First, the choice of theme is unusual. Han Yu's poems are good at capturing and expressing magnificent and imaginative abnormal images. I like to describe the uncanny workmanship of nature and the wonders of the world, such as "Jumping Chapter", "Eclipse Poetry Made by Yuchuan", "Luhun Mountain Fire" and "Remembering Dreams". Even with common themes, Han Yu likes to be ingenious and unexpectedly dig out things that others have not written. He also likes to pick up trivial things and spread them out in a big way. For example, the pheasant with an arrow grasps the images of pheasant, arrow and general from the dynamic, incisively and vividly, in one go. Although this theme choice is an important aspect of originality, it is inevitable to go to extremes if you go too far. A Qing poet Liu Xizai said that "the ugliness of Changli poems is often beautiful" ("Introduction to Art") refers to these aspects. "Nanshan" used more than 50 novel metaphors, which made Nanshan bizarre and showed amazing imagination.
Secondly, this style is characterized by strangeness and novelty in conception and imagination. Good at capturing and expressing abnormal images, magnificent and imaginative. For example, the poem "Meng Dongye lost his son" was originally written to comfort Meng Jiao's loss of his son, but it was put into the poem in the form of fable, which explained the truth that "don't be happy if you have a son, don't sigh if you don't have one". The idea of "Lu Soul Mountain Fire" is even more peculiar. Originally a forest fire, Han Yu was portrayed as a Vulcan banquet, and the scene was extremely spectacular. Korean poetry is more imaginative, with strange metaphors and metaphors. His "Bian Si Hui Gifts Zhang Fu Shooting" and "Listening to the Piano" are vivid and vivid. In "Listening to a Clever Teacher Playing the Piano", the author first uses a series of metaphors to describe the image of music: "I am close to my children, and I hate you; Become majestic, warriors go to war. Eee logo turned into a floating cloud, you don't have to wander around the endless road. There were hundreds of birds, and suddenly I saw a lonely phoenix. If you can't climb the scale, you will fall sharply. " Then, I use synaesthesia to describe my feelings when listening to the piano, connecting hearing, touch and vision, turning the hard-to-capture sound into a visually sensible image and rendering the appeal of the piano sound. One of the characteristics of Korean poetry in this respect is to do what you can. In the poem Nanshan, the author uses the word "or" 5 1 piece to describe the shape of the mountain, which has a wide range of metaphors. Everything in the world, people, animals, ghosts and gods, and even piano, chess, calligraphy and painting, bowls, pots and hoes have become the objects of metaphor. All this is also a feature of Korean poetry "infinite strength and strong thinking". Related to this is the unique exaggeration of Korean poetry. In the poem "Bitter Cold", the author describes the intensity of the cold wind, which is "violent turbulence stirs the universe and the knife cuts hard". The poem "Laughing and Sleeping" describes the teacher's snoring, which is "cattle and horses are surprised and don't eat, ghosts gather and treat each other." The iron Buddha frowns and the stone man shakes his legs. " This grandiose description is almost unimaginable.
Third, this style is also manifested in the strangeness of words and sentences and "taking text as poetry" Han Yu advocates "doing things with words" and paying attention to careful wording when writing poems. He not only likes to use the old word ao, but also likes to innovate in colloquial language. He once said to himself, "There are many strong people, but the six characters are often dirty." Remember the dream. Examples of such scrutiny can be found everywhere in his poems. For example, "Tears are high in Qiu Shu, and insects hang on cold nights forever" ("Autumn Huai"); "The mountain is a sword, the river is a mirror, and the boat turns like a fly" ("Chen Kou writes two more songs"). Chinese poetry also likes to set colors and use colors to form rich tones. For example, the poem "A visit to Qingliang Temple gives Cui Bu" says: "My friend invited me to visit the Buddhist temple, which coincided with the full foliage. Guanghua flashed on the wall to see ghosts and gods, and closed the fire umbrella. However, the clouds burn trees and the sun pecks eggs. The soul turns its eyes and forgets the place, and it is uninterrupted. " Han Yu's strange poetic style also influenced the works of other poets and became a temporary trend.
Another major feature associated with the style of Korean poetry is that Han Yu's "taking prose as poetry" has formed the prose culture of poetry. First of all, many of Han Yu's poems are almost the same as prose in content and form. In these poems, Han Yu not only talks about it, but also deviates from the track of poetry in form. For example, the poem "Nanshan" tries to describe the changes and various forms of scenery in the four seasons of Zhongnanshan with the extravagance and parallelism of Han Fu, which is one of these manifestations. This point is even more incisive in Zaizaidong, which is almost the same as the author's famous prose "Preface to Send Dong". "Shouzhou county, rich life. When Tang Zhenyuan was in the county, Dong Sheng called Nan and lived in seclusion. " This kind of syntax sweeps away the flashy habit, but it often destroys the rhythm of poetry. As Shen Kuo said, "Chinese poetry is rhyming." The poem "The Rock" uses simple words, which does not represent its dangerous writing style. The poem is about the Mountain Temple, which is a travel book. Generally speaking, most travel poems intercept some scenes and express their feelings, but this poem describes the whole process of travel. From dusk to the temple, to sitting on the steps watching the scenery, to lying still at night, to walking alone at dawn, they are all written in poems in chronological order and the time of the second visit, in many ways, quite like a travel note. But in the form of poetry, it also retains the artistic characteristics of poetry. It is a unique combination of poetry and literature. Although this poem adopts various techniques in structure and brushwork, its artistic expression is not only a poetic form, but also an artistic technique. The poet made an ingenious cut of the whole journey of the mountain temple, and the joint details of the selected poems were also different. For the description part, we can also capture the outstanding characteristics of things, so as to maximize the visualization and convey the spirit of things. So what we are exposed to is the transmission of vivid pictures. Although the process of writing is not dull, it has reached a high artistic level.
Entering poetry with prose syntax is convenient for poets to gallop and improve their expressive ability. However, one-sided emphasis will blur the boundaries of poetry and damage its unique aesthetic characteristics. Han Yu is a failure in this respect, and there are many successful works.
Fourthly, the prose culture of Korean poetry is also characterized by unusual composition and syntax. Use strange words, make awkward sentences, bet on dangerous rhyme, avoid familiarity and save, because it is difficult to see clever thinking. For example, "Tigers, bears, moose, pigs catch apes, hoses, turtles, fish and salamanders, crows, pheasants and pheasants are simmering in carved eagle." ("Lu Hun Mountain Fire") "Who is the mother of the child" ("Bianzhou Rebellion"), he deliberately broke this rhythm and turned it into a rhythm of up and down. ) "It is a pig in Yilong" ("Fu Nan"). (Five-character poem is the rhythm of upper two and lower three, and he changed it to the rhythm of upper four. For example, seven-character poems are often written in four directions, while some Korean poems are written in three directions, "If the child is gone-if the machine starts", "Although I want to regret it-my tongue is beyond doubt" and so on. Just make a statement and strive for innovation. However, some poems deliberately strive for hard work, with heavy chisel marks, and even bend their teeth, which hinders the musicality and imagery of poetry. It can't be said that they have fallen into another formalism.
There is no denying that Han Yu, as the head of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties, has considerable influence. There is nothing to say about prose, but poetry is almost passable. He initiated the ancient prose movement, which influenced at least several generations in Tang and Song Dynasties. It's just that this person's speech is a little out of tune, and it's true or false. It is said that he is true because of this poem and this incident: "A letter is typed nine days early and eight thousand at Chaoyang Road at night. If you want to eliminate disasters for saints, you are willing to decline and cherish the old. Where is the hometown of Qinling Mountains? Snow blocked the blue horse. I know you should be interested in coming far away so that I can collect my bones by the river. " Han Yu was demoted for telling the truth without losing loyalty. However, Han Yu seems to have some flattery problems, such as his Pei Du. However, this person has lived in officialdom all his life, and it is inevitable that there will be some social remarks, so it is no wonder.
Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan are the representatives of the ancient prose movement in Tang Dynasty. They advocate ancient prose in order to carry forward the ancient road and revive Confucianism. Han Yu said, "Learn the ancient road.
Han Yu
Want to talk at the same time; Those who preach their words are also those who are interested in the ancient road "("After Mourning Ouyang Sheng "). Therefore, their ancient prose theories put it in the first place, but hankyung emphasized Confucian benevolence and orthodoxy, while Liu advocated "taking time and things as the Tao". In addition, the theoretical system of ancient Chinese prose of the two schools also includes: ① advocating "nourishing qi", that is, improving the author's moral cultivation, and emphasizing that "those who are rich in roots are practical, those who are full of cream are gorgeous, and those who are righteous are as they say" (Han Yu's Answer to Li Yishu). The author's moral cultivation determines the expression form of the article, so "bold words, short words and high voices" (2) As for the standard of learning, he advocates "the books of three generations and two Han dynasties, but dare not read them" (ibid.), and it is not only classics and history, but also the artistic achievements of Qu Yuan, Sima Xiangru and Yang Xiong. , so as to absorb their essence and enrich their writings (Han Yu's Interpretation of Learning, Liu Zongyuan's Answer to Wei Zhongli's Book and Teacher's Way). (3) To create new ideas and new words, we should not avoid "strangeness" (Han Yu's "Sending Poor Articles"), oppose imitation and follow the trend, demand "acting only on his words" (Han Yu's "Answering Li Yishu"), and think that "only ancient words come from themselves and are not thieves" (Han Yu's "Epitaph of Nanyang Fan Shaoshu"). Therefore, the works of ancient sages should be "learned from their meaning, not from their words" (Han Yu answered Liu). (4) While attaching importance to artistic forms, we especially oppose works with literary talent and absurd content, and think that "it is still a matter covered up by literary brocade. ".Don't know is upset. "(Liu Zongyuan's answer to Wu Wuling's book" Non-Mandarin "). ⑤ Require serious writing attitude, no carelessness, no laziness, no fatuity and no arrogance (Liu Zongyuan answers Wei Zhongli's book "Teacher's Way"). ⑥ Oppose to emphasize the past blindly, and think that "the ancients were also human ears, and their husbands were far away" (Liu Zongyuan's Book with Yang Jingzhao). He expressed indignation at the situation of "respecting the past and abusing the present" (Liu Zongyuan's "Talking with Friends") and pointed out that there are many good contemporary writers.
liu zongyuan
"If all are endless, the articles will flourish and have no precedent in ancient times" (Liu Zongyuan's Book with Yang Jingzhao). Obviously, the ancient prose movement advocated by Han and Liu is to carry out literary innovation and promote literary progress under the banner of retro.
Han and Liu advocated ancient prose and experienced some struggles at that time. Han Yu once said, "A servant has been a writer for a long time. Every time he thinks he is good in his mind, he thinks he is evil. A small name means a small person; Say what you want to say, people will be very strange. " However, in the face of people's criticism and ridicule, Han Yu did not waver. He "abandons vulgarity without hearing, laughs without insulting, and learns after calling" (Liu Zongyuan's Answer to Wei Zhongli's Teacher's Book), and constantly expands the team of the ancient prose movement. Han Yu's students include Li Ao, Huangfushi and Li Han. They converted to teaching and promoted the development of the ancient prose movement. Han and Liu pay attention to absorbing fresh words from spoken language, refining new written language close to spoken language, writing many excellent works, expanding the expressive function of written language and creating a new prose tradition in the history of China literature. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, some satirical essays written by Pi Rixiu, Lu Guimeng and Luo Yin also used ancient prose, which can be said to be the inheritance of the ancient prose movement.