First, the background of "Yongming Style" poetry
The emergence of "Yongming Style" poetry has its historical background.
First of all, during the Yongming period of the Southern Qi Dynasty (483-493), the social politics was relatively stable and the economy was relatively prosperous, which provided good material conditions for writers to concentrate on their creation, study the law of temperament and poetry creation. Yongming is the title of Xiao Ze, the Emperor of Qi. From an early age, Xiao Ze followed his father Xiao Daocheng and Emperor Gaudi of Qi to explore the East and the West. He has served as a local county governor and has rich ruling experience. He was quite mature when he succeeded to the throne of the emperor. After he ascended the throne, he paid special attention to adjusting the contradictions between the ruling class and the ruled class, as well as with the Beiqi regime, and also paid special attention to reconciling the internal relations of the ruling class. Therefore, during his reign of 1 1, the society was relatively stable, the production developed well and the people were rich. The Preface to the Book of Southern Qi Dynasty, A Biography of Good Politics, said: "During the ten years of Yongming, the people had no warning that chickens crowed and dogs barked, the city was prosperous, the ladies were rich, the song and dance festivals, and the colorful faces turned into Chinese makeup, between peach blossoms and green waters, and under the spring breeze of autumn moon." Author Xiao Zixian, Nanqi imperial clan. Although he was full of praise, he reflected the reality at that time.
Secondly, the ruling class's attention to literature and the activities of literary groups have greatly promoted the prosperity of poetry creation and the improvement of writing skills. Since the Southern Dynasties, the independence of literature has been greatly strengthened. In the 16th year of Yuanjia (440), Song Wendi set up a literature museum in addition to the three museums of Confucianism, metaphysics and history. Later, the Song and Ming Dynasties established a grand view of Ming Dynasty, which was divided into five parts: Confucianism, Taoism, literature, history and Yin and Yang. Since then, literature has been separated from classics and history as an independent discipline. For decades, through the continuous efforts of several generations, literature has finally been liberated from the vassal status of feudal rule and made great progress. During the Yongming period of the Southern Qi Dynasty, due to the attention of the ruling class, the scribes were often recruited by the senior figures of the ruling group and concentrated under their doors. In addition to certain work, they also collectively create literature, learn skills, and explore the inherent development law of literature, which provides favorable conditions for the development of literature. According to historical records, there will be at least four large-scale literary groups in the next year. According to the order of establishment, they are respectively: Wang Jian Group, Small Group, Xiao Yi Group and Xiao Zilong Group of Sui Wang. Among them, Xiao Group has the longest existence, the largest number, the largest scale and the greatest influence. The vast majority of "Yongming Style" poets come from this group. Of course, people between literary and art groups can also flow. For example, after eight years of Yongming, Xie Tiao and Wang successively transferred to Xiao Zilong Group and went to Jingzhou with the court.
Thirdly, the prosperity of Buddhist activities led to the establishment of "four tones" and the emergence of "temperament theory". Buddhism flourished in the Southern Dynasties, and ancient books are common, so I don't want to repeat them here. Just because of the conversion of Buddhist scriptures, it is necessary to explain the establishment of the four tones. Before the establishment of the theory of four tones, Li Deng's "Sound Category" and Lv Jing's "Rhyme Collection" all used five tones. Wen Jian Ji, which was sealed in the Tang Dynasty, said: "There are ten volumes of Sounds written by Li Dengzhe, including 1520 characters, which are defined by five tones and have no department." The Biography of Jiang Family in Shu Wei refers to Lv Jing's rhymes, and points out that these five notes are "one for the palace and one for the merchant", which seems to be transformed from the five notes of music. By the end of the Song Dynasty, there were four tones. On the Chamber of Secrets in the Mirror quoted Liu of Sui Dynasty as saying in Four Tones: "Since the end of Song Dynasty, there have been four tones. Shen Shi writes his genealogy and Yun Qi writes his own. " The Biography of the Worship of Southern History Parallel Prose says: "Parallel Prose began with the Four Tones of Qieyun. "Wen Jian Ji" seal script performance said: "Zhou articles are good, so there are buttons for lettering, and new words are different from flat words. "Yong Mingzhong, careful choice of words, fluent temperament, then write four tones. ..... Wang Rong, Liu Hui and Fan Yun are all called gifted scholars, and they worship and admire gifted scholars. Because it is far and near literature, it turns to ancestors and has a popular rhyme. " In Four Tones and Three Questions by Mr. Chen, the causes of the four tones are discussed, and it is considered that they are transformed from the three tones of Buddhist scriptures: "The other tones are divided into three tones and should be four tones. But the reason why the rest of the voices are listed as three tones is based on and imitates the three tones of China's chanting that day. On the same day, China read the Bible three times because of the three words of the ancient Indian sentence. " This is really a difficult problem to understand.
Second, the emergence of Wang Xidi's Bachelor of Jingling and Yongming's theory of temperament.
The main feature of "Yongming Style" poetry is to emphasize temperament. Therefore, when it comes to "Yongming Style" poems, we can't help but talk about Yongming's temperament theory and Jingling Wangxiao Liang Zi Literature Group.
Xiao, named Yunying, is the second son of Qi Emperor, and is the same mother and brother as Prince Xiao Changmao. Nanqi book. The forty and forty-four volumes of History of the South have been handed down to this day and were born in the fourth year of Emperor Xiaowu of Song Dynasty. Emperor Wu ascended the throne and was named king of Jingling County. In charge of Nanjing, Nanjing, Xu, Qing and Hebei, he served as the general of Zhengbei and the secretariat of Nanjing. Since the second year of Yongming, he has successively served as the general of protecting the army, Situ, Shang Shuling, the commander-in-chief of various military affairs in Yangzhou, the secretariat of Yangzhou, the supervisor of the Chinese book, and the teacher. In the first year of Longchang (494), he died in summer and April at the age of 35. Xiaoliangzi has many scholars. Yongming opened a henhouse in Shanxi in the fifth year, and there were more tourists. Among them, Shen Yue, Xie Tiao, Wang Rong, Xiao Yan, Ren Sui, Fan Yun, Xiao Chen and Lu Shu are famous. Xiao Yi, the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, wrote in "Jin Lou Zi Shuo Fan Pian": "There is no doubt that Wang Xiaoliang, the king of Jingling, opened a private warehouse to help the poor, and was polite and courteous. He cares about his guests and studies all over the world. Be good at doing things better. You copied Xia Yue as a guest, drank melons and drank Gan Guo, wrote cultural and educational works and scholars' articles, and paid your respects. He lived in a henhouse in Shanxi and collected one hundred copies of the Five Classics. According to the example of yellow and blue, it is four classes and thousands of volumes. Invite famous monks to talk about Buddhism, create new sounds of classics, and promote Taoist customs. There is nothing in Jiangzuo. " What is worth noting here is the last paragraph. Mr. Chen's "Four Tones and Three Questions" said: "On February 20, the seventh year of Yongming in the Southern Qi Dynasty, King Liang of Jingling gathered in the capital to create a new sound of the classics, which was really one of the major events of textual research and sound examination at that time. At this time, the discussion and research between Jiankang phonetic examiners and good voice shaman must be very popular and refined. The collection of Jingling Jingdi in the seventh year of Yongming is the result of this new theory. The establishment of this four-tone theory is suitable for the world of Nanqi Yongming, and the followers of Zhouyi and Shen Yue are suitable as representatives of this new theory. " He thinks that Yongming's temperament theory is the collective creation of Jingling scholars, and Zhou Qing and Shen Yue are the representatives of this new theory. The basis of Yongming's temperament theory is to distinguish four tones, and books such as Zhou and Shen are the works of distinguishing tones. However, the four tones of Zhouyi and the four tones of Shen Yue have not been handed down so far, which makes some people think that the tune of four tones in's On Wen Jing and Mi Fei, written by Japanese monk Konghai, is a part of Shen Yue's original book and only an article by Ji Guang. Today, we want to know about Yongming's theory of temperament. There is a passage in the Biography of Shen Yue Song Xie Shu Lingyun that is worth studying: "The husband's five colors are mutually announced, and the eight tones are in harmony, depending on metaphysics, temperament and temperament, each is suitable for the object." If you want to make Gong Yu disguised, you must lower the front and higher the back. There is a floating sound in front, and you must cut it at the back. In a short period of time, the phonology is different; In the two sentences, the weight is different. Only when this goal is achieved can you speak, which is very wonderful. "This is Shen Yue himself said a very important words about temperament. The phrase "from the Xuan to the Huang and then to Lu" means that all colors and sounds are suitable; The four sentences "I want to change the phase of Gong Yu" mean to use different high and low tones in the interval, so as to make the pronunciation have a complicated, harmonious and pleasant aesthetic feeling. The so-called "floating sound" and "syncopation" refer to the different tones of words. About floating tone refers to flat tone, and syncopation refers to three tones, which is the so-called annoying tone in later generations. The floating sound is truncated, which is probably the same as the saying "sound flies and sinks" in Wen Xin Diao Long Melody. " "Rhythm" said: "Every sound flies and sinks, and the sound has a double stack. ..... Shen broken, fly embarrassed. Huang Kan's Notes on Wen Xin Diao Long is interpreted as: "Flying is bright, sinking is turbid. If a sentence is pure and muddy or plain, it will be inconvenient to read poetry. The so-called application will be broken, and it will not return. "This explanation is more credible. Shen Yue's requirement that "there is a floating sound before, and then the sound must be clipped" means that the flat tone and the upper tone must be used at intervals, so as to make the tone sandhi beautiful and harmonious, and avoid the problem that Liu Shao said that "the sound is intermittent when sinking and ugly when flying". The four sentences in "Within a Simple Sentence" are different from the five words in "Biography of Southern History and Lu Jue". Within two sentences, the meaning of "different horn symbols" is the same, emphasizing that the pronunciation of a five-character sentence and a couplet must be changed. Shen Yue's "Eight Diseases" are the concrete footnotes of these four sentences. The so-called "eight diseases" refer to the eight disadvantages that should be avoided when distinguishing the four tones in creation and using them concretely: flat head, upper tail, bee waist, crane knee, big rhyme, small rhyme, side button (big button) and positive button (small button). According to the strict regulations of the eight diseases, it can be achieved that "within one Jane, the phonology is different; In two sentences, the weight is different. "Shen Yue's" Eight Diseases "theory is controversial, because the Biography of Nan Shi Lv Zhi only mentions four names: flat head, upper tail, bee waist and crane knee, while Zhong Rong's Preface to Poetry only mentions two names, and eight names were only seen in Li Shu's poems in the Song Dynasty, which aroused the suspicion of future generations. The theory of eight diseases recognized by Kao Shen has been described by many people in the Tang Dynasty. For example, in Lu's preface to Nanyang, he said: "The love of the eight diseases is imprisoned. "Jiao Ran's poetic style says," Shen Xiuwen cuts eight diseases with four tones. "The Tang Dynasty is closely related to Qi Liang and should be credible. In addition, Shen Yue's Answer to Gong Zhen is quoted from Wen Jing's On Mi Fei, saying: "A five-character poet who makes good use of four tones satirizes his extravagance: if he can achieve eight styles, he will be beautiful from the ground." The Japanese monk Konghai mentioned the patient in the western volume of The Chamber of Secrets of Papers Jing. In the name of "Eight Bodies, Ten Diseases, Six Offences and Three Diseases", he knew that eight bodies were eight diseases, so Shen Yue himself mentioned eight diseases. Among the eight diseases, the first four diseases are tone taboos, while the last four diseases are initials and finals taboos. "Four tones and eight diseases" is the main content of Yongming's temperament theory. After the formation of Yongming's theory of temperament, it caused great repercussions. Zhong Rong's Preface to Poetry said: "Wang Yuan is the first, and Xie Tiao and Shen Yue are the first. Three sages, your son and grandson, argued when they were young. Therefore, scholars respect the scenery, work hard, accumulate fine, and specialize in tombs. " "Biography of Liang Shu in Jianwu" also said: "In Qi Yongming School, scholars Wang Rong, Xie Tiao and Shen Yue began to write in four tones, thinking it was a new change. More beautiful than before. "It shows that the atmosphere of emphasizing temperament was flourishing in the literary world at that time.
Third, the creation of Yongming poets and the characteristics of "Yongming style" poems
Yongming poets not only have theories, but also have a lot of poetry creation. "Biography of the Southern Qi Lu Jue" said: "At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Chen Diao and Lang Rong used Qi to push Yi, and you were brave and good at rhyme. All essays use Gong Shang and Si Phonetic Rhyme, which cannot be increased or decreased. The world calls it' Shuiming style'. "
The representative writers of "Yongming Style" have always been considered as Shen Yue, Xie Tiao and Wang Rong. Shen Yue has the largest number of poems, and his theoretical exposition represents the idea of "eternal poetic style", but his actual creative achievements are not as good as Xie Tiao's. Xie Tiao inherited Cao Zhi's poetic style and was good at opening with epigrams. In the description of scenery and lyricism, he integrated the advantages of Xie Lingyun and Bao Zhao, thus avoiding the important and neglecting the important. There are more than 130 five-character poems written by Xie Tiao, among which new-style poems account for about one third. These poems have the rudiment of five-character poems, but they rhyme. The rhythm of sentences and texts is still uncertain. Although there is still some confusion in the rhythm of his poems, we can also see that they have gradually made some achievements. Such as his poem "Away from the Night":
Jade rope hides a tall tree, leans against Han Geng's platform, and stays in the hall to do all the candles, so don't play the piano.
The ebb and flow of the tide know that hatred is an old friend, but it is difficult to miss it, and the mountains and rivers are endless.
Of the four poems in this poem, except for the words "Gao" and "Zhi", the rhythm of each couplet is almost qualified, but it has not been able to stick together. Song Yu Yan's Cang Lang Shi Hua praised Xie Tiao and said, "Xie Tiao's poems are all like those of the Tang Dynasty."
Shen Yue also wrote many good poems, such as "To Van Ann":
Life is a teenager's day, and it's easy to break up. When you are with me, you will die, not when you are apart.
Don't say a bottle of wine, it will be difficult to get it tomorrow. If you don't know the way in your dream, how can you comfort Acacia?
This poem is easy to understand and picturesque. Finally, citing the allusions in Han Feizi, it shows that during the Warring States period, Zhang missed high, searched in his dreams and got lost halfway. Clever and appropriate, without revealing the trace of axe and chisel, embodies Shen Yue's proposition that poetry should be "three changes" (things are allusions), "easy to read" and "easy to read"
According to the standard of metrical poetry form, many of the new variant poems of Xie Tiao, Shen Yue and Wang Rong have reached the edge of maturity, which can be said to be the embryonic form of metrical poetry form. Without these prototypes, there is no way to get the final shape.
Look at the quatrains again. Those folk songs from the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Southern Dynasties are all five-line styles, but their temperament is pure and natural, and they are not up to standard. Scholars have also written some, but the artistic level is not high. In the hands of Yongming poets, it reached a new stage. During this period, Xie Tiao and Shen Yue took the lead in making their mark in the Five Wonders. Xie Tiao wrote "Thinking with the King": "The ceremony has not come back, please watch the sound of the machine. Traveling eastward, there are fewer people traveling in the month. " The five wonders of Shen Yue are like the second sentence of two fairy tale poems written by Liu Zhong: "Out of reach, there are many different colors in the wind. Summer clothes don't need sewing, and brocade doesn't need weaving. " Both poems construct meaningful images in extremely precise language, reaching the height of Tang poetry in artistic style, but the upper and lower couplets are not attached, so they should still be regarded as ancient poems.
In addition to the above three people, Fan Li and others have also written many good poems, and their poetic style is close to that of Xie and Shen. He Xun, Wu Jun, Liu Yun and Liu Xiaozhuo, who became famous in Liang Dynasty, also got married respectively. He Xun's poetic style is also close to that of Xie Tiao, and Wu Yun is more quaint and distinctive. Xiao Yan, one of the Eight Friends who later became the founding emperor of Liang Dynasty, also wrote some beautiful and readable poems, but he did not agree with the theory of "four tones and eight diseases".
To sum up, the characteristics of "Yongming Style" poems are as follows:
First, the emphasis on melody and phonology has been quite elegant, mainly manifested in the fact that most people rhyme and rhyme very strictly. As for rhyme, many of them are close to the Tang Dynasty.
Second, the length of the poem has been greatly shortened, and the sentence patterns have gradually been finalized, mainly in five words and four sentences, five words and eight sentences, and some in five words and ten sentences.
Third, writing skills, pay attention to parallelism and antithesis, a large number of French sentences have appeared, and some allusions are naturally integrated into poetry.
Fourthly, get rid of the rigid atmosphere of Yuanjia style poetry in Liu and Song Dynasties and pursue the poetic style of circular beauty and easy to understand.
Fifth, emphasize the integrity of the beginning and end of the poem, emphasize the ingenious conception, pursue the artistic conception of the poem, and organically combine the scenery with lyric.
Fourthly, the position of "Yongming Style" poetry in the history of literature.
Before "Yongming Style", "Ancient Style Poetry", also known as "Ancient Style Poetry" and "Ancient Style Poetry", was popular in poetry circles. Each sentence has four words, five words, six words, seven words and miscellaneous words, and even words and rhymes are free to use. After the Tang Dynasty, metrical poems and quatrains were formed, which were called "Modern Poetry" and "Modern Poetry". This is in contrast to "archaic poetry", which has strict rules on the number, number of words, boredom and rhyme of sentences. The embryonic form of this kind of "modern poetry" is "new poetry", that is, "Yongming poetry". The appearance of "Yongming style" indicates that the five-character ancient poetry has come to an end temporarily and that "modern poetry" is about to appear. Therefore, even if future generations criticize "Yongming Style" poems in one way or another, we should affirm the position of "Yongming Style" poems in the history of literature and give them due evaluation.