country at that time and did not belong to Jiaotoe.
(2) Lingshan, the cloud recorded in the star survey, is connected with Zhancheng Mountain, and its location is now difficult to locate accurately. Westerner Philip called today's Can-nauh. Graniweis calls it Nuitran, that is, at the moment, we don't know which is which, so we need to cross our toes.
Cambodia, today's Cambodia, is also a protectorate of France. At that time, the country owned a part of Siam, bordering Yunnan, China.
(4) Kunlun, Qiongzhou Island in China, one of the southernmost islands in the lower toe, is still called Kunlun Mountain by Vietnamese. Westerners call Proudro, which is the old name of Kyle Polo. Pulu in Malay means island. Today, legal persons often commit crimes of crossing the country here.
(5) Panduranga, one of the ends of the Cambodian coast.
(6) Siam, self-evident.
(7) Panang, the "Star Chak" cloud, is located in the west of Siam, which is the southern tip of Malay Peninsula today, bordering on the east coast and Singapore.
(8) East and West Zhu (Singapore), Biography of Ming History Abroad. The Johor article says: "Johor is near Pahang, and in Yongle, Zheng He traveled all over the Western Ocean. Johor has no name, or something has a mountain. Now that this mountain is in its place, it is doubtful. " According to Johor, Singapore is located at the southernmost tip of today's Ma Song Peninsula. At that time, it was named East and West Zhu, and almost Columbus ordered a new piece of land in North America for the West Indies.
(9) Lingjia Strait, an island between Malay Peninsula and Sumatra, between the Straits. The name of Longjia Island in the map approved by the University Hall today is also true.
(10) Billiton Island, known as Billiton Island on the map of the University Hall, is located at the junction of Sumatra Island and Borneo in the Java Sea. In the Yuan Dynasty, Shi Bi recruited Javanese and sent troops.
(1 1) Karimata Island. The Karimata Islands on the map of the University Hall are also opposite Sumatra Island in southwest Borneo. There is a false answer from Mali in Shi Bizhuan, the history of Yuan Dynasty, whose position is recorded in Xing Cha, so Mali in Xing Cha can definitely be blamed on Rima's fault. )
(12) Tang Bin, a star tea, was recorded in the southwest ocean of Lanjiao, and its location is difficult to determine today. Graves thinks it is the middle edge of sunda islands, so it is difficult to follow it today.
(13) Java, it goes without saying.
(14) Madura, known as Madura Island on the map of the University Hall, is opposite to Surabaya Port in the Java Sea.
(15) The land in Li Ji is so boring that it is difficult to refer to it accurately today. Cloud "Star Chak" is located in the east of Chongjialuo, producing sandalwood. According to the name of Sandalwood Island, it is here, and its land lies between Java Sea and banda sea.
(2) full of thorns and countries:
(1) Malacca, now officially named Malacca, is a British territory, located on the west bank at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula.
(2) Aru Islands, translated from the map of Daxuetang, is located on the northern shore of Sumatra Island, near the Mammalaga Strait.
(3) Pulo Sambilon, nine islands in the Straits of Malacca. The name Kyushu is translated into meaning, not pronunciation. The Malay word (Pulo) is cloud island, and its (Sambilon) is cloud nine.
(3) Sue door a thorn countries:
(1) The old port is also called Paleambang, which was called Sanfoqi in Ming Dynasty and Gandori in Six Dynasties. Today, the Netherlands is a metropolis in the northeast of Sumatra, and the map of the University Hall has been translated into Pakistani.
(2) Sumatra Island is considered as the general name of the whole island today, but according to Yingya and Xingcha, it is only the western part of the island, which is the proper name of the corner of Aceh today.
(3) Lambri, whose place is difficult to determine today, is the place where Kelpolo traveled in cheap countries, and then it is located in the northwest of Kasumien, west of Aceh, and it covers Xiamen.
(4) Orphans (Flower Kingdom), whose land is difficult to locate accurately today, are almost a part of Aceh.
(5) Dai Li is almost a part of Aceh, and its land is difficult to determine now.
(6) Pulo Way, an island about 0/3 miles northeast of Aceh.
(7) Andaman Island, called andaman islands in the map of the University Hall, sailed from the Malay Peninsula to India as a stopover. Now it is a dependency of India and a British version. Yingya records that its land is in the sea and there are three or four mountains; "Star Search" records five days and nights in the northwest of Longxian Island. That must be Anda, and the emerald blue scenery is named after it.
(4) India:
(1) Bangladesh, where official documents are translated, is now the seat of Gallagher, the capital of India.
(2) Kochi (Cochin), the map of the University Hall is Chen Ke, and Kochi's translated name is Xiamen Silver Leaf, which is located at the southwest end of the Indian Peninsula, near the Yabo Sea.
(3) Quieln, the map of the University Hall is Gulan, and the place recorded in the Star Search is close to Duqiaozhu, which is also a second-class metropolis in India.
(4) Kallikat, Yingya, records its location cloud, with the sea in the west, the Kizi country in the south, the Wolf Nuer country in the north, and the Kambayi in the Far East for 700 miles. According to Kezhi, Kambayi is Kambayi, but the place to go today, ricard, is also a metropolis near the sea in Mumbai province.
(5) Ceylon, a big island at the southern tip of India, was called the Lion Country in ancient times, and now it is the only place for the Western Airlines.
(6) Maldives Island, the map of the University Hall is translated into the Madai Islands, as are most coral islands in the southwest of Ceylon Island, and "Yingya" has eight major slides; There are 38,000 bamboo slips in Xingcha, which are very clear about countless islands, just like the notes written by the woman Ma in Kelly. .
5] Arab countries:
(1) Zuo Xianger (Xingcha), Faer (Yingya) (Defei), a city on the south bank of Alabo.
(2) Aden, the old translation of Athens, also translated into Aden. A peninsula at the southernmost tip of Arabian Peninsula, which is the key point of westward voyage. Today, it is a British territory, belonging to the administrative region of Mumbai province, India.
(3) Hormuz or Ormuz, one of the three major islands in the Persian Gulf, is now Persian territory.
(4) Arabia or Mecca, namely Akabo, also known as Mecca.
(5) Lhasa, whose land is difficult to locate accurately today, is located near Misobedamia.
(6) African coastal countries:
(1) Magedexa or Magadoxo, translated from the map of the University Hall, is also located on the east coast of Africa, near the Indian Ocean.
(2) The map of the University Hall translated by Barahoa and Barahoa is located in the south of the ancient wooden capital.
(3) juba, the map translation of the University Hall is Zhou Ba, which is in the south of Bula.
The 40 countries listed above can be found in Inga Saint Orchid and Xing Cha Sheng Orchid. Suppose the route is as follows:
(1) Sail the South China Sea of China to the southern tip of Indian zhina Peninsula (Saigon).
(2) Sail from the east coast of Siam Bay (that is, Bangkok Bay) to Bangkok (now Siam Jing).
(3) Go south to Singapore along the Malay Peninsula on the west bank of Siam Bay.
(4) Sail around Dala Island in Sumatra for one week.
(5) One-week voyage to Java.
(6) Sail the Bay of Bengal to East India (Galactica) via andaman islands.
(7) Go to Ceylon along China Southern Airlines on the east coast of the Bay of Bengal and circle Ceylon Island.
(8) Sail north along the east coast of Arabia to West India (Mumbai).
(9) Sail northward from Mumbai along the east coast of the Persian Gulf to the Tagus estuary (now Germany belongs to Asia Minor).
(10) Follow China Southern Airlines on the west coast of the Persian Gulf, and then walk to Aden on the west coast of the Arabian Sea for a week.
(11) The Gulf of Aden goes north to Mecca along the east coast of the Red Sea.
(12) sailed out of the Gulf of Aden along the west coast of the Red Sea, and then sailed back along the east coast of Asia and Africa through the Mosenbeek Strait (also known as the Mosambeek Strait) and returned to the southern tip of Madagascar.
So is the outline of Zheng He's route. According to the above list, it seems that the west is fine and the east is slightly. Its footprint is less than half that of Malaysia, and it lies to the east of Java Sea. However, under the article "Biography of the Ming Dynasty and Chicken Cage", it is said that Zheng He hated the man and made a bronze bell at home, belonging to Taiwan Province Island and Zeng Lu. Under "Brunei", it is said that Zheng He wants to make it, and there are Fujian people. Because of staying, future generations are king because of the country, Borneo, and have been green. According to the Western Tribute, in the eighth year of Yongle, truffles went to the Western Ocean with Zheng He, a China official, who was also his residence in the Philippines at that time. For those who can't record Yingya and Xingcha, almost Ma and Fei can speak Arabic and work as interpreters. They are in the west of Malay Peninsula, where they speak Arabic, so they can study. To the east, there is no pen of the second son. If we can talk about this, there will be ten coastlines and eight or nine travelers passing by in Asia. Hey, full of joy!
The New World said that Ban Dingyuan established the Western Regions, which made Gan Ying sail for Daqin, but the rest (Persia) couldn't cover it up, saying that the sea was strange and the British were frustrated, and they missed an opportunity of contact between eastern and western civilizations. People who read history have endless regrets. It is said that mainlanders are not used to maritime affairs and are likely to be interested in Jun Zheng. Then there are very few people in the history of the world who can compete with the so-called great sailors. At the beginning of Zheng Jun's voyage to the West, he saw America more than 60 years earlier than Columbus and the new Indian route more than 70 years earlier than Vigorda Gama. Gu why the achievements of Ge and Wei can open a new era in the world? And Zheng Jun's fierce, died of Zheng Jun's failure. Although our people ate a little from it, they also wanted some. So after Columbus, there are countless Columbus, after Vygoda Ma Jia, there are countless Vygoda Ma Jia. And I, after Zheng He, have no second Zheng He, which is Zheng Jun's sin.
It is also said in the new world that the losers in the world are needless to say, and their winners don't have to be close to the desired nature, either too much or too little, but they always have to be close to the desired nature. This Buddha said that the so-called karma is also. Costa Rica's voyage is to find India and open up a new continent that India can't reach, and it is also a hope. Victoria's voyage, in order to find Zina, Zina is not allowed to arrive, but only through India, which is undesirable. Because of its hopeful nature, its home country is full of people, and it wants a new place to colonize itself. Therefore, although it has not reached its desired fixed point, its original maximum purpose has been achieved. If the emergence of Chiyou in our country lies in the nature of its hope, then the hero's ambition is to win the same reputation as the distant people and other countries, and his achievements are also suitable for this hope. Why? Its nature is natural. Therefore, Zheng He's achievements were full of ambition in the Ming Dynasty, but after that, although there were countless Zheng He, they were already heard, alas! My family has been a descendant for a long time because I am a biography of Zhang and Ban Dingyuan, which is more than enough to say!
Xinshi also said that people can't have a class view. Sima Qian before the punishment and Zheng He after the punishment are the light of national history!
Originally published in Xinmin Cong Bao, Volume 3, No.21,1904, signed "China Xinmin".