Before independence, the indigenous people of Colombia were the Chibcha Indians. They use wooden and stone tools to grow corn, cassava and other crops, and weave cotton cloth. This area is a famous gold mine in ancient South America, and the gold decorative art level of Chibucha people is very high. In 150 1 year, the Spanish R.de Bastidas first arrived at the northern coast of Colombia, and 1525 established the city of Santa Marta. 1533, Heredia established Cartagena p. de 1535, and G. Jimé nez de Quesada led the Spanish colonial army into the interior of Colombia, conquered the Chibucha people and established Bogota City, and Colombia became a Spanish colony from then on. It was originally under the jurisdiction of the governor of Peru. After the Spanish royal family established a new governor of Granada in Bogota in 17 18, it was directly ruled by the governor. Under the Spanish colonial rule, Indians were brutally exploited, and indigenous whites also suffered various oppression. Indians are constantly launching uprisings, and indigenous white people are also holding uprisings in 178 1 (see Citizen Uprising in New Granada).
1808 After the news of Napoleon I's invasion of Spain reached Colombia, the people there immediately set off an independence movement. 18 10 On July 20th, a large-scale riot against Spanish colonial rule broke out in Bogota, and the Governor of New Granada was arrested. 18 1 11in October, representatives from all over the country organized a congress in Bogota, established a new joint provincial government of Granada, and declared independence on11. But Kundinamarca does not recognize the Federation. 18 12 At the end of the year, the debate about the formation of the political system eventually led to the civil war. 18 14 broke out again. 18 15, the Spanish Expeditionary Force arrived in New Grenada on a large scale. Overthrow the United provincial government. 16 In May, royalists took control of the whole of New Grenada. 18 15 The Spanish colonists made a comeback. 1865438+On August 7, 2009, S. Bolí var led the rebel army to defeat the Spanish colonial army in the battle of Boyaca, and conquered Bogota on June 10, thus ending the Spanish colonial rule. 18 15, in a letter from Jamaica, Bolí var envisaged that when South America was liberated from Spanish colonial rule, New Granada and Venezuela should form a country named "Colombia". 1865438+In August 2009, the patriotic army led by Bolí var defeated the Spanish colonial army in the Battle of Boyaca and liberated Bogota. As a result, New Granada and most parts of Venezuela were liberated. After obtaining the consent of the patriotic soldiers and civilians in New Granada, Bolí var proposed that Venezuela and New Granada unite to form a unified country at the Venezuelan Congress held in Angostura in February of the same year. 65438+February 17 Congress passed a resolution to formally establish the Republic of Colombia and unify the two regions. 1821may, Colombia held a constitutional conference in the temporary capital, Cukuta. On August 20th, the conference adopted and promulgated the first constitution of Colombia. The Constitution provides for a centralized government system, and has passed a series of decrees to abolish slavery, liberate slaves and their children, and prohibit the sale of slaves. It stipulates that citizens enjoy equal rights and freedom of speech and publication. The meeting elected Bolí var as the first president of the Republic of China and Santander as the vice president. 1822 in may, general Sucre led by bolivar liberated Quito, and then Ecuador announced its participation in Colombia.
1823, at the request of Peruvian patriots and with the approval of Congress, Bolí var led the Colombian army into Peru to fight against the Spanish colonial army.
1824, Colombia and Peru defeated the Spanish colonial army, and Peru gained independence. During the period when Bolivar led the army to fight in Peru, Santander acted as president and presided over the affairs of the Colombian government. Santander advocates the establishment of federal power and unites local forces to oppose Bolí var's political proposition of unity and unity. Factional struggles within Colombia's Congress and government have become increasingly fierce.
1826 in April, Venezuela's local rulers headed by Pais and those who opposed the new Granada rulers headed by Santander demanded the establishment of a separate country. Through the mediation of Bolivar, separatist activities were temporarily suspended, but internal contradictions and factional struggles still existed.
1828 On May 8th, the Colombian National Congress was held in Okana. The centralized faction headed by Bolivar and the federalist faction represented by Santander fought fiercely at the meeting. After that, the tendency of separatist regimes in various places became more and more obvious.
1829165438+10. In October, Venezuela announced its withdrawal from the Greater Colombia Republic.
1830 65438+ 10, Bolí var resigned as president in Congress to eliminate differences and safeguard national unity, but to no avail. On May 3 1, Quito announced its withdrawal from Colombia and the establishment of Ecuador. 17 February 17, Bolí var died, and then Colombia disintegrated. 183 1 year, Colombia and Panama were renamed the new Republic of Granada. 1832- 1837, F. de p. Santander was the first president of People's Republic of China (PRC), and he practiced the dictatorship of Cordillero (see Cordillero Doctrine). Since then, the Conservative Party and the Liberal Party (see Colombian Conservative Party and colombian liberal party) have been fighting for power and profit, with frequent civil wars and long-term political instability. During 1849 ~ 1884 (including 1857 ~ 1860) when the liberal party was in power, many reforms were implemented: abolishing slavery and government monopoly; Cancel the privileges of priests and confiscate church property; Formulate a constitution, stipulate the separation of church and state, and declare freedom of belief, speech and publication. Colombia changed its name to Granada Confederation on 1856, and Colombia changed its name to United States of America on 1863.
In the general election of 1884, the split of the Liberal Party created an opportunity for the conservative candidate Nunez to be elected president. In order to consolidate the dictatorship of the big landlords and restore the power of the Catholic Church, the Conservative government made a constitution in 1886, declared Catholicism as the state religion, strengthened the power of the president, and changed the country name to Colombia. The Conservative Party brutally persecuted dissidents and suppressed the masses. From 1899 to 1902, the so-called "Thousand-Day War" broke out between the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party, and the national economy was seriously damaged.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Colombia's economy developed, coffee and oil production increased, textile and food industries developed, and transportation improved. 1903165438+1October, the United States instigated Panama to become independent from Colombia (see Panama Independence). At the same time, the United States and Britain invested heavily in Colombia's oil, railway, coffee and banana plantations and plundered Colombia's wealth. After the economic crisis broke out in the capitalist world from 65438 to 0929, Colombian coffee and oil exports decreased, making people's lives more difficult. 1930 in July, Colombia * * * production party was established. In the same year, e olaya Herrera, a liberal, was elected president (1930 ~ 1934 in office).
After the Liberal Party came to power again, it implemented some reforms under the pressure of the people. A. During the first administration of Ló pez Pumarejo, 1936 amended the Constitution: the principle of separation of powers was clarified and direct elections were implemented; Abolish the monopoly of the Catholic church on education; To stipulate that workers have the right to strike and the freedom to choose occupations; The government recognizes farmers' right to own private wasteland and stipulates the longest working day and unemployment benefits for workers. During the Second World War, due to the decrease of industrial imports, the increase of coffee exports, the development of industry and agriculture in Colombia, the increase of national gold reserves and the continuous growth of the working class. 194 1 After the Pacific War broke out, Colombia broke off diplomatic relations with Japan, and 1943+0 1 declared war on Germany.
1946, conservative M. ospina Perez was elected president with the support of the United States (1946 to 1950 in office), persecuting liberals and working people. 1in April, 948, J.E. Gaitan, the leader of the left wing of the Liberal Party, was assassinated, which triggered the people's armed uprising. 1949, conservative L.E. Gó mez Castro was elected president and implemented a pro-American dictatorship policy. 1950, farmers organized guerrillas in mountainous areas and repelled the siege of government forces many times. G Rojas Piniella, commander of the armed forces, staged a coup in 1953 and was forced to step down in 1957. In the same year, the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party reached an agreement to form the National Front, and decided that the two parties would take turns to be presidents from 1958 to 16, and form a cabinet. Since then, the national economy has developed rapidly. However, a large amount of American capital input has controlled Colombia's oil, coffee and banana production and manipulated Colombia's foreign trade. 1974 after the expiration of the bipartisan agreement, liberals were elected president for two consecutive years, and the political situation was relatively stable. 1974 10 in June, the government announced the cancellation of foreign companies' oil concessions. 1975 issued a decree stipulating that foreign banks and credit institutions must be "Colombians". 1980 On February 7th, Colombia and China formally established diplomatic relations. 1982, the conservative party B. Betancur Cuartas was elected president, declared his government as the national government of the super political party, and approved the bill of pardoning guerrillas, so as to solve the domestic peace problem through dialogue with the anti-government armed forces. 1984, the government reached a peaceful ceasefire agreement with major guerrilla organizations, and 1985+0 started the national dialogue; But guerrilla activities continue. 1986, V.B. Vargas, a liberal, was elected president. After Colombian President Uribe came to power in 2002, he took a tougher right-wing line. The FARC was besieged by the government. The reason is that the FARC killed Uribe's father in 1983. After Uribe took office, he took the fight against the FARC as the primary task, which narrowed the distance between Colombia and the United States, and the United States gave Colombia more assistance. Since 2000, in the face of the government's intensified repression, the FARC began to retreat gradually and strategically. In recent years, the wave of left-wing in South America has broken out one after another, and Colombia is one of the few countries where the right wing is still in power.
On May 28th, 2006, the Colombian National Vote Counting Committee announced the results of the presidential election. Alvaro Uribe was re-elected with more than 63% of the votes.
20 10, Uribe hoped to seek re-election by amending the constitution again, but it was rejected by the Supreme Court. He didn't push for a referendum to amend the constitution like Chá vez did, so he decided to accept it and recommended Juan manuel santos, the presidential candidate of the ruling party and former defense minister, to stand for election on behalf of the ruling party. In the same year, Santos participated in the Colombian presidential election as a candidate of the ruling center-right National Unity Socialist Party. In the second round of the presidential election held on June 20th, Santos defeated the opposition centrist candidate antanas Motzkus with a high vote and was elected as the new Colombian president.