Winners are princes, losers are thieves. History is written by winners. There is no absolute right or wrong in all policies of any king in history, an
Winners are princes, losers are thieves. History is written by winners. There is no absolute right or wrong in all policies of any king in history, and there may be positive and negative comments. Only the kings who started the prosperous times, historical books and later generations played down his mistakes, while the kings who died recorded and exaggerated his fatuity and ignorance.
In 58 1 year, Emperor Wendi of Sui established the Sui Dynasty, and Yang Guang, who was 13 years old, was named King of Jin. In 588 AD, the 20-year-old led an army south to wipe out Chen and unify the world. At the same time, Yang Guang's simple style, untidiness, courtesy and modesty won the praise of the ruling and opposition parties and the favor of Wendi and his wife. In 600, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty abolished his eldest son, Yong Yang, and made his second son, Yang Guang, the Crown Prince.
In 604, Emperor Wendi died and Yang Guang acceded to the throne. About Yang Guang's statement of "killing his father to seize the throne", the history books of later generations are controversial and become a mystery. After Yang Guang ascended the throne, in order to consolidate the throne, he slaughtered the abandoned Prince Yong Yang and other younger brothers and nephews, as well as the founding heroes of the Sui Dynasty.
In 605, Yang Guang ordered the construction of Luoyang, the eastern capital, which lasted for ten months and recruited two million civilian workers every month. The east is in the west of the old Luoyang City, with a larger scale and a circumference of more than 50 miles, which is divided into three parts: Miyagi, Imperial City and Outer Guo Cheng. Miyagi is the seat of the Imperial Palace, the Imperial City is the seat of the official residence, and WaiGuo Cheng is the seat of official and private houses and houses.
When Luoyang, the capital of eastern China, was built, Yang Guang also ordered the construction of the Grand Canal. The Grand Canal with Luoyang as the center connected Zhuo Jun in the north and Yuhang in the south, which greatly promoted the economic and cultural exchanges and development between the north and the south of China, and also promoted the rule of the Sui Dynasty over the whole country and the consolidation of the reunification between the north and the south. Today, the Grand Canal is "a thousand miles to communicate with Bo".
Yang Guang founded the imperial examination system when he was in office. The imperial examination system promoted the development of feudal dynasty education, and also provided the possibility for poor children to get ahead, so that real people could make contributions to the country and society. The imperial examination system lasted for 1300 years until the 31st year of Guangxu reign in Qing dynasty (1905).
It can be seen that Yang Guang should also be an emperor with "talented people", but the start-up of some vast projects is too concentrated, which leads to the heavy burden on the people. In addition, the people haven't had a rest, and he is busy enjoying himself, which leads to the rebellion and national death. Yang Guang, Emperor of Yang Di, should be a "bad king" misunderstood by later generations. From a modern point of view, he is far from being as fatuous as described in romance novels. Let's list it from big to small:
First, waste money to attack Korea. With few exceptions, almost all unified dynasties in China have to break a stick in the northeast, and of course there are winners and losers. Li Shimin called Yang Guang the fiercest, and fought several wars in Korea. It was also on the Korean peninsula that our new China started the war of national prestige, and it was also my initiative to send troops. What did everyone do, so what Yang Guang did was a waste of people and money? The monk touched it, but I can't touch it? That's unreasonable.
Second, dig the Grand Canal. No one denies that this is a great project, and it still plays a great role today. This project, which benefited future generations 1500 years, was also criticized by future generations for wasting people and money. In this case, Yang Guang's EQ is too low, and the reason for digging ditches is that it is convenient to go to Yangzhou to enjoy flowers! No wonder he was scolded. If he builds this river under the banner of "accelerating North-South exchanges, stimulating economic growth and promoting industrial and agricultural development along the line", will the significance be completely different? Later dynasties, while using his canal, scolded him, which was too careless. This is the Wujiang Canal Bridge near where I work.
Third, take an undergraduate course. This move changed the system of "Nine-grade Zhong Zheng" since Wei and Jin Dynasties, and broke the deadlock that Tang Chao was monopolized by gentry. Because of this, Yang Guang offended the whole gentry class in Sui Dynasty, which was related to his final outcome. Still like that, this is a pioneering work. For the rulers of feudal society, the imperial examination was the most reasonable and effective way to select talents, and this system continued until the end of the Qing Dynasty.
The above three points are his greatest achievements. If he has only completed one in fourteen years in office, he will be a famous monarch through the ages. It's a pity that he was so eager for success that he did everything. The Sui Dynasty did not have such a strong national strength to make such a big project in more than ten years. Levying Koryo to offend the bottom, opening canals to offend the middle, and high imperial examinations to offend the upper, and finally being killed by rebellion, posthumous title became a "Yang-ti".
Yang Guang is a famous tyrant in the history of China. Basically, everyone thinks that Yang Guang is ambitious, militaristic and wasteful, but few people think that Yang Guang is incompetent in governing the country. Qianhujun also thinks that Yang Di Yang Guang is "ignorant, but not fatuous".
Yang Guanggang wants to build Luoyang, the eastern capital, and serve 2 million civilian workers every day, which can be said to be a waste of people and money. However, Chang 'an, the former capital of the Sui Dynasty, was in the northwest, and the road to the east was not smooth, and the Weihe River was muddy and muddy, making it difficult to transport water. Luoyang is located in the center of the country, and "three parts of the world, four parts of the world, land and water are connected", which strengthens the control of kanto region and is conducive to the stability and unity of the country.
While Yang Guang was building Luoyang, the oriental capital, it was true that Yang Guang also ordered the excavation of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, which also served millions of people. Its main function is also to strengthen north-south traffic and exchanges, consolidate the central government's rule over the whole country, and facilitate the transportation of grain from south to north. Digging canals is also conducive to national stability and unity, and promotes North-South exchanges and ethnic integration.
In the aspect of talent selection, Yang Guang initiated the imperial examination system, developed the method of selecting talents by subject examination, and added Jinshi, which broke the monopoly of Guanlong Group on official career. Militarily, the attack destroyed Tuyuhun, conquered Qidan and Ryukyu, and proved North Korea. Except for the accident that Korea's three certificates finally fell short, all the others won and expanded their territory.
Yang Guang himself once boasted about Haikou, "I want to go to Huang San, go to the Five Emperors, look down on Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and do things that are impossible in the world." It can be seen that he once had great ambitions, but he was too hasty and radical.
In fact, objectively speaking, Yang Guang was a radical reformist with strong execution, but he didn't care about the people's strength during the reform, which led to people's grievances and finally national subjugation.
"History is written by winners". Yang Guang is a bad king, but he is not mediocre. If the Sui Dynasty had not perished, Emperor Yang Di, after being advocated by later generations, was also an emperor with outstanding civil administration skills. Unfortunately, Sui Dynasty II died, and the subsequent Tang Dynasty needed Yang Guang's fatuity and ignorance to prove that he was justified in obtaining the world.
What is Yang Guang's achievement? Why is Yang Guang said to be a bad king? He built a canal in the East, ran here and there, and cut down Koguryo three times? These events are actually beneficial to the country. For more than ten years, any success can be called credit. However, Yang Di is too impatient to do all this together for more than ten years. It is undoubtedly the reason why people hated him in the first place. The description of this in Sui Shu is: "Negative wealth, insatiable greed!" Among them, cutting Koguryo three times is the most criticized. Henan and Shandong attacked Koguryo as grain and grass supply bases, but disasters occurred in these two provinces, and the people's corvee was heavy and their lives were not good. As a result, the peasant uprising broke out across counties.
In addition, Emperor Yang Di also had the problem of excesses. He plundered exotic flowers and fruits from all over the country to Luoyang, which increased the burden on the people. He displayed cultural relics, sang and danced with great fanfare, and boasted in western countries. For indulgence, Emperor Yang Di also liked it very much, and let the imperial secretary put on gorgeous clothes and dance for himself. Besides, Yang Guang was naturally suspicious, and many ministers were killed by Yang Guang for a reason, because they disagreed with him. From these aspects, Yang Di really meets the standard of a bad king.
Why is Yang Guang's reputation so bad? During Yang Guang's reign, merits and demerits coexisted, but we should treat his merits and demerits dialectically. But why has Yang Guang's reputation been so bad for thousands of years and has been nailed to the shame column? There are three main reasons.
First, he himself does have the performance of a bad king. After Yang Di succeeded to the throne, he indulged in sensual enjoyment, and many people wasted people and money, which is an already existing fact. At the back of the Li Tang regime, nature also has no obligation to clear his name. On the contrary, the Li Tang regime needs to deliberately magnify its mistakes to prove its legitimacy.
Second, there is no successor to his claim. Like the Qin Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty perished in the second year. No one can replace Yang Guang to publicize his achievements, which naturally greatly reduces Yang Guang's image. Qin Shihuang was in the same situation as Yang Di. Without the advocacy of later emperors, all he got was bad comments.
Third, Yang Di does not conform to the Confucian image of a wise monarch. Yang Di's behavior does not meet the requirements of Confucianism for kings. Ancient public opinion was largely in the hands of scholars. For thousands of years, the image of Emperor Yang Di has solidified in people's minds, which is why Yang Guang gives the impression that he is a fatuous king.
To sum up, Yang Di certainly had his bad side, but he was not an idle emperor. It is precisely because "history is written by the victors" that the later regime needed his image as a fatuous king, and there was no subsequent advocacy for Yang Guang and no deliberate evaluation by scholars, which led to the evaluation of Yang Guang. However, whether it is to improve the Imperial Examination or to dig the Grand Canal, it is Hui Ze's Millennium achievement. We can't ignore this point, but should objectively give him the evaluation he deserves.
However, history is a little girl dressed for everyone. Since it is recorded by some people, it is inevitable that there will be subjective records such as exaggerating Guo Heihua. Moreover, the history of the Sui Dynasty was written by people in the Tang Dynasty. In order to highlight the orthodoxy of the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Yang Di must be ignorant, because ignorance and ignorance will lead to national subjugation.
So, is there anything stupid about Emperor Yang Di? We can refer to Zhou Wang, the last monarch of Shang Dynasty. He was very powerful and put down many rebellions, and was highly praised by Chairman Mao, a great man. However, in the history books of the Zhou Dynasty, Zhou Wang's fatuity and incompetence, the punishment of digging his heart, the punishment of branding, and the words of wine pool and meat forest firmly nailed him to the shame column of history. Because of this, the Zhou Dynasty was able to rule the world. In other words, throwing dirty water at Zhou Wang is a political means to strengthen the rule of the new dynasty!
Back to Emperor Yang Di, the reason is the same. Therefore, we have reason to believe that Emperor Yang Di was deliberately distorted by later generations, his contribution was deliberately concealed and weakened, and the details of his life were deliberately distorted and exaggerated, which greatly subverted his influence!
History books are subjective, but history is objective. We should think more to get closer to the truth. In essence, Yang Di is a brilliant monarch, but he is also a monarch who is eager for quick success and instant benefit. It is this kind of quick success and instant benefit that violates the law of social development, leading to boiling public grievances and the collapse of the dynasty.
If we think his enjoyment is fatuous, then I believe Li Shimin is also such a fatuous person. However, historians will write him as an eternal monarch!
Yang Guang was the second emperor of the Sui Dynasty, and his praise and criticism has been controversial in history. First of all, Yang Guang wiped out the southern Chen Dynasty and unified the north and south of China. He also dug the Grand Canal, which consolidated national unity and promoted economic and cultural exchanges and development between the North and the South. During his reign, he built and moved Luoyang, the eastern capital, changed the state into a county and improved the weights and measures. These are his historical achievements, but at the same time, he frequently launched wars, whether it was the western expedition to Tugu Hun or the three expeditions to Koguryo, which consumed a lot of human strength and eventually led to a nationwide peasant uprising and the collapse of the Sui Dynasty.
When it comes to Yang Guang, people must first think of his posthumous title "Emperor Yang Di". According to the annotation of the Sacrifice Law: "Polite inside, polite outside, polite outside, cruel to the people, politically dangerous, far from morality." Therefore, "Yang" is a vicious posthumous title, even worse than the "spirit" of Emperor Han Ling. However, this is unfair to Yang Guang. After Yang Guang was killed, Tang Guogong Li Yuanli made Wang Gang the Duke of Sui. You Yang canonized Yang Guang as Ming Taizu, which is in line with the principle of death. Dou Jiande of Xia Dynasty also paid tribute to Yang Guang, calling him "Emperor Min". The famous "Emperor Yang" was hunted down by Li Yuan after he proclaimed himself emperor.
There are many examples in history that the later dynasties treated the former emperors in secret. To really understand Yang Guang, we must get rid of the shackles of posthumous title and Yang Di. After the destruction of the Southern Dynasties, in order to avoid the hidden dangers caused by hundreds of years of division, he personally studied southern dialects, married southern women, and wooed southern scholars to sort out classics. Territorial conquest and reunification do not mean great reunification, but all these actions of Yang Guang are aimed at consolidating great reunification. Only from this point of view, Yang Guang is not a fatuous monarch. The Grand Canal he dug has also made great contributions to the contemporary and prosperous world, and it still plays a role today.
There is no doubt that the fuse of the demise of the Sui Dynasty was a large-scale attack on Koguryo. However, we can't say that Yang Guang did anything wrong. Koguryo is a farming civilization in Northeast China, which is a big worry of the Central Plains Dynasty. Later, Emperor Taizong and Tang Gaozong also sent troops to attack Koguryo many times to destroy the country. We have to admit Yang Guang's strategic vision, but unfortunately he made a big mistake in tactics. But what really threatened his rule was that he established the imperial examination system. The imperial examination system broke the monopoly of aristocratic families on official positions in the past, enabling children from poor families to be officials.
Throughout thousands of years of history, the dynasty can only last for two or three hundred years, while the family can flourish for thousands of years. Yang Guang's establishment of the imperial examination system undoubtedly violated the vested interests of aristocratic families. The Yang family won the hearts of scholars, but lost the support of aristocratic families, which was the most direct factor for the demise of the Sui Dynasty. Indiscriminate recruitment of private capital lost people's hearts, and the establishment of the imperial examination lost the support of the extended family. Can the Sui Dynasty survive? The Sui Dynasty did die because of Yang Guang, but one good deed can't cover all evils, and at the same time, one sin can't waste all merits. Looking at the overall situation of history, Yang Guang has made contributions. His contributions have benefited future generations and the people for thousands of years.
In the history of feudal society in China, few people have made greater achievements than Yang Guang, and even Li Shimin's contribution to history is not as good as his. Li Shimin once commented: "I know Yao Shun, not Jie Li and Zhou, but I don't know how to deal with them." . Li Shimin is regarded as a great master. However, his cruelty to his brothers and sisters and his occupation of his widowed wife cannot be washed away. To this end, he also revised the history books to vilify and discredit his brother and even his father to some extent. But it is also such a hero, he also affirmed Yang Guang's ability, but he backfired. Yang Guang has not only made great contributions to history, but also his literary attainments are quite outstanding.
For example, the following five-character quatrain "Wild Hope" is his classic:
West Western jackdaw flies several times, and the water flows around the lonely village.
Where the sunset was about to set, I looked at the darkness and disappeared.
The artistic conception of this poem is Ma Zhiyuan's famous poem Jing Tian Sand? Qiu Si is also unattainable. An emperor who has made an important contribution to history and outstanding personal ability will not be a fatuous person. But Yang Guang's fault is also here, so he is an emperor with mixed merits and demerits. He may not reach the level of an emperor through the ages, but he is by no means a master of fatuity. If you have to use a negative word to describe him, it can only be regarded as a "tyrant." So I think Yang Guang is not a bad king, but a tyrant at most. A tyrant and a bad king are two concepts. A tyrant has the ability, but a bad king doesn't.
During Yang Guang's administration, it can't be said that he didn't make any contribution. He is a rare "Almighty Emperor" in the history of our country. Not only proficient in poetry, but also literate and martial arts; In fact, he is good at governing the country, knows some military affairs, and can also see the shortcomings of the country. First of all, he established the imperial examination system, which influenced the later dynasties until now, allowing students from poor families to be officials in North Korea and introducing a large number of talents to the country. This alone is enough to make a name for itself.
Then, he conquered the south, succeeded in Chen and achieved reunification. Yang guang is ambitious. He conquered the Turks in the north, and after attacking Chen, he conquered Koguryo three times. Although the conquest failed, it was a precedent for foreign expansion. After all, there are so many emperors in history who dare to put it into practice, but not many emperors go abroad to expand their territory. During this period, the national strength of the Sui Dynasty reached an unprecedented level, even in the later Tang Dynasty. Helpless, he lost all his Excellence in Koguryo, otherwise it would be difficult for Li Yuan to succeed in the uprising.
Let's talk about building the Grand Canal. It is a waste of people and money, but who can deny its important role in history and even now? It has not only realized the convenient transportation between the north and the south, but also laid the foundation for economic circulation. Therefore, it can't be completely considered his fault, because here we can see that his unique vision, including his dealings with the West, is also a strong evidence.
It was not so much that Li overthrew the Sui Dynasty as that he overthrew himself unexpectedly. As we all know, during the Jin, Sui and Tang Dynasties, the door-door politics in China was the most prosperous, and the rights were controlled by some big families. Yang Guang's most drastic action was the imperial examination system, which greatly violated the interests of these families. Failure is inevitable because of lack of background.
Yang Guang did many wrong things, but he also played a great role in promoting the history of China. The Grand Canal played an indelible role in the North-South communication, and it is still playing its role.
Yang guang is by no means such a fatuous and heartless person in history!
In the film and television dramas we saw, Yang Guang killed his father and raped his sister-in-law, which is a heinous person. As a monarch, he is ambitious, extravagant and extravagant, and has no sympathy for the people.
But is this really the case? According to the history books, Yang Guang is hypocritical. In order to show his simple life, when his father and mother came to his house, they hid the beautiful young maid and let the old one out. But in historical records, Yang Guang has only three sons and three daughters. Compared with dozens of children of other ancient emperors, they have been very self-disciplined in this respect.
There are also some books and film and television dramas about Yang Guang going down to the south of the Yangtze River, so he opened up the Grand Canal. In fact, Yang Guang was once the commander-in-chief of pacifying Chen Nan and the implementer of reunifying the north and the south for more than 300 years. Emperor Wendi of Sui sent Yang Guang to guard Jiangdu, which made great contributions during this period. It is precisely because of guarding Jiangnan that Yang Guangcai knew that Jiangnan did not recognize the Sui Dynasty in Guanzhong. After all, the north and the south have been divided for more than 300 years, and the Han people in the south still reject the influence of the conference semifinals in the north on the court. Therefore, it is necessary to open the Grand Canal and increase control over the south.
In addition, the imperial examination system was implemented during the reign of Yang Guang. This makes it possible to become a Tian Shelang and attend the court at dusk, and poor students finally have a way out.
From his imperial examination, the strategy of the western regions, the annexation of Tuyuhun and Koguryo, and the development of the Grand Canal, it can be seen that what Yang Guang wants is not beauty, good wine and fun, but a name that will go down in history. Such an emperor will never be ignorant.
It's just that Yang Guang doesn't know the truth that "governing a big country is like cooking a little fresh". He wants to do things for generations by himself, which consumes national strength and makes people suffer.
In the end, the notoriety in history books is just winners and losers.
Koguryo, the Grand Canal, knows nothing about history.