First, Han Yu's timidity and fearlessness
Han Yu's personality is curious. Li Zhao's Supplement to Tang Shi records: "Han Yu is curious, so he went to Huashan with his guests and could not return. He made a suicide note and cried wildly. Huayin ordered him to take it. This is the next one. " This material "Tang Yulin" Volume 4 is also quoted. This story has been constantly rendered and interpreted by novelists in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, such as: "When Han retired, he climbed to the top of Huashan Mountain. He is extremely poor, extremely dangerous and dizzy. He cried like crazy, threw a book to say goodbye to his family, and Huayin ordered him to take it away by all means before he could get off the bus. " (The Collection of Feng Ming Menglong's Works, Volume III, The Complete Supplement of Ancient and Modern Talks about Officials) Another example is: "Han Changli went to Huashan to cry, but he never forgot the thoughts of life and death." (Wu Zhijia's Meditation Collection, Volume 4) It seems that Han Yu is a person who is afraid of death. However, some people have put forward different views. Fan Rulin's "Notes on the Music of the Han Dynasty" in Song Dynasty said:
Li Zhao's Supplement to National History says: The more curious you are, the more you climb Huashan Mountain, and the degree is irreversible. You are crazy, crying, and the county magistrate tried his best to get it. And writing "the purpose of climbing China" is concise: mourning, mourning is not in the forest; Mo Zhai was in tears, but not in silk. Besides, Ruan Ji's car is on the road, and he is too poor to do anything. Why not think about it first? When you cover up a fake thing, pay tribute to it. Those who are angry and eager for glory and greed, if on the cliff, the risk can't stop, they will trip over the danger and then sigh that they don't know where the tax has gone. Sad husband! For the purpose of Wen Gong, Wei Shenzi is slightly unlucky! According to the supplement of public poems and national history, it is true that the public had no other purpose at first.
In Shen Yan's "The Purpose of Climbing China", he thinks that Han Yu is not afraid of death, but is worried about the country and the people because of being there and thinking. Shen Yan's viewpoint also influenced people's judgment in Ming and Qing Dynasties. For example, Ouyang Gui, a Korean, said in Volume 9 of the Records of Xishan: "Remember Changli's visit to Huashan, beating his chest and crying, and writing strategies with his family. Husband Changli is afraid of the dead! In particular, it is full of deaf ears. " Another example is the fifth volume of Xitang Miscellanies II in the Qing Dynasty, which said: "Yesterday Changli climbed Huashan Mountain and wept bitterly to bid farewell to his family. Changli was not afraid of the dead, but full of grief and indignation, and had nowhere to vent, and took Huashan Mountain as a place to cry." Others believe that Han Yu used Huashan's rigor to feel the danger of the country's future and vent his worries.
However, some people disagree with Shen Yan. Song Weitai's A Record of Dong Xuan (Volume 15) said:
Tang novels have the flavor of Han retiring to Huashan. Climbing too steep to go down, he burst into tears and sent a book to say goodbye to his family. Huayin makes every effort to get it, and then you can get it. Shen Yan's Collection of Letters thinks that there is no such thing. Is there such a sage who is short of life? After reading the poem Answering Zhang Che and the story of You Huashan, the sentence reads "... I regret my madness, but I still engraved my name", and then I know that the novel is a letter, and Shen Yan is a false argument.
Song Pan Zimu's Deep Sea Record (Volume 6) and Xiyue Huashan also contain:
At present, Li Zhao's Supplement to National History contains Han Yu's visit to Huashan. He is extremely poor and dangerous, so he can't come down. He was crazy, crying and writing a book to say goodbye to his family. Huayin ordered him to win it anyway before he could come down. Shen Yan's Letters thinks it is false, so there are sages who despise life! Guan Yu presented Zhang Jishi with a poem saying, "Luoyi has stopped suing, and Huashan is poor." Leaning against the rock waves leads to the stars. ..... "Know Evonne as a letter and Shen Yan as a fake.
There is the word "Dongpo" below this article by Ji Bian Yuan Hai, but it should not be Su Shi's, and the poem quoted in it is not for "Answer", so that Su Shi's knowledge will not make mistakes in the title of Korean poetry. In the Ming Dynasty, Zhang Xuan's "Ritual" (Volume 5) and Han Changli's "Climbing Huashan" are also recorded:
Li Zhao's Supplement to National History contains the flavor that Han Changli climbed to the top of Hua Yue ... Song Weizhi said, as the saying goes: Changli is cynical, greedy ... scholars also believe it, but I say otherwise, whoever is too greedy for position and climbs to the top of China to cry is really afraid of death! And read "Poetry of Seclusion" and quote Zhang Jishi from Changli: "When Luoyi comes back to rest, Huashan will be poor. ..... "Then Shen's nonsense is more favorable.
This material is obviously copied from Song people. These authors all disapprove of Shen Yan's point of view, thinking that his explanation belongs to the incisive side, and they also cite a poem "Answer to Zhang Che" by Han Yu to refute it. This seems to reinforce the fact that Han Yu is afraid of danger and death when climbing mountains. Han Yu is really a coward. Are you afraid of death?
In fact, judging from Han Yu's life, he is not only courageous, but also extremely "bold". Let's take a look at Han Yu's earth-shattering and weeping words and deeds.
In the first month of the 14th year of Yuanhe in Tang Xianzong (8 19), Han Yu, then assistant minister of punishments, believed that Buddhism squandered money to confuse people and push public opinion. He went to the Buddha's bone to express his remonstrance and prevented Xianzong from welcoming Buddha's bone from Fengxiang to Beijing to pray. The table compares Xian Zong to a Buddha-loving monarch like Liang Wudi: "Only Liang Wudi reigned for 48 years and gave his life three times before and after. It is even more unfortunate to do things for the Buddha. " Moreover, it is threatened that the life span of emperors who believe in Buddhism and the fate of dynasties will not last long: "Zhou Wenwang is 97 years old and 93 years old, and King Mu has been in power for a hundred years. At this time, Buddhism had not spread to China, but it was not because of Buddhism. There was Buddhism when Emperor Han Ming was in power, and Ming Di was in power for eighteen years. After that, chaos and death followed, and his good luck did not last long. " He also firmly stated that "if the Buddha has a spirit, it can be a blessing or a curse. If you complain and blame, you should add yourself to the minister, and I will not regret it. " Han Yu's performance seriously hurt Xian Zong's self-esteem and completely angered Xian Zong. He wanted to write a letter to kill Han Yu, but under the persuasion of prime ministers Cui Qun and Pei Du, Xianzong eventually relegated Han Yu to the distant Chaozhou-"8,000 days to seize the day". This behavior shows that Han Yu is not afraid of death, which just proves that he is a man with great courage and courage, and also a conscientious scholar who can plead for the people regardless of life and death.
Judging from the above two examples, on the one hand, Han Yu appears timid and afraid of death, on the other hand, he appears fearless. Why is one's style so inconsistent? The author thinks that this problem can be explained from two aspects: one is to explore the deep-seated reasons for the formation of Han Yu's contradictory personality from the perspective of his life experience and growth environment; The second is to see Han Yu's inconsistent behavior from his mature thoughts.
Second, Han Yu's growing environment and the formation of his personality.
Comparing these two behaviors of Han Yu, we first suspect that Han Yu's personality has obvious specificity because of his childhood life experience and special growth environment.
In the third year of Tang Daizong's Dali (768), Han Yu was born into an official family. His grandparents are both North Korean or local officials. His father, Han Zhongqing, was an official secretary and died when Han Yu was three years old. "unborn, three-year-old orphan" ("sacrifice to Mrs. Zheng"). Han Yu had to be raised by his brother Han Hui. Who is Han Yu's mother? When did you die? Han Yu's own poems, from Li Ao's "Towards the Star", Huangfushi's tombstone and epitaph, as well as related historical books and biographies, are not clear. Mr. Bian, a master of literature and history, believes that Han Yu's biological mother is humble and may be a maid or nanny at home. This person has been living in the Han family as Han Yu's wet nurse, which is inconvenient to say in the social situation at that time. Therefore, Han Yu wrote an inscription on the wet nurse's grave to commemorate her death (see Bian's Mystery of Han Yu's Birth Mother, published in Journal of zhoukou normal university). However, some scholars said that this view is debatable. According to the clues, they think that Han Yu's biological mother died before his father died. Later, in the first year of Mu Zong Changqing (82 1), because Han Yu moved to the country to offer wine, the son respected his mother, and Han Yu's mother was posthumously given to Mrs. Taitai. When Bai Juyi was a doctor, he wrote, "This philosopher was born." No matter who Hanyu's biological mother is, it is an indisputable fact that Hanyu was brought up by his brother and sister-in-law since childhood.
In the 14th year of Dali (779), Han Yu's eldest brother, Han Hui, who was living in a shed at that time, was demoted to Shaozhou Secretariat for accepting Yuan Zai's case. At the age of eleven, Han Yu moved to Lingnan with Han Hui's family. As the saying goes, "You will not recover when you are old, but move south from Bo Shi." Ling Dajiang is firm and cunning, longer than Dongting "(Han Yu's Fu Zhi Fu, the same below). Unfortunately, Han Hui, who was only 42 years old, died early in the relegation mansion, so Han Yu had to bury his brother in Heyang (now Mengzhou, Henan) with his widowed sister-in-law. "Well, the sun and the moon geometry, lonely drifting north. "In the second year of Jianzhong (782), due to the turmoil in the Central Plains, he followed the Zheng family to avoid chaos in Xuancheng (now Anhui)." Eat Jiangnan if you have anything to do with the Central Plains. "At that time Han Yucai fourteen years old. It was not until the second year of Zhenyuan (786) that Han Yu left Xuancheng and went to Beijing alone to defect to his subordinate brother Han Mao. Han Mao happened to go to the river and was later killed. Han Yu took refuge in the famous Ma Sui, and later took the Jinshi exam again and again, which was hit again and again. Before the age of twenty, Han Yu lived a wandering life in such misfortune and hardship.
Considering from modern people's thinking, Han Yu is a typical orphan without father and mother, a child who has lived in a patron's home since childhood. Although sister-in-law Zheng has always regarded him as his own, "it is really a kindness to be born after death" (Han Yu's "Sacrifice to Mrs. Zheng"). After all, Han Yu's childhood was not loved and cared for by his parents like other children, and it has been very hard. Therefore, from a psychological point of view, such children tend to be timid, sensitive, often insecure, and more likely to have painful or helpless emotions when things happen. Maybe we can use this psychological principle to explain why Han cried instead of climbing Mount Hua. Of course, this is only the author's speculation.
Thirdly, the gradual maturity of Han Yu's thought and its orthodox purpose.
If it is true that Han Yu was crying in Huashan, it may have happened in the 18th year of Zhenyuan, Dezong (802), when Han Yu was a four-class doctor in imperial academy. On the occasion of spring and summer, he returned to Luoyang to welcome his relatives to Beijing, and stopped at Huashan during his eastward tour, and wrote a poem "Ancient Meaning". His poem "Answering Zhang Che" was also written at that time, and the first few lines of the poem said: "Luoyang has been closed, and Huashan is pitiful. Leaning against the rock waves leads to the stars. The Japanese drove back to the jurisdiction, and the golden god was punished. Spring gentry dragged white, stone sword saved Gao Qing. Qingsi Boxing Bureau, the ladder is soaring. Regret madness has been pointed out and the commandments are still engraved. " Describe the grandeur of Huashan in strange language. Han Yu was only thirty-five years old at that time. Although he became famous earlier, he was still a young scholar in his early years. When he went to the Sword Buddha Bone Table, it was in the fourteenth year of Xian Zongyuan (8 19). Han Yu was an assistant minister of punishments, aged 52, and only five years from his death. Seventeen years have passed, and Han Yu is seventeen years older. During this period, he served as an inspector of Henan Province, Dr. Guo Zi, a historian and a calligrapher in China. He went to Huaixiping for rebellion and was framed by others. He was slandered by a lucky minister and demoted to Yangshan (now Yangshan, Guangdong), where he experienced the "two kings and eight horses" incident. From a 35-year-old imperial academy teacher to a 52-year-old court official, Han Yu not only got older and his official position rose, but also gained social experience and life experience in complex political struggles, and his thoughts became more and more mature. When discussing the gradual maturity of Han Yu's thought, Wei Zhongju's Collection of 500 Athena Chu Distinguishing Mr. Changli in the Southern Song Dynasty quoted Lao She's Lu Tang as saying: "Those who are interested in my Tao should abstain from writing six arts, keep compiling hundreds of books, recruit students to set up a family, encourage their careers, guard against their responsibilities, and hope to learn from them?" "Buddha bones" are sparse and the discussion is wonderful. It can no longer run. The book The Original Road is full of heresy and hard work. There is no shame in shrinking from what you have learned! "(Note in" Fu Chengnan "Volume 6)
Han Yu clearly saw the contradictory social and political situation in the mid-Tang Dynasty and realized the important guiding significance of Confucianism to the ruling class and the lower class in the period of social transformation. His thought at this time is to cultivate Buddhism and suppress the old, to respect Confucianism alone and to establish Confucian orthodoxy. Therefore, in order to carry out his Confucian beliefs and plan for the national economy and people's livelihood, he tried his best to persuade, not afraid of life and death, so that the whole family was dragged down. Although he later said in a thank-you letter to Xianzong that he had offended the emperor, from the heart, he never regretted his words and deeds, saying, "If you want to eliminate evil for saints, you will die" and "Knowing that Jun should come from afar intentionally so that I can gather my bones in the river" ("Moving to Languan to show my grandnephew"), since you have offended the emperor for the future of the country, you don't want to come back alive. He traveled a long way to Chaozhou, and the poem also said, "Sooner or later, Wang Shi will harvest the sea and the moon, and a thunderstorm will sprout" ("The Second Ascending to the State Boundary"), hoping that the imperial army can put down the rebellion in Lishidao as soon as possible and stabilize the people all over the world. In Chaozhou, Yuanzhou and other places where he was demoted as an official, he was not decadent, but still did many good things for the local people, such as driving crocodiles, liberating slaves, promoting learning and educating disciples. What kind of concentration and realm is this? As Zhang Zai, a Confucian in the Song Dynasty, said, "To stand for heaven and earth, to stand for the people, to link the past with the future, and to maintain peace throughout the world" is the sacred mission of a true Confucian. Han Yu did this. So at this time, Han Yu was strong-willed and high-spirited. He is no longer the legendary young intellectual who talks about swords in Huashan. He has become a well-deserved great politician and thinker, with lofty beliefs and firm beliefs, which can be well answered from his later political papers such as The Original Road, the Original Nature and the Original Destruction, as well as his official achievements. As some scholars have said, "the late Zhenyuan period is an important stage in the formation of Han Yu's thought. During this period, with the increase of life experience, the deepening of understanding of social reality and the deepening of theoretical literacy, Han Yu made long-term theoretical thinking in a series of articles, and finally formed a set of world outlook and social and political thoughts with Wuyuan as the main carrier "(Yan Qi and Zhou Min's On Han Changli's Literature, Sanqin Publishing House, 2003)
It can be seen that from the legendary cry of Han Yu Huashan to the fact that he wrote the Sword, Buddha and Bone Table, on the surface, it was a quantitative leap from timidity to boldness, which essentially reflected a qualitative development process in which Han Yu's personality and thoughts gradually matured.
(Author: College of Literature, Northwest University)
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Chronology of Zhongxing Dynasty
The eighteen volumes of Chronicle of Zhongxing compiled by Song and Chen Jun describe the historical events in the Southern Song Dynasty and Xiaozong period in the form of a compendium, which is a rare historical material and has important documentary value for studying the politics and military affairs in the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty. This collation takes the National Library 18 (the shadow of China's remanufactured rare books) as the base copy, and the old draft (the shadow of the original rare books series of the National Beiping Library) as the proofreading. At the same time, I consulted the Zhongxing Calendar, the records of the year numbers since the establishment of Yan State, the compilation of the Three Dynasties and the Northern League, and the related collections and notes of Song people.
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