I want to study the formation of frontier poetry school in Tang Dynasty, ask for help and make a research report.

Xin Qiji's frontier poems 1, frontier poems and frontier poems of frontier poets are the most profound, imaginative and artistic parts of Tang poetry. Some writers who have personal frontier life experience and military life experience write with personal experience; Other poets created new works with Yuefu's old poems. The number of participants and the number of poems are unprecedented in the previous generation. His creation has experienced four stages: early Tang, prosperous Tang, middle Tang and late Tang. Among them, frontier poems in the early Tang Dynasty and the prosperous Tang Dynasty are full of high-spirited and vigorous style, with the strongest artistry. Luo was one of the four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty. He wrote a lot of frontier poems in the early Tang Dynasty. On the one hand, his frontier poems have a wide range of themes, including: a. Frontier scenery; B, the hard life of border guards; C, the ambition to kill the enemy and serve the country and make contributions; D, homesickness of border guards. It not only covers most areas of frontier fortress poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, but also has a high style. Since then, other famous poets, such as Yang Jiong and Du Fu, have also created frontier poems. The creation of frontier poems once became a fashion. The prosperous Tang Dynasty was the heyday of frontier poetry creation, and the famous frontier poetry school appeared, with representative poets such as Gao Shi, Cen Can, Wang Changling, Li Qi and Wang Wei. Gao Zhi's seven-character poems, such as Yan Ge Xing, Cenzhi's Bai Xuege and Zou Ma Zhuan Xing, represent the bold, bold, bold and romantic aesthetic style of frontier poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. In addition, Li Bai and Du Fu, great poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, also wrote frontier poems, which became part of their representative works. For example, Li Bai's Guan Shanyue, Six Poems of Xia Sai, The Battle of the South of the City, Popular in the North ... Du Fu's Car Shop, The First Nine Embankments, The Last Six Embankments and so on. Other poets also have excellent frontier poems handed down from ancient times, such as Wang Changling's "Out of the Frontier" and "Joining the Army", Wang Zhihuan's "Out of the Frontier" and Wang Han's "Liangzhou Ci". Poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty became the climax of frontier fortress poetry creation. Since then, the number of frontier poems in the middle and late Tang Dynasty is small, but the theme has been expanded. 2. On the one hand, the prosperity of frontier poems in the early Tang Dynasty lies in the strong frontier defense and highly confident times; On the other hand, it lies in the ambition of making contributions and the stimulation of the "entry system". Literati generally put pen to paper to join the army and go to the border to seek merit. As Yang Jiong said, "Better be a centurion than a scholar." ; Wang Weishi "forgot to say goodbye to the Phoenix, and served the country and took the Dragon City." If you are a scholar, you will grow old in the window. " ; Cen Can's poem "Fame is immediate, which is really a hero for her husband. "3. The frontier poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty are characterized by the following four aspects: (1) They have a wide range of themes: on the one hand, they include: soldiers' ambition to make contributions, the hardships of frontier life, the cruel scenes of war, and soldiers' homesickness; On the other hand, it includes frontier scenery, frontier geography, ethnic customs, ethnic exchanges and so on. The former is the main theme. (2) Broad image: write big pictures and wonderful scenes. (3) High pitch: the momentum is smooth and full of sublimity. (4) Both genres are good: both songs and rhymes have excellent works. As far as the genre of frontier fortress poems is concerned, the creation of ancient poetry, including lines of songs, has matured and become a grand view. Representative works include: An Ancient Warsong by Li Qi, … Camping in Wan Li without castles until the thick sky joined the snowy desert. The sorrowful Hu Yanyan flew through the air, and HUS soldiers were all in tears. …"; Cen Can's "Night Collection of Judges in Liangzhou Pavilion" "The curved moon rises and hangs Chengtou, and the moon in Chengtou shines in Liangzhou. There are 700,000 people around Liangzhou, and the conference semifinals here know how to play the pipa. The touching pipa pipa piano is very heartwarming, only feel the wind, oh, the night is long. ... "On the other hand, modern frontier poems are maturing. Representative works include: Wang Changling's "Out of the Great Wall" and "When the moon was clear in Qin Dynasty, people did not return on the Long March". But make Longcheng fly, and don't teach Huma to cross the Yinshan Mountain. ”； Wang Changling's "Join the Army" "The desert is dusty and the red flag is half-rolled. The former army fought the Taohe River at night in order to capture Gu Hun alive. " ; Wang Zhihuan's "The Embankment" "The Yellow River is far above the white clouds, an isolated city, Wan Ren. Why bother to complain about the willow, the spring breeze is only Yumenguan. " ; William Wang's "Liangzhou Ci" "Glowing glass of wine", if you want to drink the pipa, you should urge it immediately. Drunk lying on the battlefield, you don't laugh, there have been several wars in ancient times. "Gao Shi frontier fortress poem 1. Life: Gao Shi (70 1-765) is the main creator of frontier poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, which is closely related to his frontier experience. Gao Shi was eager to join the army and establish border defense work in his early years. He wrote such a poem: "Go north to Jimen and see the desert. Relying on the sword to resist dust, I miss Huo Wei. ... painting a picture of Kirin Pavilion, entering Mingguang Palace, laughing at the scribes, once poor. "Since the twelfth year of Tianbao (753), Gao Shi has been in the army for a long time, leaving the village three times, and has rich experience in military life. Gao Shi wrote many poems or lines or expressed his feelings every time he went to the fortress. The theme selection characteristics of Gao Shi's frontier poems are: observing and analyzing the present situation of frontier fortress from the perspective of politicians, considering war, national security and people's sufferings and joys together, with a wide range of themes and profound thoughts. For example, he expressed concern about the disturbance of the frontier fortress: "Every time I go to the battle site, I worry about everything. " ; " Disappointed with Sun Wu, I came back and closed the door alone "("In Ji Zuo "). He paid a warm tribute to the brave soldiers: "Until Jian Qing in white sees the light of day and blood is red, when death becomes a responsibility, who will stop to think about fame" ("Ge Yanxing"). He also had profound thoughts on the significance of the war: "Today, Qinghai only drinks horses, and the Yellow River doesn't need to guard against autumn" (nine songs). Comprehensive perspective is the uniqueness of Gao Shi's poems. 2. Poetic Style: The previous comments on Gao Shi's poems Reading Makes People Feel (Yan Yu's Poems on Canglang) and Poems with Full Chest and Expressing Ambition (Yin Yun's He Lingji) are awe-inspiring. "Awesome Qi" is to highlight heroism and fearless heroism, so it has the charm and realm of poetic style. His poems inherited the vigorous style of ancient poems in Han and Wei dynasties, and the common expressions are parallelism and straightforward expression. Poetry is full of strong feelings. For example, Wanli showed a desire for fame and fortune, was willing to die, and had succeeded. Draw a picture of Qilin Pavilion and enter Mingguang Palace. Gao Shi often expresses his opinions in his poems, interspersed with narration and lyricism, which makes his works more profound and mature. Gao Shi is good at seven ancient poems. Poetry has a large capacity, ups and downs of emotions and vivid and concise images. Therefore, Hu Yinglin's poem says that "syllables are distinct, emotions lead to collapse, and crude fibers are trimmed to achieve harmony". 3. Appreciation of Yan Gexing: (1) Poetry title and creative background: Yan Gexing is one of the representative works of frontier poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and it is also the "first masterpiece" of Gao Shi. "Ge Yanxing" was originally a form of Yuefu, and Cao Pi, the Emperor of Wei Wen, wrote poems on it for the first time. Since then, this topic has often been used to eulogize the sufferings of troops stationed in the northeast border (Yan Di) and the love of missing women. This poem develops the old theme. There have always been different opinions about the creative intention of poetry. One is to praise the patriotic spirit of the border guards to overcome all difficulties and defeat the enemy on the grounds that my Youzhou made Zhang Shouxuan quell the Qidan rebellion; On the other hand, it exposed the problem of Zhang Shousheng's false exploits after his defeat, and accused the generals of being arrogant and underestimating the enemy, which caused the failure of the war and caused great pain and sacrifice to the soldiers. Is it a compliment or an irony? According to the viewpoint of the History of China Literature (People's Literature Publishing House), and considering the preface of the poem, we think that this poem is related to the Zhang Shousheng incident, but what is written in the poem is not entirely about this battle, but a fusion of his experience in Jiyumen, which shows his deep sympathy for the soldiers with a high artistic summary. (2) Let's talk about the content of the poem: the preface of the poem explains the reasons for creation. "In the 26th year of Kaiyuan, a friend who went out with Marshal came back and wrote a song" Ge Yanxing "for me. I deeply felt what I defended in today's war, so I sang a song. " In the 26th year of Kaiyuan, the Ministry of Zhang Shousheng will fail in the battle against the rebellious Xi people. The first eight songs of "Defending the Mystery and Hiding Defeat, Playing Merit" (see Biography of Zhang Shouxuan in Old Tang Dynasty) summarize the process of soldiers' going out. At the beginning of the poem, "The northeast border of China is filled with smoke and darkness" shows the orientation and nature of the war. In the poem, "the smoke and dust of the Han family" and "the Han general resigned from his family" refer to the soldiers of the current dynasty. The rampage in "quick march, A Hero" is to run to the enemy's territory and walk the line. "Let the army beat drums on Guan Yu" is about the military ability to go to the battlefield. The word "Fei" in "School Han Hai" vividly illustrates the urgency of the military situation and the sinister war situation. The atmosphere gradually advanced and became tense. Write eight sentences about losing in key battles. Putting pen to paper is "the mountains and rivers outside are cold and bleak", which is an open and flat area with a cold breath. Hu rode fast and wild, rolling in like a storm. The Han army struggled to meet the enemy and was killed in the dark. "Half of us were killed in the front line, but the other half are still alive, and beautiful girls are still dancing and singing for them in the camp", which contrasts the painful and happy lives of generals and soldiers and vaguely reveals the inevitable result of failure. Then I wrote about the failure of the war, the fatigue of the soldiers, the difficulty of encirclement, the sunset in the lonely city and the withering of the grass. The unique gloomy scenery of these frontier fortress sets off the desolation of the defeated troops. The next eight sentences describe the pain brought to soldiers by the war, which is a portrayal of the mood of soldiers trapped in danger. "Still on the front line, dressed in rags" is about soldiers fighting outside, and "Jade Girl Should Cry After Parting" is about a woman who is at home alone in the soldier's imagination. The woman is sad day and night, but "how can I do it in the side yard?" The soldiers looked back in vain, after all, "in a place of death and blue void, there is nothing ahead." The murderous look lingered around the soldier for a long time, and the sound of night patrol was urgent, which broke his homesickness. This was originally the content of the old poem Ge Yanxing. But this poem is more exaggerated than the previous one. The complex inner activities of soldiers undoubtedly deepened the theme. Who put them in the corner? The last four sentences sum up the whole article, full of emotion and tragic. Until the white sword is seen again, spattered with red blood, when death becomes a responsibility, who will stop to think about fame? The soldiers fought bloody battles and died in the battlefield, but it was for personal credit. This sentence is full of praise from the poet. This satirizes the aggressiveness and greed of Han Jiang. In the last two sentences, the poet sighed: "However, speaking of the hardships of desert war, we are going to mention Li, a great general who lived a long time ago." Eight or nine hundred years ago, Li Guang, a flying general in the north of Weizhen, took care of his soldiers everywhere, which was in sharp contrast with today's arrogant generals. The poet put forward general Li, which is of far-reaching significance. From the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, there have been countless frontier wars for thousands of years, but it is really difficult to find a general like Li Guang who can care about soldiers and guard the frontier. With Li Guang's last article, the artistic conception is more vigorous and profound. (3) Evaluation: A, from the ideological content, most of Xing's poems of the same name describe the lingering love between husband and wife. This poem breaks this theme pattern and highlights heroism and tragic artistic conception. Poetry and pen interweave, combining the desolate natural environment, comprehensive war atmosphere and the complex inner activities of soldiers in battle, forming a rich, profound and tragic artistic style of the whole poem. B, from the perspective of expression, contrast is used in many places in the poem. From a long point of view, the golden drum when sending troops is in sharp contrast with the hardships and desolation after the defeat. From the description throughout the article, the soldiers' loyalty to their duties is in sharp contrast with the generals' arrogance and greed. The hard work of the soldiers is in stark contrast to the indulgence of the general. Finally, Li Guang is put forward, which is another comparison between ancient and modern times. The use of contrast makes this poem meaningful. In addition, the poem uses four rhymes to turn, showing the momentum of jumping and unrestrained. Cen Can's frontier poems 1. Author's Life: Cen Can (7 15-769) is the main creator of frontier poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, which is closely related to his experience. He is eager to make achievements in the army and regards it as the main way to become famous. Before joining the army, he wrote such a poem: "If you are not satisfied all day, what are you going out to do?" . Looking for color from people, sighing is people. "(Jiang Shang Tan Chun); General Guy, a real husband, will hold the Jin Wu on 30th. "("Yumenguan Gai Jiangjun Song "); Fame should only be taken immediately. It's really a hero who makes a husband. "Since the eighth year of Tianbao (749), Cen Can has been out of the fortress twice, once as a secretary in Anxi and once as a judge in the Northern Dynasties. After eight years of frontier life, he became a frontier poet. The characteristics and values of Cen Can's frontier poems are full of mountains and rivers and patriotic feelings. The so-called wonder of mountains and rivers, that is, taking the frontier natural scenery as the poetic image, excavates the solemnity and beauty in the desolation and vastness of a unique region, and enthusiastically praises it, which is the uniqueness of Cen Can's poetry. The so-called patriotism is to express the great righteousness of border guards to defend the frontier. In art, he is good at observing and describing. Rich imagination, novel metaphor and reasonable exaggeration are the common means of expression in Cen Can's poems. For example, it is novel to use pear flowers as a metaphor for snow, to use "whirlwind peach blossom color" as a metaphor for horses, and to use a knife to cut face as a metaphor for cold wind. Exaggeration is more common, such as "Like the valley, it is filled with broken boulders like pecking measures" (Riding on horseback); " All the treasures are frozen and ready to burst "(Tianshan Snow Song) is an expressive exaggeration. In the form of poetry, Cen Can is good at seven-character ancient poems, with large capacity, rich content and abundant momentum. 2. Poetic Style: Fantasy and Delicate Du Fu once said that "Cen Can brothers are curious". Cen Can's frontier poems are full of romance, passion, grandeur, magnificent scenes, rich imagination, jumping sentences and unrestrained language. His works write miracles, express strange feelings and have strange colors. (1) fairyland: The frontier fortress has peculiar and magnificent scenery, such as writing volcano: "The volcano is abrupt at Chitingkou, and the volcano may fire clouds are thick. Fire clouds cover the mountains and stranded birds dare not fly thousands of miles. ..... "For example, write" Rehai ":"I smell the Yinshan Hull language on the side, and the hot sea water in the west seems to boil. Many birds at sea dare not fly, and some carp are long and fat. The grass on the shore often doesn't rest, and the snow in the air spins away. Yan gravel burns clouds, boiling waves burn waves and fry the moon. ..... Take a poem Snow White in Farewell to Tian Shuji Wu's Home as an example to analyze the description of wonders that the poet is good at. Bai Xue pointed out the background of writing poetry. Song pointed out that the genre of poetry is Yuefu. Sending a court martial back to Beijing is the reason for writing. Poetry is a work that praises snow and gives people away. " The north wind rolled up the white grass and scattered them, and the snow in August crossed the Tatar sky. "The opening is strange, the wind dispersed before the snow, and the wind saw the snow, which was full of momentum because of the bedding. It's crisp in August and autumn, and it's snowing in the north. A word "namely" conveys a kind of surprise and curiosity, just like a strong wind in spring, which blows at night and blows away the petals of ten thousand pear trees. "Snowflakes are flying in the north, while the spring breeze and pear blossoms in the south are used as metaphors. Turn the bleak cold into a colorful scene and convey the attitude of heavy snow. " "That snow is coming suddenly, very suddenly. Then four sentences write about the power of snow with the feelings of soldiers in the strange cold. " It enters the pearl curtain, it is wet with silk curtain, and the tiger autumn is tepid and thin. The bow becomes stiff and almost impossible to pull out, making it difficult to protect the iron clothes. "The poet relishes the strange cold, which is also the performance of the poet's curiosity. Then it describes the farewell scene. Off-balance-sheet "The sea of Han is dry in Ivylinna Lee, and the clouds are bleak in Wan Li. "These two sentences depict the snow scene beyond the Great Wall with exaggerated pen and ink, which is magnificent. The word "bleak" sets the tone for farewell. There is wine in the tent to say goodbye, "but we drink to the guest who came home from the camp and play the savage pipa, guitar and harp for him." Seeing the guests out of the military gate, I saw that "until dusk, when the snow crushed our tent, our frozen red flag could not fly in the wind." "This is also a miracle. The bright red flag is frozen in the cold wind, so the cold white and warm red are in sharp contrast, and the frozen flag is in contrast with the flying snowflakes. In the colorful picture, the feeling of extreme cold is highlighted. " Song Military Region Luntai East Gate, entering Xuefeng Tianlu. Then he disappeared around the corner, leaving only hoofprint. "At the end, the horseshoe prints on the snow, accompanied by the poet's affectionate eyes, drifted away, interpreting endless feelings of separation. In this poem, the poet showed keen observation and sensibility to the poetic image of "snow". With vigorous and powerful brushstrokes, there are both big brushstrokes and meticulous sketches, which have both real imitation and romantic imagination, vivid image and unique artistic conception, and reproduce the magnificent natural scenery of the border region. (2) Strangeness: Hard military life is full of warm and generous feelings. Take Biography of Walking Horse as an example. Biography of Walking Horse was written during the poet's tenure as a judge of Northwest An Court. Zoumachuan is the Baiyang River west of Luntai in Tang Dynasty (Luntai is west of Urumqi today). Line is the symbol of Yuefu poetry. This poem was written for his heroic deeds. This poem focuses on the tense scene of marching against the wind on a snowy night in Zoumachuan. The first part of the poem, "If you don't see me, you can go by Xue Hai, and Pingsha will go to heaven. "This September night blows cold in the wheel tower and the valley, and the valley is full of broken boulders like pecking rice, which go down and forward with the wind." The flat sand is boundless, the night wind roars, and the gravel flies about. This is the environment for sending troops. The second part of the poem, "Although the grass is gray, the Tatar horse is plump, and the smoke and dust gather in the west of Jinshan, the general of China army, start your movement! . Wear your armor all night and let your soldiers March with rumbling weapons! The sharp wind tip cuts the face like a knife. " The border guards marching against the snowy night are full of energy, in contrast to the environment. The last part of the poem, "Horse hair steaming, five flowers spinning into ice, you come from the challenge of the camp, from the ink bottle of ice. It has chilled the heart of the barbarian leader, and it is expected that the short soldiers will not dare to meet each other, and the East Division and Simon will offer victory. " March life is hard, and Tang Jun has high morale and a belief in winning, which is in contrast. This poem exaggerates the harsh environment and climate, and reflects high morale and adventurous spirit. In the poem, the yellow sand flies all over the sky, the wind blows away stones, the wind cuts the face, the horse sweat turns into water, and the inkstone water freezes, which is unique and full of heroic feelings. 3. On the poetic art of A Passage to Sichuan: a. In writing skills, the poet grasps the typical environment and details. Biography of a Horse begins with the word "wind" to describe the dangerous environment for going to war. "And the sand, coming up from the desert, is thriving", which is a typical sandstorm scene during the day. The first three sentences don't have the word wind, but they capture the color of the wind and describe its ferocity. Blowing the cold in the wheel tower on this September night changed from a secret pen to a public pen, from the wind in the day to the wind at night, and the wind roared. Then, use stones to describe the wind, and stones as big as buckets go crazy with the wind, outlining the fury of the wind. In this harsh environment, Tang Junbing marched against the wind and braved the cold. "Wear your armor all night" wrote an important task on his shoulder, and don't wear clothes at night. "Let your soldiers advance with weapons!" Ge Xiang's "The wind is sharp as a knife cuts the face", which describes the feeling of marching with a face like a knife. Lien Chan's horse felt the tension before the war. It is the result of the poet's careful observation to describe the condensed and melted sweat of horses with "steaming" and "spinning like ice". After such careful preparation, readers will naturally think: who can be the enemy of such an army? B, poetry is also good at using contrast and exaggeration, trying to exaggerate the hardships of the environment and the bad weather, thus reflecting the soldiers' fearless spirit and high patriotic enthusiasm. C, from the sentence pattern, it uses strange rhyme, and every three sentences rhyme to form steep syllables. It seems to be in full swing, forming a tense rhythm, just like a battle March. Aesthetic Style of Frontier Poems in the Prosperous Tang Dynasty Through the above analysis, we can sum up the aesthetic style of frontier poems in the Prosperous Tang Dynasty, including: majestic, bold, romantic, tragic and magnificent. Frontier poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty embody a kind of masculine beauty. In frontier fortress poems, on the one hand, the cruelty of war and the harsh environment are expressed by exaggeration and contrast, such as "the life and death of soldiers in the first half", "the golden battle wears golden armor" and "several surviving watchmen by the lonely wall at sunset". On the other hand, frontier poems highlight the great spiritual strength of people rushing out in the face of war. Among them are: unyielding will and confidence to win, the lofty sentiments of defending our country and our country, and the ambition of establishing fame on the battlefield. For example, "Don't break Loulan, don't return it"; "I am willing to be a sword under my waist, just to cut Loulan"; "Until the white sword is seen again, spattered with red blood, when death becomes a responsibility, who will stop to think about fame". These two aspects are both opposite and unified. The tension caused by the unity of opposites makes poetry have eternal charm, and the sense of sublimity in poetry has become the strongest voice of the Chinese nation for thousands of years.