First, the expression skills of poetry
1. Rhetoric methods: metaphor, personification, rhetorical question, metonymy, duality, exaggeration, comparison, allusion, adaptation, intertextuality, repetition, etc.
2. Performance: narration, discussion, description and lyricism.
Lyricism: It can be divided into direct lyricism and indirect lyricism (lyricism by borrowing scenery, lyricism by holding things; Scene fusion).
Description: It can be divided into static and dynamic combination, virtual and real combination, point-surface combination, light-dark combination, frontal combination, rough outline brush and meticulous painting. Le Jing wrote about mourning, mourning for Syaraku and so on.
3. Expression techniques: Fu, Bi and Xing; Suppress change, describe carefully, symbolize association, set off, contrast, imagine, associate, care and express ambition.
4. Chapter structure: cut to the chase, get into the theme, express your ambitions, bond feelings with scenery, get a proper total score, see the big from the small, go deep into layers, take care of the transition and pave the way.
5. Thoughts and feelings include: infatuation, sadness, melancholy, loneliness, sadness, loneliness, boredom, indifference, leisure, joy, admiration, anger, adherence to moral integrity, and concern for the country and the people.
6. Function: deepening artistic conception and theme, with profound artistic conception, beautiful artistic conception, profound meaning, thought-provoking and far-reaching influence.
Second, the expression of poetry appreciation program
This poem adopts the technique of (expression, rhetoric, expression), writes the characteristics of (image), shows (highlights) (certain) thoughts and feelings, and plays a (certain) role.
Three. Interpretation of key concepts
1, contrast
Contrast is a technique of Chinese painting, which uses ink or color to render and set off the outline of objects, making them stand out obviously. Used in artistic creation, refers to deliberately describing from the side, as a foil, so that the things to be expressed stand out. It can be a foil, such as Qin Luofu, which sets off the beauty of Qin Luofu by the reactions of Walker and Teenager. It can also be used as a foil, such as "cicadas make Lin Jing more secluded", "monks knock on the door of the moon" and "birds are surprised when the moon comes out" to make noise. More things are used to compare people. For example, the moon in the river was written three times in Pipa, which respectively set off the wonderful and charming timbre of Pipa and the sad, lonely and sad mood of the characters. Another example is the image of "thousands of feet Deep Peach Blossom Pond", which clearly sets off Wang Lun's strong feelings for the poet.
Step 2 use allusions
To use allusions is to quote historical facts and use allusions in poetry. Ancient poetry attaches great importance to the use of allusions, which can not only make the language of poetry concise, but also increase the richness of content, vividness and implication of expression, receive concise and thought-provoking effects, and enhance the expressive force and appeal of works. For example, Xin Qiji successfully used five allusions: Sun Quan, Emperor Wu of Song, Liu Yilong, Beaver and Lian Po in "Ode to Yule, Jingkou, Gubei Pavilion". These allusions are historical anecdotes of Jingkou, and the poet expresses his thoughts and feelings implicitly and naturally with the help of these historical facts.
In addition, borrowing poems and songs from predecessors is also an allusion. For example, almost every sentence in Wang Bo's Preface to Wang Tengting uses allusions, which enhances the cultural connotation of the article; In Yangzhou Slow, Jiang Kui used Du Mu's poems either explicitly or implicitly, forming a contrast between reality and reality, and expressing the desolation that things are different and different.
3. Virtual reality
This is a common concept used by the ancients when discussing articles. Virtual and real are relative, some are real, and none is virtual. Objective is true, subjective is virtual; Concrete is real, abstract is virtual; The present is real and the imagination is empty ... Poetry often uses this technique to expand the artistic conception of poetry. For example, in Liu Yong's Yulin Order, it is true to say goodbye in front of you, but it is illusory to imagine again, resulting in endless aftertaste. Another example is Li Yu's "Young Beauty". The first six sentences are one solid and one virtual, that is, "When is the spring flower and the autumn moon (real), how much is known about the past (virtual). The east wind (reality) of Xiaolou last night, so my country could not bear to look back at the moon (empty). Carved jade fence should still be (real), but Zhu Yan has changed (virtual) ",and the combination of reality and reality has entrusted the grief of my hometown. Another example is Jiang Kui's Slow Yangzhou. The scene of decline in front of him is real, and the hypothetical imagination is empty. The combination of reality and fiction can make the work more compact and vivid, and greatly increase the capacity of the work.
4. Language features
1 fresh. Its characteristics are novel language and unconventional. For example, Du Fu's quatrains: "Two orioles sing green willows, and a row of egrets rise to the sky. The window contains autumn snow in Xiling, and the Wu Dong Wan Li boat stops at the door. " Four kinds of scenery, dynamic scenery, static scenery, gorgeous colors and fresh and vivid language are written in four sentences. Another example is Xin Qiji's "Walking on the Yellow Sand Road in Xijiang Moonlight" and "Music in Poor Villages", with fresh and lively language.
2 dull. Or plain, characterized by choosing exact words to describe directly, all using stick figures, without modification, true and profound, approachable. But plain doesn't mean simple and shabby, but a return to simplicity in language, which embodies the writer's real kung fu. For example, Tao Yuanming's group poem "Returning to the Garden", in popular language, is a family matter, not a carving. Li Yu's later poem "Yu Meiren" is plain but touching.
3 gorgeous. It is characterized by rich rhetoric, gorgeous literary talent and fantastic feelings. For example, Li Shangyin's Untitled poem, Li He's Li Ping's Quotations and Bai Juyi's Pipa Travel describe music.
4 bright. Its characteristics are direct, clear, frank and provocative. It is often decisive and broken. For example, Li Qingzhao's early poem "Hanging Lips and Kicking Swing", Bai Juyi's poem "Grass" and so on.
⑤ Implicit. Sometimes it is also called suggestion, which is characterized by suggestion, often not direct narration, but tortuous talk. What you say here is intentional, or you don't send it, or you want to say it for readers to appreciate. Such as Du Mu's epic and Li Qingzhao's later poems.
⑥ Concise. It is characterized by neatness and conciseness. For example, Jia Dao's poems and Su Shi's poems.
Senior high school practical essay answering skills.
(A) the role of sentences in the text:
1, prefix: opening point; Render the atmosphere (prose), pave the way (narrative), and set suspense (novel, but not tested in Shanghai) as the auxiliary paving way for the following; Below the general collar;
2. In the text: connecting the preceding with the following; Below the general collar; Summarize the above;
3. At the end of the article: point out the center (prose); Deepen the theme (narrative); The beginning of a quotation (argumentative, narrative, novel)
(B) the role of rhetoric:
(1) own function; (2) Combined with sentence context.
1, figuratively personified: vivid;
Answer format: written vividly+object+characteristics.
2, parallelism: momentum, strengthen the tone, in one go and so on. ;
Answer format: emphasis+object+characteristics.
3; Questioning: arouse readers' attention and thinking;
Answer format: arouse readers' attention and thinking about+object+characteristics
Rhetorical question: emphasis, emphasis, etc.
4. Contrast: emphasize … stand out …
5. repeatedly emphasize ... strengthen the tone.
(3) Answer to the meaning of the sentence:
In such a topic, a word or phrase in a sentence is often expressed by metaphor, contrast, metonymy and symbol. When answering the question, reveal the object it refers to, and then clear the sentence.
(4) Can one word in a sentence be replaced by another? Why?
Verb: No. Because the word accurately, vividly and specifically wrote ...
Adjective: No. Because this word vividly describes ...
Adverbs (such as all, most, very only, etc. ): no. Because this word accurately describes the situation of … (table degree, table limit, table time, table range, etc.). ), after the change, it becomes ... not in line with the facts.
(5) Can the order of two or three words in a sentence be reversed? Why?
I can't. Because:
(1) does not conform to the law of people's understanding of things (from shallow to deep, from surface to inside, from phenomenon to essence).
(2) This word corresponds to the above one by one.
(3) These words are progressive, interlocking and cannot be interchanged.
(6) Summary of paragraph meaning
1. Narrative: Answer clearly (when and where) who did what.
Format: (time+place)+people+things.
2. Description: The answer clearly explains what the object is and what its characteristics are.
Format: description (introduction)+description object+description content (characteristics)
3. Argumentative essay: clearly answer what the question is and what the author thinks.
Format: What demonstration method is used to prove (demonstrate)+demonstrate?
(7)
Expression skills play an important role in the appreciation of ancient poetry, such as allusions, comparison, rendering, laying out, comparison, lyricism, scene blending, lyricism by borrowing scenery, combination of static and dynamic, combination of reality and fiction, euphemism, comparison, allegory, symbol, pun and so on. The rhetorical methods commonly used in poetry include exaggeration, parallelism, duality, metaphor, metonymy, analogy, rhetorical question, rhetorical question and repetition. The commonly used terms in analyzing poetry language are: accurate, vivid, vivid, concise, incisive, concise, bright, fresh, novel, beautiful, gorgeous, implicit, simple and natural. When reviewing, we should systematically summarize all kinds of expression skills and reserve relevant knowledge. First of all, we should understand the characteristics and functions of these expressive skills, and then carefully appreciate and analyze them in combination with specific poems.
As for evaluating the ideological content of poetry and the author's attitude, it includes summarizing the main idea of the work, analyzing the social reality reflected by the work, and pointing out its positive significance or limitations.
In short, the first step to appreciate ancient poetry is to grasp the content of poetry from the following aspects: 1 Read the title and comments carefully; 2. Analyze the image; 3. Taste the artistic conception; 4 contact the author. Step 2, find out the skills: 1 Grasp the image features; 2. Differentiated expression skills; 3 Explain the expression function. The third step is to evaluate the contents and opinions: 1 summarize the main idea; 2 contact background; 3 distinguish between primary and secondary; 4. Comprehensive evaluation.
When answering questions, we should pay special attention to the following points: first, we should stick to the requirements and not generalize; Second, the main points should be complete and should be considered from multiple angles; The third is to scrutinize the terms and strive to be accurate, concise and standardized.
Distinction of confusing terms
The difference between "method and technology"
Artistic skills, also known as expressive skills, include:
Expression: narration, description, lyricism, discussion and explanation.
(2) Expression techniques: arousing, associating, setting off, suppressing, caring, being positive, symbolizing, contrasting, changing from reality to emptiness, combining reality with reality, using allusions, expressing one's mind directly, expressing feelings by borrowing scenery, blending scenes, expressing ideas by borrowing the past, satirizing the present, turning motion into stillness, combining motion with motion, seeing the big from the small, and getting to the point.
Rhetoric: metaphor, metonymy, exaggeration, duality, contrast, analogy, parallelism, rhetorical question, quotation, irony and repetition.
(B) the relationship between "love" and "scenery"
Borrowing scenery to express feelings, borrowing scenery to express feelings and blending scenes are all ways for poets to express feelings by borrowing scenery. "Expressing emotion by borrowing scenery" is relatively direct, and the feeling after reading the poem is to see "emotion" but not "scenery"; "Emotion in the scene" and "scene blending". When expressing feelings, there are no words on the front. After reading the poem, I feel that I see the "scenery" but can't see the "emotion". However, careful analysis shows that the poet's feelings are all in the natural scenery in front of him, and all the scenery and words are sentimental.
(3) the angle of description
Common angles are: shape, sound, color, state and taste. "Shape" and "color" are perspectives; "Sound" is the angle of hearing; "State" is divided into dynamic and static; "Taste" is the angle of touch.