Autumn, no matter where, is always good; However, the autumn in the north is particularly clear, quiet and sad. The reason why I have traveled thousands of miles from Hangzhou to Qingdao, and even from Qingdao to Peiping, is to enjoy this "autumn", the autumn flavor of this old capital.
Jiangnan, of course, there is autumn; But the grass is carved slowly, the air is moist, the sky is pale, and it often rains and windy; A person sandwiched between Suzhou, Shanghai, Hangzhou, or Xiamen, Hong Kong and Guangzhou can only feel a little cool. The taste, color, artistic conception and posture of autumn are always insufficient, lacking in taste and enjoyment. Autumn is not a famous flower, nor is it wine. Half-drunk is not suitable for enjoying autumn.
It has been nearly ten years since autumn in the north. Every autumn in the south, I always think of the reed flowers in Taoranting, the willow shadows in Diaoyutai, the insects in Xishan, the jathyapple in Yuquan and the bells in Tanzhe Temple. Even if you don't go out in Beiping, you can rent a shabby house and live in the sea of people in the imperial city. Get up in the morning, make a bowl of strong tea and sit in the yard, you can see the high blue sky and hear the pigeons flying in the blue sky. From the bottom of Sophora japonica leaves, counting a ray of sunshine leaking to the east, or in the broken waist, facing the blue morning glory like morning glory, you can naturally feel the autumn breath. When it comes to morning glory, I think blue or white is the best, followed by purple and black, and pink is the lowest. It is best to have a few sparse and slender autumn grasses as a foil at the bottom of the morning glory.
The locust tree in the northland is also an ornament that can remind people of Qiu Lai. Like flowers, but not flowers, they will spread all over the floor in the morning. When you step on it, there is no sound, no smell, only a little tiny, tiny, embarrassing, ridiculous and confused. Hey, Liao, it's narrow and narrow, but you're tired of class. Has the female carp sprouted with alcohol? Do volunteers go to school? What happened to the coin? (3) What's the problem? Hey? Hey? What's the matter with you? Yulun? Mace bag o? Where are the letters from home? nbsp
Qiu Chan's faint lingering sound is a specialty of the north; Because there are trees everywhere in Beiping and the houses are low, you can hear them singing everywhere. In the south, you have to go to the suburbs or the mountains to hear Qiu Chan's cry, which is like a cricket and a mouse in Beiping and a housefly that every household keeps at home.
There is also autumn rain. The autumn rain in the north seems to be stranger, more delicious and more decent than that in the south.
Under the gloomy sky, a cool breeze suddenly came and it began to rain. It rained a layer, the clouds gradually rolled to the west, the sky turned blue again, and the sun appeared again; Wearing thick green shirts or jackets, idle people in the city bite their pipes and walk up and stand under the bridge in the shadow of the oblique bridge after the rain. When they meet acquaintances, they will use a slow tone and say with a sigh:
"Oh, it's cold-""This word is pronounced very high and dragged on for a long time. )
"Isn't it? A layer of autumn rain is cold! "
Northerners always read array characters like layers of words, which are flat and even. This mispronounced rhyme is just right.
Fruit trees in the north are also a miracle for Qiu Lai. The first is jujube; It will grow up in the corner, on the wall, beside the toilet and at the door of the kitchen. This is the heyday of autumn. Like olives and pigeon eggs, jujube trees show light green and yellow in small oval leaves. Jujube leaves fall, jujube is red, and there will be a northwest wind. Convenience in the north is a dusty world. Only these dates, persimmons and grapes ripen at the turn of July and August, which is a good day for clear autumn in the north and the best golden day of the year.
Some critics say that China's bachelor of arts, especially poets, are full of decadent colors, so there are many words praising autumn in China's poems. But what about foreign poets? Although I don't read many foreign poems and essays, and I don't want to write bills for autumn poems and essays, if you look through the collected works of poets in Britain, Germany, France, Italy and other countries, or the philosophy of peace in poetry and essays in various countries, you can always see a lot of praises and lamentations about autumn. There is always a part about autumn in the long pastoral poems or four seasons poems of famous great poets. It is the best and the most interesting. It serves to show that sentient animals and interesting human beings can always cause deep, distant, severe and bleak feelings for autumn. Not only a poet, but also a prisoner in prison. In autumn, I think I will feel a kind of affection that I can't have; Autumn belongs to people, so there is no country, let alone the difference between race and class. In China, there is an idiom "autumn scholar" in the text, and there are very common readers such as Ouyang Zi's Autumn Sound and Su Dongpo's Red Cliff Fu, so we feel that the relationship between China literati and autumn is particularly deep. However, the strong smell of autumn, especially in China, can only be felt in the north.
Autumn in the south, of course, also has its unique places, such as the bright moon on the Twenty-four Bridges, the autumn tide in Qiantang River, the cool fog in Putuo Mountain, the residual lotus in Lizhi Bay and so on. , but the color is not strong and the aftertaste is not lasting. Compared with Qiu Lai in the north, it is like yellow rice wine and dry rice, porridge and steamed bread, bass and crabs, yellow dogs and camels.
Autumn, autumn in the north, if I can stay, I would like to fold two-thirds of my life for a third of it.
In August 1934, in Peiping.
Appreciation of Yu Dafu's Autumn in the Old Capital
Published by Tang Chi on March 3, 2006 15: 28: 00.
Yu Dafu's Autumn in the Old Capital is a good prose with both form and spirit and a blend of scenes. About its center, the tips for self-reading the text and the teaching reference have been clearly analyzed and defined, and it is considered that "the article naturally connects the natural' objective color'-the autumn color of the old capital and the writer's inner' subjective color'-with the purity, quietness and sadness of the whole text to control the scene with emotion. Expressed the yearning for the old capital in autumn and the true feelings of attachment, revealing deep anxiety and loneliness. Moreover, in order to enhance students' understanding of this, self-reading tips and teaching staff also pay attention to the writing background of the article, pointing out the social environment at that time and the personal life background of the writer who moved to Hangzhou.
In fact, the feelings revealed by Yu Dafu in the article are of course related to the background of the times, the writer's life experience, destiny and personality, and the sad autumn complex of China traditional literati. The background factors at that time have been mentioned before, and this paper makes some supplementary associations and explanations on the latter two points.
First, life, fate, character.
The writer praises the natural scenery and expresses his feelings. His style is nothing more than warm and high-profile, peaceful and distant, and melancholy and low-key. Yu Dafu described autumn scenery, the old capital, with his final mentality, which is inseparable from his life experience, fate and personality. As a prose with truth as its core, Autumn in the Old Capital reflects this quiet and sad mood, which is closely related to Yu Dafu's life experience and fate, as well as his character and interest.
First of all, from the perspective of life and fate. "Yu Dafu lost his father at the age of three, and his family was poor" ("Yu Dafu" in China Literature, Encyclopedia of China, China Encyclopedia Publishing House, 86th edition). Later, his marriage failed twice (first with his wife Sun Quan, then with Wang Yingxia). Author's note), there were two bereavements (see Yu Dafu's prose "A Man on the Road" and "Remembering the Wound of Medicine in Spring"). In addition, Yu Dafu lived in poor and weak old China, witnessed the social reality of corruption and warlordism in the late Qing Dynasty, and personally endured the white terror of Chiang Kai-shek's government (1933, his family moved from Shanghai to Hangzhou and lived in seclusion). Author's note), finally experienced the anti-Japanese bonfire and was secretly killed by the Japanese gendarmerie in Nanyang. This kind of life is pathetic.
Secondly, from the point of view of personality and interest, his life and fate largely determine his sad and depressed personality, thus affecting his interest tendency in creation. In a series of autobiographies written by himself, he said: "The childhood memories that everyone is talking about are the most beautiful chapters, but my memories are all empty. First, the first feeling I experienced was hunger; The fear of hunger still weighs on me. " He also said: "I have been used to loneliness and being trapped at home since I was a child. My shyness and shrinking nature make my courage particularly small. " When I was a teenager, I was immersed in "spring sorrow is like water" (The above is quoted from the autobiography of Yu Dafu, Jiangsu Literature and Art 96th Edition) Ten years' study abroad in Japan has made Yu Dafu's character grow and develop, and his self-injury has increased his anxiety about the country and the nation and the resulting sense of inferiority, which is fully revealed in his works during this period, such as the novels "Sinking" and "Dill Collection", which are full of sentimental feelings and even decadent colors. In a poem he wrote to his new wife Sun Quan on 1920, he said: "Life and death are unbearable in middle age, but life is not easy to die. Dramatic pity for sick bones is like an autumn crane, and you spit moss to learn from late silkworms. As sorrow and misfortune, several people are cynical. Why not let him go to the rivers and lakes, and the reeds are clean. " In fact, the author was only 24 years old. After returning to China, he said, "I 1922 graduated from a university in Japan and went back to China to run around. Driven by hunger and cold, I became a businessman selling knowledge ... 1923 autumn, the attitude of ordinary people changed, and my interest in art was understood ... in other words, I was a decadent school. (Inscription of Chicken Rib Collection) In order to show Yu Dafu's personality and interest more clearly, we might as well look at a passage in "Postscript of Returning Home" written by 1923 (Complete Works of Yu Dafu's Prose, Zhejiang Literature and Art 90th Edition):
"... only teaches that the sky is covered with gloomy clouds and there are some raindrops outside the front door, so the surrounding air and natural scenery are always more gloomy than now, which is always more in line with my mood than now. If I want luxury, I'd rather have a black lacquer coffin beside me at the moment. At the turn of September when the autumn wind is cool, the misty autumn rain is constantly sifting in the fallen leaves forest and on the gloomy river. I rented a boat among withered reeds, and at sunset, I was sending my spiritual fulcrum home. There shouldn't be a second person on board except the ship. If it's not the young woman I followed in the bedroom, it's at least my closest relative. I am barefoot in the reeds in the dark twilight river, holding an oil-paper umbrella, holding a lantern and touching a bow to burn paper and silk. "
The artistic conception of this paragraph is so cold and desolate.
Of course, Yu Dafu is sometimes radical. 1926 wrote current affairs in Guangzhou to expose the shortcomings of the times, and then co-edited Running with Lu Xun until 1930 joined the Left Writers' Union. (The last one engaged in the war of resistance is better known) But he moved to Hangzhou on 1933 (as mentioned above), and his temperament remained unchanged, so it is easy to understand that he wrote an essay "Autumn in the Old Capital" on 1934. The emotion contained in this article is also very consistent with his life experience, fate and personality.
Second, China literati traditional sad autumn complex
Liu Yuxi, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, said: "Autumn has been sad and lonely since ancient times. I say autumn is not as good as spring." (Two Odes to Autumn) This is only an occasional naysayer. In fact, looking back at the writings of China literati in past dynasties, we can see that they really wrote autumn for "sadness and loneliness". Whether it's Qu Yuan's Autumn Wind, Maple Leaves and Waves in Dongting Lake (Mrs. Xiang), Du Fu's Dewdrops and Dead Maple Trees (Eight Poems of Autumn Prosperity), or "I have traveled three thousand miles. Sadness follows autumn today "(climbing the mountain), or the song of the ship's side in Su Shi's ode to the red wall. He said that the years of life were" like this "until he approached the kingdom. When they listen to the bleak autumn wind and witness the fallen leaves on the trees, it is always difficult for them to restrain themselves, or lament their life experience, or lament their home country. When they think of the passing of their youth, they often think of the decline of individuals and countries. Life is passing away, but their career is difficult to achieve. Naturally, their hearts are a sad picture. This feeling of mourning for the past is the eternal sorrow of mankind, and traditional literati habitually form a feeling of sadness for autumn. Even if they are as broad-minded as Su Shi, they can only comfort themselves.
As a modern literati, Yu Dafu "has loved reading novels and operas since childhood, and has a strong interest in China's classical poems and novels and operas". "He never completely got rid of the habits of the conservative traditional literati in China", so when he wrote the autumn of his old capital, he naturally inherited the sad autumn complex of the traditional literati in China. (Also quoted from the article "Yu Dafu" in China Literature, the Encyclopedia of China)
In this regard, there are obvious examples in the article Autumn in the Old Capital. Here are three examples for a brief analysis.
The first is to write about the northern Sophora japonica falling into the core. The author described sweeping the street as "like a flower, not a flower" and said that "subconsciously, I still feel a little lonely, and the ancient dream of the phoenix tree passing away and knowing the autumn is in these depths". Why do you feel lonely? Because he thought of "the phoenix tree leaves, everyone knows autumn" from the falling of the locust tree, that is to say, at this time his heart is full of traditional autumn sadness, which is called "deep place" in the article.
Second, after writing "The Fall of Sophora japonica", write the paragraph "Qiu Chan's faint lingering sound". Why did he write this cicada song? Because autumn comes, cicada's life will come to an end, which is consistent with the fact that plants will wither when autumn comes. In the face of the "life tragedy" of animals and plants, how can a scholar like Yu Dafu not think of his own sorrow? Moreover, the echoes of Qiu Chan are also ancient, such as "cicadas in the west sing, and the southern crown ponders" in Wang Luobin's "A Political Prisoner listens to cicadas". However, it needs songs with black wings to break the heart of a white-haired prisoner "(westland, referring to autumn. The shadow on the temple refers to cicadas. Author's note) is an obvious example.
The third part is the discussion part of the article. Here, the author not only admits that "China's bachelor of letters, especially poets, are full of strong decadent colors, so there are many words praising autumn in China's poems", but also cites examples such as "Autumn Idiom", "Ouyang Zi's Autumn Sound" and "Su Dongpo's Red Cliff Fu", pointing out the fact that "foreign poets are not" and finally drawing the conclusion that "there is feeling".