Tang poetry and Song ci are two pearls in the history of China literature. The Tang Dynasty is called the era of poetry, and the Song Dynasty is called the era of ci. Ci originated from the folk, began in the Tang Dynasty, flourished in the Five Dynasties and flourished in the Song Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, with the development of the city and the rise of the citizen class, people's pursuit of cultural life became more intense.
In the process of the development and prosperity of Song Ci, the guiding role of the whole society is also very obvious. If the poets in the Tang Dynasty were just tools and playthings of the royal family and its rulers to some extent, then the poets in the Song Dynasty have jumped from being appreciated to becoming the protagonists in the political arena in the Song Dynasty. Every emperor in Song Dynasty loved Ci, and every minister in Song Dynasty was a poet. Song Dynasty politicians Fan Zhongyan, Wang Anshi, Sima Guang and Su Shi were all famous poets at that time. Li Qingzhao, a woman who never appeared in feudal society, has also become synonymous, and her name will last forever. In the imperial examination at that time, there was a proverb: "Su Wen is cooked and eats mutton; Su Wensheng, eat vegetable soup. " This shows the extent to which the poet Su Shi was worshipped. It is the recognition and admiration of the whole society that makes Song Ci have enduring influence.
The reason for this is the following：
The prosperity of handicraft industry and commercial economy in Song Dynasty is the material basis of the prosperity of Song Ci.
The expansion of the citizen class and the improvement of living standards require a rich cultural and recreational life.
(3) In the Song Dynasty, social contradictions were acute, and literati used words to express their thoughts and feelings better.
Let's talk about the achievements of Song Ci. Ci originated from the lyrics of the Tang Dynasty, and the sentences are long and short, which are closely combined with music and can be sung. Due to the development of commerce, the prosperity of cities and the increase of citizens in the Song Dynasty, words that can sing and dance are more suitable for entertainment life in the market than other forms of literary works. At that time, class contradictions and ethnic contradictions were sharp, and irregular sentences were more convenient to express people's thoughts of worrying about the country and the people, so they gradually flourished and replaced poetry as the mainstream of literature. This paper introduces the styles and achievements of Liu Yong, Su Shi, Li Qingzhao, Xin Qiji and Lu You respectively according to the four stages of the early Northern Song Dynasty, the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty. Liu Yong is an important representative of graceful and restrained school in Northern Song Dynasty. He has lived in the city for a long time, and his works mostly show the prosperity of the city and the feelings of joys and sorrows of men and women, especially the loneliness and homesickness during the journey. Most of his words are colloquial, popular and vivid. "Wherever there is a well water, you can sing Liu Ci" (Ye Mengde: Summer Tale), so it is widely circulated. His ci works also incorporate a lot of narrative elements, which not only expands the realm of ci, but also opens the door for the development of Yuanqu. Su Shi was the pioneer and main representative of the uninhibited school in the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty. His ci has a wide range of themes, which greatly expands the content of ci and injects great vitality into heroic and unrestrained ci. Li Qingzhao was an outstanding graceful and restrained poetess in the early Song Dynasty. She put forward the idea of "different words" and is good at expressing her true feelings with simple words and expressions. Xin Qiji and Lu You, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, advocated active resistance to gold, and their works were mainly bold and unrestrained, which profoundly expressed their strong desire to restore the Central Plains. Su Shi and Xin Qiji are the most representative and accomplished poets in the Song Dynasty, and their lives are introduced in the column of "History" and illustrations respectively. It must be pointed out that bold writers in Song Dynasty mainly wrote bold works, but they also wrote some very touching and graceful words, not just bold ones.
Ci is an art form of poetry and a style of China's ancient poetry, also known as Song Ci, Quzi Ci, poetic style and long and short sentences. Nanliang, which began in the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China, was formed in the Tang Dynasty and reached its peak in the Song Dynasty. At first, it was sung with music, so writing lyrics is also called lyrics, relying on sound. Later, it gradually became independent and became a special art of poetry.
The epigraph, also called the word case, is the name of the tune used to fill words. Words are originally sung along with music, and all songs have certain melodies and rhythms. The sum of these melodies and rhythms is the tone of words. Between words and tones, or according to the tone of words, or according to the tone of words, tunes are called epigrams, usually depending on the content of words. After the Song Dynasty, Ci developed and changed continuously, mainly according to the melody, and the epigraph had nothing to do with the content of Ci. When the word is completely divorced from the song, the epigraph is only used as the formula of the word and phonological structure.
According to the length and scale, words can be roughly divided into Xiao Ling (within 58 words), Middle Tone (59-90 words) and Long Tone (above 9 1 word, with the longest word reaching 240 words). A word, some with only one paragraph, is called monotony; Some are divided into two sections, called double tones; Some are divided into three or four sections, which are called three or four sections.
According to the nature of music, words can be divided into nine types: ling, yin, slow, three sets, preface, French music, Daqu, lingering and Zhu Gong tune.
According to the beat segment, there are four common types: Ling, also known as Xiaoling, whose beat segment is shorter; Lead, lead long in a small order; Near, the tone is similar, which leads to long; The slower, the longer the lead.
According to the creative style, it can be roughly divided into graceful school and unrestrained school.
First, the inheritance relationship between Song Ci and Tang Poetry
The word "Tang poetry and Song poetry", collectively called Song poetry and Tang poetry, not only shows the meaning of "literature of an era has an era", but also shows that Song poetry is a major poetic style comparable to Tang poetry. Song Ji inherited the Tang Dynasty, but as Mr. Lu Xun said, almost all the good poems were written by the Tang people. So in the Song Dynasty, it was really difficult for Song people to keep up with the pattern of Tang people in poetry creation. However, the rich literary heritage left by the Tang people was not wasted by the Song people, but was more flexibly used in the poetic style of "Ci", which made Ci gain unprecedented development in the Song Dynasty.
When we discuss the relationship between Song Ci and Tang Poetry, we often pay more attention to the difference between Song Ci and Tang Poetry. Differences are really important and important. In the Song Ci part of this book, the author also focuses on the most important artistic features of Song Ci (of course, it is also different from Tang Poetry). But in this introduction, just as we must explain the inheritance relationship between Tang poetry and the previous generation before discussing the artistic characteristics of Tang poetry, we must also explain the inheritance relationship between Song poetry and Tang poetry.
To be sure, it is absolutely inconceivable that Song Ci can achieve such outstanding achievements if it is not based on such outstanding achievements and skillful skills of Tang Poetry. From the later excavation of Dunhuang Quzi Ci, it can be seen that before entering the hands of the text, Quzi Ci was no different from the previous folk songs except for the uneven sentence length, and the same was mainly expressed in a simple, simple and straightforward way. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, after the literati began to experiment with the lyrics, just like all the changes from folk literature to literati literature, the lyrics also changed unconsciously, gradually showing the literati's color, and therefore more artistic (of course, there will be negative effects, such as less simplicity and frankness, but this proportion is secondary). Bai Juyi and Liu Yuxi were important poets in the Tang Dynasty. They first tried to create ci, especially Wen and Wei Zhuang, who created a lot of ci later. Their participation will inevitably bring their poetry creation skills to the creation of ci. In addition, poets in the Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty were almost all poets. They write poems and write lyrics at the same time, so the skills of Tang poetry naturally blend into the creation of ci, making the creation of ci more exquisite. In fact, as long as a little analysis of the art of Song Ci, you will find.