The Book of Songs? Hurricane? Interpretation of Jing Nv
Chen Yiping
Quiet girl
This quiet girl is so cute that she will come to the corner of my town.
Deliberately hiding for me to find, scratching my head.
The quiet girl looks good. Give me a tong tube.
Red has a bright red color. Love it is really a bright color.
This country exploits me, Meili Yi and is rare.
It is not as beautiful as weeds, and beauty gives people deep affection.
Contemporary scholars generally believe that this is a famous love poem in the Book of Songs, which belongs to the "general" in the "national style". But many people don't pay much attention to this kind of "high wind", or just show that it is one of the fifteen winds. In fact, understanding the ins and outs of "Gaofeng" is helpful for understanding "Jingnv". Tai was a vassal state in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty. After Zhou Wuwang destroyed the Shang Dynasty, Wu Geng, the son of Zhou Wang, sang in Shangdu and managed the adherents of the Shang Dynasty. In order to guard against Wu Geng, Guan Shu was appointed to defend the country east of Chao Ge, with Cai Shu in the west of Chao Ge and Huo Shu in the north of Chao Ge. A few years later, King Wu died and became king. Duke Zhou was the regent, and Guan Shu and Cai Shu joined forces with Wu Geng to rebel. So the Duke of Zhou marched eastward, killed Wu Geng and Guan Shu, exiled Cai Shu and Huo Shu, named Kang Shu as Wei State, and incorporated the land of Tai and Ti into Wei State. The world is decided. Tai became the vassal state with the shortest survival time in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The Book of Songs was compiled for a long, long, long, long, long, long, long, long, long time ago. Why don't you call Feng Wei? In fact, in the pre-Qin period, people often called wei ren. The reason why Taifeng and Zhifeng were retained is probably to preserve the memory of this period of history and respect the decision of King Wu to enfeoffment Taiwei. Because this land was originally the center of the Shang Dynasty, before the formation of the rites and music system in the Zhou Dynasty, it retained more primitive customs and more love songs. After the Eastern Expedition, the Duke of Zhou strengthened the management of rites and music in the Wei Dynasty, and there was also an obvious evolution track of strengthening ethics and ethics in Li Jue's poems. The poem is not long, the words are not difficult, but the meaning is very rich.
Look at the title "quiet girl" first. "Quiet girl" is the title of the heroine in the poem, which appears twice in the poem. There has never been much disagreement about the interpretation of "quiet girl". Mao legend: "The quiet, too. It can be said that a woman is quiet and has statutes. " Zhu said, "Quiet, leisurely and elegant." Today's peak "The Book of Songs and National Style" also said: "Quiet, chaste and quiet, not frivolous." Or think that silence is peaceful and good. Guangya: "A quiet girl should also read the Bible. This is a good girl." Both horses and modern people say that since then. Jin Qihua's Dictionary of Appreciation of the Book of Songs (Anhui Literature and Art Publishing House, 1990 edition) says: "Quiet: gentle and quiet." These explanations, whether quiet, elegant, quiet and gentle, or good women and ladies, all refer to internal beauty and external beauty. Contemporary people use the fashionable title of "pretty girl" to translate women, saying that a quiet girl is a pretty girl. This statement seems inappropriate. "Pretty girl" mainly refers to beautiful appearance, but refers to the external beauty of women. The traditional interpretation is more in line with the original intention of the poem. So "quiet girl" can be interpreted as a lady, not a beautiful girl.
Some people say: In the era of strict ethics in The Book of Songs, the heroine violated the rules of ethics and met her lover in the corner of the city wall, which can't be described as "quiet". Judging from the description of the poem, the protagonist is lively and naughty, which seems to have nothing to do with silence. Why does The Book of Songs mention that the heroine falls in love with a "quiet girl" (lady)?
First of all, the era when the works of The Book of Songs were produced was not an era of strict ethics. The works of The Book of Songs span a long time. Some works were produced before the formation of ethics, some were produced in the early stage of ethics, and some were produced when ethics was strict. As mentioned above, refined women should be love songs born before or at the beginning of the formation of ethics. Nature is not bound by ethics, but shows enthusiasm. The works of The Book of Songs are produced in a vast area, including the central areas ruled by Zhou ethnic groups, remote areas and areas controlled by non-Zhou ethnic groups. Poetry in the central region is greatly influenced by ethics, but not in other regions. When Jing Nv was born, the dragon was not the center of Zhou's rule, so it was naturally less influenced by ethics. The works of The Book of Songs have a wide range of sources. The original author comes from different social classes, including nobles and civilians. At that time, the ethical code had a great influence on the nobles and little influence on the lower classes, so there was the Book of Rites. Qu Li "). Although it is difficult to determine the identity of the original author and protagonist of Jingnv, they are not very prominent aristocrats, so they are less bound by ethical codes.
Secondly, the praise of women in the era of The Book of Songs has both internal beauty and external beauty. For example, Nan Zhou at the beginning of The Book of Songs? Guan Luo's "Guan Luo's dove" in Jiangzhou is a gentle and graceful lady, and a gentleman is good at it, which means calling the heroine in love a "lady". "Biography of Mao" and "Biography of Poetry" all say "Shu, Mountain is also". The word "gentle and graceful" to describe a lady also refers to internal beauty and external beauty. Yang Xiong dialect says that "the beauty of the soul is gentle, and beauty is gentle". Lu Deming's Classic Interpretation quoted Wang Su's "Good is rewarded with good, and beauty with good" and extended it. China's ancient folk poems praised beauty, emphasizing both formal beauty and spiritual beauty. For example, when Han Yuefu praised Luo Fu in Mulberry in Shang Mo, he must not forget to praise her diligence and love for labor: "Luo Fu likes sericulture (good work) and picks mulberry in the south corner of the city." "Peacock flies southeast" praises Liu Lanzhi for "cutting onion roots, with dani in his mouth. At the same time, I also praised her for "serving the public and enjoying it, dare to specialize? "Working day and night, lonely and bitter. This is an idealized expression of folk literature and art: the author's favorite hero must be the most ideal, with the best appearance and the best moral character. Therefore, it is easy for the author of The Book of Songs to call the heroine in love a "quiet girl" (lady).
There are many problems worth discussing about the interpretation of this poem, such as how to understand the content and basic structure of the whole poem. Cheng Junying and Jiang Jianyuan commented in The Book of Songs: "It is interesting for poems to write secret contracts in a man's tone". Many appreciation articles also say that the content of the poem is to write a scene of young men and women tryst. The first chapter describes the man's date, the second and third chapters describe the situation after meeting, and the woman presents something to the man to express her love. But this understanding has brought many problems. If the whole poem is about two lovers meeting, the first chapter is about meeting, the second chapter is about women giving gifts to men, and the third chapter is about women giving gifts to men, which makes the whole poem flat, thin, lacking in hierarchy, repetition and change. In this way, the love interpretation of the hero in the poem is superficial, and the understanding of the meaning in the poem is superficial. Yes, the first chapter is about the tryst of two lovers, but not all the poems are about this kind of tryst. Chapters 2 and 3 do not describe what happened in this tryst. "Fine Girl" is about the love between two lovers. The three chapters of the poem intercept three cross-sections of their love life and show their sincere feelings in multiple dimensions.
Now we can read the first chapter of this poem. The whole poem is narrated in a man's tone, and the first sentence is "quiet girl" Beauty is beauty. What a beautiful and virtuous woman you are! This is a man's heartfelt compliment to his lover. City: the city wall. Corner: A corner of a city wall. As soon as I arrived at the corner of the city, I made an appointment to wait for me at the corner of the city, but the man arrived at their old dating place and didn't see the woman. This is the best scene to test the relationship between lovers. How many times have we seen such a situation: we agreed whether the old place was there or not, but when we arrived, no one was there. I began to get impatient and kept looking at my watch. It's been five minutes and it hasn't come yet! It's been ten minutes, no news, no phone calls! Then there are all kinds of flustered, all kinds of brain supplements are stood up, black and green. The hero of Quiet Girl didn't see his lover after arriving at the old place on time, so he wouldn't even think that she hadn't arrived, because she wouldn't be late. It is even more impossible to think of being stood up. Love is invisible, love is subtle and hidden. This sentence is a man's judgment: she must have been here, she must have been hiding on purpose! But where? Look around, alas, how stupid I am! Scratching your head is a vivid picture of a man grasping urgency and blaming himself. It can be seen that the first chapter describes the emotional basis of two lovers' soul mates, vividly showing lively and naughty women, simple and honest men and their full trust in their lovers. They get along well and are lovers with very high emotional intelligence. This laid the tone of the whole poem.
Let's look at the second chapter: the quiet girl is a good girl, let me manage it. Red has a bright red color. Love it is really a bright color. Clothes, beautiful in appearance, are synonymous with "clothes" in the previous chapter. Send gifts. Children, red. Guan, the ancients roughly had two explanations for this word. One refers to wind instruments, such as Xiao and Di. The second is the pen. Nowadays, people have a new interpretation of Guan. Many people think that tube refers to a kind of grass, or a bud of grass. Some people directly say that Guan is the "yellow" in Chapter 3. This statement is the most unreliable. There is no definition of tube as grass in ancient books, and almost all dictionaries don't mean tube as grass or the bud of grass. I really don't know what the basis of each follower is. Besides, the management of bamboo should be related to bamboo, and grass is related to Kan, which ignores human life. Furthermore, if Guan and Huang are the same thing, then the second and third chapters of the poem will be repeated, and it is impossible for a masterpiece that has been passed down through the ages to have such a failure. The reasonable explanation of "pipe" here is flute, flute and other wind instruments. Gao Feng's "Book of Songs and National Wind" notes: "Tongguan is a musical instrument, and it is a red musical instrument. The tube in the Book of Songs refers to the Moon Pass. " In the Zhou Dynasty, music was linked with etiquette norms, forming a complete system of rites and music, which became a basic political system together with the hierarchical system, hereditary system and enfeoffment system. Only aristocrats are entitled to enjoy music, and musical instruments become a symbol of aristocratic status. Tongguan is a wind instrument decorated with red paint, which is even more precious. A woman gives Tong Guan to her lover, which is a precious token of love, reflecting her status and a symbol of her family. Is the best expression of love for women. The hero took over Tong Guan and fully understood its value and significance, so he sincerely admired: Ah! Precious flute! It's so red and bright that I can't put it down! This is a warm response to women's sincere love. Just as a woman gave a precious antique handed down from her ancestors as a token of love to her lover, a man solemnly took the antique, looked at it carefully and praised it: This is a treasure of the Ming Dynasty! It is rare to have such elegant modeling and exquisite workmanship! You gave me such a precious thing, I know it is your deep love, and I will never fail it! At this time, the girl's heart must be happy because she met someone who knows how to love. If that man takes an antique and takes a casual look, he says, where did you get this thing? Last time I saw one in an antique stall on the street, it was bigger than yours. You can make a counter offer, 50 yuan! At this time, the girl's heart must have collapsed, because she played the lute to a cow and met someone who didn't understand love at all. Let's break up as soon as possible
The third chapter is: from grazing to grazing, beauty is different. It is not as beautiful as weeds, and beauty gives people deep affection. Ranch: Suburb. "Two ya? Di Shi said, "The suburbs are called grazing. "Return: Feed through and give away. Fertilizer: tender grass buds. When the girl was playing in the suburbs, she saw a very strange and beautiful grass bud. She couldn't help bringing it back for the young man to enjoy. This is a common emotion of girls in love: every time I go to a place, every time I see something novel and beautiful, I will think of it for the first time: how good it would be to enjoy it with him! If he is not around, he will try his best to bring this novel and beautiful thing back to him. The young man's reaction when holding this grass bud is completely different from that when holding the children's tube. He said, it's really beautiful and strange! However, it's not the grass, how beautiful you are, because it was brought back to me by a beautiful woman from afar, so it became very precious. You see, young people are very talkative! How much love do you know! It can be seen here that how boring it would be to interpret "Tongguan" above as grass that is as fat as fat:-Brother, here is a tender grass bud for you. Ah! How beautiful the red tender grass buds are! -Brother, I'll send you another tender grass bud. Ah! You are sick! )
A girl is deeply in love, loves to the extreme, is willing to give him her most precious things, and thinks about him all the time, even if it is a leaf, a grass and a tree, it can be deeply affectionate. A boy, deeply in love, loves to the extreme, and the other person can understand it in seconds with one look, and even a casual smile can read your affection. This kind of love is described in "Fine Girl".
It is often said that love is the eternal theme of literature. There are countless love poems in China's poems of past dynasties, but most of them describe the one-way love-hate relationship between women and men. Most love poems have only one protagonist, either an infatuated woman or an infatuated man. There are few love poems with two heroines like Jing Nv. This is the value of Quiet Girl, and it is also the place where readers are still moved after thousands of years.
-End-
This article is selected from Chinese monthly 20 18 (10).
Author: School of Literature, South China Normal University?