Since the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, the main function of Ci is to provide singing for singers and actresses in banquets. After entering the Song Dynasty, the new social environment was more conducive to the development of Ci. Song and dance pavilions are an important part of literati's life, and the words bred here are also extremely prosperous.
165438+In the second half of the 20th century, after Liu Yong and other poets left the ci world one after another, there were other poets in Yuan You, such as Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Yan, Qin Guan, He Zhu, Chao and Zhou Bangyan. Their activities and creative times were mainly in Zongshen, Zhezong and Hui Zong (1069 ~ 1 125). There were two creative groups in this period: First, Su Shi was the leader, and Huang Tingjian, Qin Guan, Chao, Li Zhiyi, Zhao Lingzhi, Chen Shidao and Mao Kun were the two wings; Although Yan and He Zhu do not belong to the Sumen School of Poetry, they have close contacts with the Sumen School of Poetry. Second, Cao Zu, Yong, Tian Wei, Xu Shen and other great poets who took Zhou Bangyan as their teacher and worked in Sheng Da Yuefu. After Liu Yong and Wang Anshi, Su Shi made great efforts to expand the realm of Ci and became unique, while Huang and Chao imitated his Ci and became their own. Qin Guanxue Liu Yong, a unique way; Yan inherited the tradition of "flower room" in the Five Dynasties and continued to create a unique artistic world with Xiao Ling. He Zhu draws nourishment from Tang poetry, and the chivalrous spirit is integrated with beautiful tenderness; Zhou Bangyan established strict artistic standards in rhythm, syntax and composition, and made a new start. This is a prosperous period of coexistence of various styles and emotional appeal in the history of Song Ci, and it is also a creative period of famous artists. Among them, Su Shi and Zhou Bangyan have the strongest creativity and the most far-reaching influence, and the Southern Song Ci developed in their two directions respectively.
After that, Li Qingzhao, Zhang, Ye Mengde, Li Gang and Chen were the representatives of poets. These poets mainly lived in the first half of the 2nd century A.D./KLOC-0, when the societies of Hui Zong, Qinzong and Gaozong moved from peace to war. Their creation is obviously divided into two stages due to the drastic changes of the times: the first half of their life was spent in a peaceful environment, although their creation has begun to show its edge, it was covered by the light of Zhou Bangyan, He Zhu and other predecessors; After the disaster of Jingkang, the humiliation of the nation, the desolation of the mountains and rivers, and the sufferings of the people prompted them to consciously accept Su Shi's ci style, cry for salvation, be close to daily life, and express the sufferings of the national society and the anguish of personal ideals lost in the war-torn years. Du Nan's Ci further expanded the lyrical function of Ci, and enhanced its sense of the times and realism.
/kloc-In the second half of the 20th century, there were many famous poets in the field of ci, and the group of "Zhongxing" poets represented by Xin Qiji, Lu You, Zhang Xiaoxiang, Chen Liang, Liu Guo and Jiang Kui pushed the creation of ci to the peak. Xin Qiji's ci is profound in content and elegant in style. He founded and developed the "bold and unconstrained" school initiated by Su Shi, and is called "Su Xin" together with Su Shi. The new poets have exerted the lyric function of ci to the maximum extent. Ci can be discussed and reasoned like poetry, and its artistic personality is increasingly prominent. The creation method of ci not only draws lessons from the artistic experience of poetry, but also absorbs the creation method of prose, that is, taking text as ci. On the premise of maintaining its own unique sense of musical rhythm, the language of writing has also been greatly integrated into the vocabulary of poetry. This improved the artistic expression of Ci, and finally established the literary status of Ci and the May 7th poem. On this issue, Jiang Kui, Shi Dazu, Gao, Lv Zugao, Zhang Yi and others formed another faction, forming a situation of double peaks confrontation.
After Xin Qiji's death, two generations of poets appeared in the Southern Song Dynasty. First, before the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty, people in the Jianghu died, mainly Sun Weixin, Liu Kezhuang, Wu Wenying and Chen Renjie. Second, the group of adherents who continued to write ci after their subjugation to the Yuan Dynasty, among which, Chen, Wen Tianxiang, Wang, Zhang Yan and others made great achievements. Judging from the creative tendency, it can be roughly divided into two categories. One kind belongs to the stamina of Xin school, taking Jiaxuan as the Sect and advocating lyric expression, which is inevitable to be lost; The other is Jiang Kui's followers, who take Jiang Kui's "elegant words" as a model, pay attention to refining words and cutting sentences, listen to sounds and obey the law, and pursue elegant and refined artistic interests. The theme of words is mainly chanting things and paying attention to sustenance, but the meanings of some words are obscure. Among them, it combines the strengths of the new school and the Jiang school and forms its own family. At the end of Song Dynasty, the ci world was the end of the peak of ci history, and it was also a period of integration of various ci styles.