Liu Yuxi has been eager to learn since childhood. In addition to studying classics, he also dabbled extensively in calligraphy, astronomy and medicine. Poetry is the most famous of his literary creations, and Bai Juyi said that his "writing style is wonderful, not in front of poetry" ("Bai Liu's Singing Interpretation"). He occupies an important position in the ancient prose movement. At that time, the literary world was dominated by Li Ao and Han Yu and regarded as a generation. Liu said that he was "good at theory", his papers were clear, his arguments were sufficient, and his writing was beautiful. Prose is concise and clear. (This passage is quoted from Liu Yuxi's biography).
Liu Yuxi lived in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. Due to the Anshi Rebellion, the Tang Dynasty formed a social situation in which eunuchs monopolized power, vassal regimes and cronies fought. He is very dissatisfied with such social reality. I once participated in the Reform Movement led by Uncle Wang, but failed, resulting in a bumpy career and repeated demotions. However, he did not give in to the powerful, but showed his integrity and contempt for the powerful with a civilized mentality. This article can be said to be the author's bitter ridicule of the prevailing social customs and self-evident mentality at that time.
Su Shi (1037-1101) was a writer and painter in the Northern Song Dynasty. The word Zizhan, also known as He Zhong, is called Dongpo lay man. Han nationality, Meishan, Meizhou (now Sichuan). Together with their father Su Xun and brother Su Zhe, they are called Su San. He is an all-rounder in literature and art, and his writing style is unrestrained and fluent. He is also known as Ou Su with Ouyang Xiu, one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. His poems are fresh and vigorous, and he is good at using exaggerated metaphors. He has a unique style in artistic expression, and is called Su Huang with Huang Tingjian. Bold ci school has a great influence on later generations, and it is called Su Xin with Xin Qiji; Calligraphy is good at running script and regular script, and it can be innovative. Writing with a pen is ups and downs, full of childlike interest. And Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang are also called Song Sijia. Painting, like literature, I like to be a strange stone. On painting, I advocate similarity. Poems include "Seven Chapters of Dongpo" and "Dongpo Yuefu". biography
Su Shi, born on103765438+1October 8th (19931February19th), was born in Meishan, Emei (now Sichuan). Su Shi's father, Su Xun, is the "Su Lao Quan" mentioned in The Holy Amethyst. Su Xun worked hard, although he worked very late. In his later years, Su Shi recalled his childhood experience of studying with his father and felt that he was deeply influenced by his father. Of course, if Su Xun didn't study hard, Su Shi couldn't get a good tutor in his childhood, let alone "learn the history of general classics, which belongs to thousands of words every day", and it is even more impossible to achieve literary achievements in the future. 1056 (the first year of Jiayou), 2 1 year-old Su Shi left Sichuan for Beijing for the first time to take the imperial examination of the imperial court. The following year, he took the examination of the Ministry of Rites and won the appreciation of the examiner Ouyang Xiu with an article on loyalty to punishment, but Ouyang Xiu mistakenly thought it was his disciple Ceng Gong. In order to avoid suspicion, he had to come second. 106 1 year (in the sixth year of Jiayou), Su Shi took the Chinese secondary school exam, which is usually called "three-year Beijing Examination", and got the third class of "the first in a hundred years", and was awarded the position of judge and book signing in Fengxiang Prefecture, Dali. Later, when his mother died in Bianjing, Ding returned to his hometown. 1069 (the second year of Xining) returned to the DPRK after his term of office, and he was still appointed. When he entered the DPRK as an official, it was the time when the political crisis in the Northern Song Dynasty began to appear, and the crisis was hidden behind the prosperity. At this time, Zongshen acceded to the throne and appointed Wang Anshi to support the political reform. Many of Su Shi's teachers and friends, including Ouyang Xiu, who admired him at the beginning, were forced to leave Beijing because they disagreed with the new Prime Minister Wang Anshi's implementation of the new law. The old rain in the ruling and opposition parties faded away, and what Su Shi saw in his eyes was no longer the "peaceful and prosperous times" he saw at the age of twenty. On his way back to Beijing, Su Shi saw the harm of the new law to ordinary people, and because of his conservative political thoughts, he disagreed with Wang Anshi's approach to politics and thought that the new law could not facilitate the people, so he wrote a letter against it. As a result, like his teachers and friends who were forced to leave Beijing, they were not allowed to stay in the court. So Su Shi asked for his release and was transferred to Hangzhou to serve as a general. From then on, Su Shi misunderstood Wang Anshi and other reformists all his life. Su Shi stayed in Hangzhou for three years. After leaving office, he was transferred to Mizhou (now Zhucheng, Shandong Province), Xuzhou, Huzhou and other places as well-known county magistrates. Outstanding achievements, won the hearts of the people. This lasted for about ten years, and Su Shi met the first disaster in his life. At that time, some people (Li Ding and others) deliberately distorted his poems, and made a big fuss in the name of satirizing the new law. 1079 (in the second year of Yuanfeng), Su Shi was arrested and imprisoned less than three months after he arrived in Huzhou. He was arrested and imprisoned for writing poems to satirize the new law and "slandering the monarch", which is called "Wutai Poetry Case" in history. Lu You (1125-1210), a famous patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, studied diligently all his life, wrote many beautiful poems to educate his children and had a patriotic heart. He comes from an official family, lives in poverty and studies hard. Lu You's great-grandfather was Song Renzong's teacher Lu Yi, his grandfather Lu Dian and his father Lu Zai. At that time, it was the time when the Song Dynasty was corrupt and was repeatedly invaded by the Jin State (Jurchen nationality). In the second year after his birth, Jin Bing captured Bianjing, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty. When he was a child, he and his family were moved from one place to another. Due to the influence of social and family environment, he was determined to kill Hu (Jin Bing ornaments) to save the country from childhood. Although the feudal family brought Lu You a good cultural influence, especially patriotic education, it also brought misfortune in marriage. At the age of 20, he married his cousin Tang Wan, and they had a deep affection. However, his mother didn't like Down and forced them to separate. Tang remarried, and Lu You also married Wang. After the divorce, Lu You was very sad. At the age of 365,438+0, when Shaoxing passed through Shenyuan for twenty-five years, he met Tang Wan and his wife. Lu You wrote the word "Chaitoufeng" on the wall of the Imperial Academy to show his deep affection. Since then, he has written poems to commemorate many times, and even wrote the famous love poem "Love" at the age of 75. Tang was heartbroken when he read Lu You's "Hairpin Phoenix". He wrote a poem about Hairpin Phoenix and died soon. Lu You's Twelve Years Poems, learning sword and art of war. At the age of 29, I went to Lin 'an Province to try, ranking first. The following year, Kao Li Department was ranked before the grandson of Qin Gui, the Lord commander and envoy, and because it did not forget the national humiliation, it demanded that "the rich should be given in advance, and the big businessmen should take care of it", which was rejected by Qin Gui. Ming died, Shaoxing was the master book of Ningde County in Fuzhou in 28 years, and Shaoxing was the prefect in 30 years. Xiaozong succeeded to the throne and was given a Jinshi origin. Later, due to urging Zhang Jun to explore the Northern Expedition, his subordinates had differences with the generals. Coupled with the resistance of the Lord and the faction, the court immediately shook, and Lu You was also dismissed on the charge of "writing a protest and clamoring for right and wrong, such as Zhang Jun's use of troops". In six years, Kuizhou was sentenced. In the eighth year of Dadao (1 172), the main battle general Wang Yan hired Lu You to take charge of military affairs in the shogunate, and Lu You's life changed greatly. Military life made him embrace each other and wrote many passionate patriotic poems. It can be said that "flying frost sweeps away the cold, and one inch of Dan Xin only serves the country" is a portrayal of his life and mood during this period. Although Lu You is full of sincerity to serve the country, his ambition to rejuvenate the country has never been continued because of the corruption of the imperial court, his desire for peace and his lack of enterprising spirit.
Liu Zongyuan (773-8 19), with a thick word. A writer and philosopher in the Tang Dynasty, one of the eight masters in the Tang and Song Dynasties. His ancestral home was Hedong (now Liu Jiaxiang, a western literature village in yongji city, Shaanxi), and later he moved to Chang 'an (now xi, Shaanxi). He advocated the ancient prose movement in Tang Dynasty with Han Yu and called it Liu Han. Because he was from Hedong, he was finally appointed as the secretariat of Liuzhou, so he was called or Liu Liuzhou.
Liu Zongyuan was born in Chang 'an, the capital city, in the eighth year of Daizong Dali (773). He was born in an official family, with little talent and high aspirations. In his early years, he was a scholar in the exam, and his writings were mainly flowery words. In the ninth year of Zhenyuan (793), he was a scholar, and in the fourteenth year, he entered the learned poetry class and was awarded the orthography of Jixian Hall. He was a lieutenant in Lantian, then became an official in the DPRK, actively participated in the political reform of Wang Group, and was transferred to Danielle as foreign minister. Yong Zhenyuan (805) in September, the innovation failed, and Shaozhou was demoted as a secretariat. In November, he was demoted to Sima in Yongzhou (now Lingling, Hunan). In the tenth year of Yuanhe (8 15), he returned to the capital in the spring and served as the secretariat of Liuzhou with outstanding achievements. Xian Zongyuan died in the 14th year (8 19).
Liu Zongyuan left more than 600 poems in his life, and his achievements in writing were greater than poems. There are nearly a hundred parallel essays, which are argumentative, sharp, sarcastic and spicy, full of fighting, and travel notes are written about mountains and rivers, which are mostly entrusted. Philosophical works include Tian Shuo, Shi Tian and Feudalism. Liu Zongyuan's works were preserved by Liu Yuxi in the Tang Dynasty and compiled into collections. There is Liuhe East Collection.
Tao Qian (365-427), a poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, had a bright character, a bright number and a number of five or six. His masterpiece "Returning to the Pastoral Residence" and so on.
I worked as a junior official for several years, then resigned and went home, and lived in seclusion from then on. Pastoral life is an important theme of Tao's poems, and people later called him an "pastoral poet".
In his pastoral poems, his boredom with dirty reality and his love for quiet pastoral life can be seen everywhere. In "Returning to the Garden", he wrote the officialdom as a "dust net", and compared it with "catching birds" and "pond fish", and compared retiring the countryside to breaking out of the cage and returning to "nature".
Because of his actual labor experience, his poems are full of the joy of laborers, showing the thoughts and feelings that only laborers can feel. For example, the third poem "Returning to the Garden" is a powerful proof that this is the progress of his pastoral poetry.
The poet was disappointed with the reality and was forced to return to poetry to build an ideal society. Peach Blossom Garden poetry is a reflection of his ideological tendency.
In addition to his pastoral poems, Tao Yuanming also has poems praising warriors, poems full of patriotic enthusiasm and poems isolated from the world, which shows the complexity of his poetic thoughts.