Jueju
Tang Dynasty: Du Fu
"Two orioles sing green willows, and egrets cover the sky."
My window framed the snow-covered western hills. My door often says "goodbye" to ships sailing eastward.
Two orioles sang softly among the green willows, and a neat team of egrets went straight into the blue sky. Sitting by the window, you can see the snow accumulated all the year round on Xiling Mountain, and ships from Dongwu, thousands of miles away, are parked in front of the door.
Extended data
Du Fu's poems have always been praised by people. As far as the development of poetic artistic conception is concerned, the diversity of artistic techniques in his poetry creation is more important to the latter. Du Fu's poetic theories are numerous, and the influence of "Poet Sage" has never stopped. In Du Fu's poems, in addition to expressing real concern about the encounters and changes of the world society, many of them express their feelings by describing scenes in order to achieve mutual development.
Du Fu had the ambition of "being a gentleman first, then being simple in folk customs" all his life. However, due to the influence of Li and other treacherous officials in the DPRK and the incident of housing officials, his official career has never been able to move. From then on, he left Chang 'an and the imperial court forever. After wandering, he always cared about people's livelihood and the court, but he also suffered from being idle and depressed for a long time.
In the second year of Gan Yuan, Du Fu went to Chengdu to build a thatched cottage in the following year, and settled his wandering life. In the second year of Wende, Yanwu, an old friend of Du Fu, recommended Du Fu to the court as a foreign minister of the inspection department. This four-line poem was written in this period.
Poetry, with its vibrant natural beauty, seems to create a fresh and relaxed atmosphere. In these two sentences, the poet implicitly described this beautiful scenery from different angles. Cui is new green, which is the color when everything recovers and germinates in early spring. With "singing", the cry of orioles seems to give people a crisp and pleasant feeling.
In early spring, pairs of orioles sing on the budding willow branches. What a happy life! The oriole singing on the willow is the vitality that moves silently. The next sentence is about the vitality of nature with more obvious dynamic trend: Wan Li is clear, and egrets fly in this fresh sky, which is not only a kind of freedom and comfort, but also an upward effort.
This is a wonderful word "Shang". These two sentences, with "yellow" lining "Cui" and "white" lining "Qing", are bright in color and full of vitality in early spring. The first two sentences also describe the crow of orioles, and describe this vibrant and colorful image of early spring from the visual and auditory perspectives respectively. This colorful technique adds vitality.
Furthermore, the first sentence says that the oriole sings on the willow, and the last sentence says that the egrets fly to the sky. The space between them is much wider, from bottom to top, from near to far, so that the poet can see and feel the vitality and fill the whole environment, thus showing the prosperity of early spring from another angle.
The third sentence "The window contains snow in Xiling". Looking from the window, you can see the snow in Xishan because of the clear sky and sunny days in early spring. But I think it's not satisfactory. Can you understand it better: the above two sentences have pointed out that festivals are all in early spring, and the autumn snow in winter will probably melt, giving people a wet feeling.
There is a word "containing" between "window" and "snow" in this sentence, which makes moisture moisten the frozen window lattice in winter when the first snow melts, just like moistening feelings. Wouldn't it be better to write about the feeling of early spring vitality with water? And "Xiling" can be understood as the poet's yearning for Xiling near the thatched cottage when he saw the snow and ice melting in front of the window.
Think of the snow on Xiling Mountain for many years and then change the snow seen on the window into the snow on Xiling Mountain for thousands of years. But why did the poet use this poem "A Thousand Autumn Snow" to replace the residual snow on the window last year? The poet's years of neglect have broadened his artistic conception. Above, I have briefly described Du Fu's writing of this poem. At that time, Du Fu had drifted away from the imperial court for many years, but suddenly he had an effective opportunity.
This is the way poets look at things and express their feelings. In addition, after decades of obstacles, the young people's ambition of "being loyal to the monarch and changing customs" finally had a chance to show again, and the years of war were put down. This is exactly related to the poet's stubborn feeling of melting snow when he saw the melting snow in front of the window and thought of Xiling, replacing the residual snow on the window with snow that has been on the ridge for thousands of years.
But at the same time, this stubborn feeling that snow can melt shows that it is not easy from another angle. It wasn't built in a day, let alone melting snow in this millennium. Therefore, there is a deeper worry in that faint hope. So I think this sentence is not just a description of the snow in front of the window, it has a deeper meaning, and this observation of the scenery is actually implied in one or two sentences.
The number of "two" and "one line" is clear. Careful observation is not because of the relaxed and happy heart, but to dispel the long-lost melancholy and boredom in the heart.
This is similar to the observation of the scenery in "A Little Threshold to Send the Heart" and "Hua Hudie has a deep insight, and the water dragonfly flies slowly" in "Qujiang", which expresses the feeling of boredom in the heart with a fresh and free scene.
The last sentence further described Du Fu's complicated mood at that time. When the ship came from "Wu Dong", this sentence means that the war has been decided, the traffic has resumed, and the poet misses his hometown when he sees things. This solution seems inadequate. The word "berth" is meaningful. The meaning of "can't stay" is exactly what Du Fu used. Du Fu has been wandering for many years.
Although there is still a little hope in his heart, it has been greatly eliminated after all. He is confident in his ambition. He should know that his ideal of "being a gentleman and being refined and pure" was difficult to realize at that time, and before recommending him to the court, he had just returned from exile in Zizhou and Langzhou because of Shao Yinxu's rebellion in Chengdu.
Even a thatched cottage in a corner can't be peaceful. Du Fu knew his mood at that time. Under such a strong and uncertain emotion and such a helpless life experience, Du Fu's recommendation to Yanwu was successful, and even if he succeeded, it was really hopeless whether he could really show his ambition.
Just write this complex mood between hope and disappointment. And "Wan Li" implies the difficulty of achieving the goal, which, like three sentences, describes the difficulty of achieving the goal from time and space to show that there is little hope. This is a ... Secondly, the Wu Dong ship moored in front of the gate did not come from Wu Dong, but went to Wu Dong.
Dongwu is a symbol of Du Fu's hope. What is the reason for going to Wu Dong without telling the truth about Chang 'an? First, as mentioned above, the distance between Chengdu and Soochow shows that the poet's ambition is not easy to develop.
Secondly, Sun Quanshan in the Three Kingdoms, Ren Xian and Shu Han in the west, and Cao Wei in the north, are three points in the world. Since ancient times, many scholars have praised him as the wise master, replacing Sun Zhongmou with Dongwu, which symbolizes Du Fu's hope for the emperors of the dynasty, and should also be the lodging place for his ambition of "going to Yaoshun". The word "Nan" is composed of "Bo", "Wan Li" and "Dongwu Ship".
And ending with this emotion can attract people to get rid of the aftertaste of fine products in the faint spring.
This quatrain is a scene, but it is integrated, and it is the poet's inner state of mind that plays a connecting role. On the surface, it seems that everything is lively, cheerful and bright, but it entrusts the poet with the loss of time, loneliness and boredom, and even writes the poet's complicated mood when there is a glimmer of hope.
Beyond that kind of hope, it is more the poet's sadness about disappointment and his absence and hesitation about whether hope can be realized. It is the poet's idea to pin his inner complex emotions on fresh and brisk scenes.