Keywords: Tang poetry; Song poetry; Landscape poetry; Image; Emotion; Aesthetic style.
They are the same poetry genre, but their emotional expression and theme content will be different in different times. Most of the reasons for this difference are determined by the political, economic and cultural development of the society at that time. The Tang Dynasty is one of the famous prosperous dynasties in China, with political stability, economic prosperity and cultural compatibility. In such a stable social environment, ordinary people live a stable and prosperous life, which makes the feelings expressed by poets in their poems positive and optimistic, showing great hope and light for life and the future. However, most of the emotional expressions in Song poetry are patriotic feelings and personal frustration. The reason is that the Song Dynasty was almost always in a period of social unrest. In order to achieve peace and harmony, many treaties have been signed with other countries, which involves many money issues. In addition, the Song Dynasty raised a lot of "redundant officials", and the state treasury spent a lot of money and often increased taxes on the people. Coupled with the long-term war, the people are in dire straits, and the people are in dire straits. Two different social environments, so it is easy to form two different cultural differences, which is particularly obvious in poetry. Therefore, this paper takes Tang and Song landscape poems as the research object, and analyzes the differences between them from three aspects: image, emotion and aesthetics.
First of all, from the creation of image
Artistic conception is the soul of landscape poetry, and perfect artistic conception is the unity of natural beauty and artistic conception beauty, and the perfect fusion of objective scenery and subjective emotion. In the creation of artistic conception, image is essential. Then, in the shaping of images, there are relatively few images in Tang poetry, while the images in Song poetry are relatively broad. The images in Tang poetry reflect more natural attributes, while the images in Song poetry reflect more humanistic attributes.
The images of Tangshan water poems are mainly natural scenery such as mountains, water, bright moon, bamboo, pine forest, streams and birds. These images are very vivid and constitute a delicate and warm picture. As a representative poet in this field, Wang Wei has left more than 400 poems. His thoughts on landscape poetry are integrated with the environment, taking objective nature as the center and integrating subjective feelings into the objective environment. Such as Chai Lu:
No one can be seen in the silent valley, only the voice is heard. The shadow of the sunset shone into the depths of the forest, and the scenery on the moss was pleasant. Chai Lu
People are idle, osmanthus flowers fall, and the night is quiet and empty. When the moon comes out, the birds are startled, and the sound enters the spring stream.
In these images, the poet is endowed with emotion by smaller and more common natural scenery such as "empty mountain", "deep forest", "moss", "osmanthus", "spring mountain", "bird" and "stream". And his "autumn night in the mountains":
The empty mountains are bathed in a new rain, and feel the early autumn at night. The bright moon shed clear light from the cracks and cleared the fountain on the rocks.
The bamboo forest is sonorous, the washerwoman returns, and the lotus leaves are swaying to get on the canoe. Spring spring might as well give it a rest, and the autumn sun can stay on the hills for a long time.
This poem describes the quiet scenery of the forest in the evening after the autumn rain. Through the harmonious arrangement of static and dynamic, noisy and static, the beautiful images such as "bright moon", "clear spring", "fishing boat", "bamboo", "lotus" and "rain" are intertwined, forming an elegant, beautiful and sweet autumn night picture in the mountains.
The same is true of Meng Haoran, another landscape poet. Most of his landscape poems describe the scenic spots in Xiangyang, his hometown, and take Xiangyang's landscape, smoke, crescent moon, boats and other natural scenery as images, which are more moderate and secondary. Romantic poet Li Bai's landscape poems are magnificent, such as his "Looking at Lushan Waterfall" and "Tianmen breaks the Chu River and looks at the waterfall in front of the Sichuan River". Flying down three thousands of feet, it is suspected that the Milky Way has set for nine days ",and the images of the Chu River and the waterfall are not so gentle.
The poetic images of mountains and rivers in the Song Dynasty are very broad and majestic, such as the Yangtze River and the sea, riding the wind and waves and surging. They all take natural landscapes as images, but they are more domineering than the images in Tangshan water poems. This is mainly represented by Su Shi, for example, his "You Jinshan Temple" "The tide is ten feet high, and there are still sand marks in cold weather. Shipantou on the south bank of Zhong Ling has been stormy since ancient times. Taking "tidal head" and "wave" as images, it is spectacular. There are also "white waves cross the river, teeth are like snow" in his "New Pavilion" and "I have heard too many rocks and I have been threading for a long time" in "Three Gorges Bridge in Qixian County". The situation is thunderous, and the stone will be fought forever. Go deep into the nine floors underground and walk out of the Three Gorges. Long-distance love is endless and full of bottomless sinuses. Jump the waves, turn over the diving fish, and fly. The cold enters the mountain bones, and the vegetation is hard and thin. In the foggy air, the stone is playing in the cave. It's been half a month since I flew out of the curved bridge. The Yuyuan Garden is near, and the rain and hail are chaotic. Hanging a bottle is sweet, but it can be swallowed, but not rinsed. " Images such as diving fish, flying roe deer, vegetation, smog, rain and hail make the picture very open. In addition to the characteristics of open images, Song poetry also added humanistic images, emphasizing human subjectivity. In this respect, the landscape poems of Yang Wanli and Huang Tingjian are more obvious. Like Yang Wanli, his emotional cloud is no longer "I will go to the water to stop my path, and then sit and watch Yun Qi", but "I don't want Baiyun to accompany me, I want Baiyun to lie idle"; His view of mountains is no longer "staying at home, looking at the mountains everywhere", but "there is wine to call the mountains to drink, and there is a cup to divide the mountains", which has increased the color of many people. Huang Tingjian internalizes the perceptual existence in life into the spiritual realm, and his humanistic image is very heavy.
Second, from the emotional expression.
Because of the social stability in the Tang Dynasty, the country is rich and the people are safe, so the emotional expression in Tangshan water poems is external, and people can easily understand the poet's emotional tendency when reading. Moreover, the feelings expressed are generally praise and love for the mountains and rivers of the motherland, and they are full of hope for their own future, which is an optimistic and positive tone. For example, Li Bai's "Looking at Tianmen Mountain": "Tianmen cuts off the Chu River and Higashi Shimizu flows. The green hills on both sides of the strait are opposite, and the lonely sails come from the sun. " The emotion is clear. Even if the poet is not proud and can't see the poet's loss in the poem at all, he is an impassioned attitude. There is also his "Release Bai Di City Early": "A thousand miles away in Jiangling, I will return it in one day. The apes on both sides of the strait can't stop crying, and the canoe has passed Chung Shan Man ",which is a very relaxed attitude. At this time, the poet's career was not smooth and he was exiled to a desolate place. However, facing the beautiful scenery along the way, Li Bai still enjoyed it and didn't realize his sadness at all. Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream shows Li Bai's positive and optimistic heroic attitude. Although the future is not smooth and he is exiled innocently, he can still feel his flamboyant feelings in this poem. Not only Li Bai, but also Du Fu's landscape poems have the same trend. His "Wang Yue": "Mount Tai is magnificent! ? Out of Qilu, green peaks can still be seen. The magical nature brings together thousands of beautiful mountains in the south and the separation between morning and dusk in the north. Caiyun lave? My mind is free and easy, and birds fly around in front of my nervous eyes ... Once you climb to the top of the mountain, you will see that other mountains are short under the sky. " Between the lines, the young Du Fu is full of vigor and vitality, especially, "Once you climb to the top, you will see that other peaks are short under the sky ..." From these two inspiring and symbolic poems, we can see the poet Du Fu's ambition and spirit of not being afraid of difficulties, daring to climb to the top and overlooking everything.
Due to the current social situation and the constant wars in the Song Dynasty, the intellectuals at that time were greatly shocked. They all wanted to rush to the battlefield with pens instead of guns to contribute to the stability of the motherland. In the landscape poems of the Song Dynasty, patriotic feelings will be more intense, unlike the positive feelings in Tang poems, but a sad tone. As the "second artistic peak of landscape poetry", the bold poet Shi has also produced a sad atmosphere in the face of gradual decline. In his landscape, emotion is more a metaphorical expression, not as bold as his words. His "Looking at the Mountain on the River" "There are almost hundreds of groups of mountains on the boat. The front mountain is suddenly different, and the back ridge is like running. Looking up, the path is oblique and there are pedestrians on the street. Raise your hand and talk on the boat and sail south like a bird. " It expresses a helpless life experience. This kind of emotion is not exposed, and it needs to be carefully tasted before it can be perceived. As for patriotism, it is most obvious in the poems of the famous patriotic poet Lu You. "Excitement" "I have tasted it in the past, and I am quite creative. Tai Shi gong Li dui, Mr. Zi. Mourn, ride horses, trample on whales that have lost water. Five cars to study, Wan Li Road. It's hard to taste danger, but it's unfair to be angry. The scenery of mountains and rivers is mixed, which euphemistically expresses his feelings of serving the country. "
Third, from an aesthetic point of view.
Mr. Qian Zhongshu, a famous scholar, put forward the theory that "Poetry can be divided into Tang and Song Dynasties" in Tan Yi Lu. He believes that "Tang poetry is good in rhyme and Song poetry is good in reason." In short, Tang poetry emphasizes a word "emotion", while Song poetry pursues a word "reason".
The charm of Tang poetry is beautiful, and Li Bai's romance makes us feel the hearty charm. His "Fireworks in March in Yangzhou" has the reputation of "eternal quatrain", with beautiful words and artistic conception, which set off the gorgeous haze in March in the south, revealed the prosperous atmosphere of the prosperous Tang Dynasty and implied high-spirited emotions. Du Mu's beauty makes us appreciate the beauty of elegance and beauty. The phrase "A thousand miles of birds are singing green and red, and the water village is full of wine flags" highly summarizes the beautiful and vibrant spring scenery in Jiangnan with the crisp and euphemistic joy of birds singing and the beauty of green trees and red flowers, which is meaningful in simple and fresh words. Meng Haoran's insipid, let us appreciate another romantic beauty. "We look at the green trees around your village and the pale blue of the surrounding mountains", and the last sentence is a close-up, surrounded by green trees, with a unique world; The next sentence is a light pen, and Guo Waiqing Mountain is Yi Yi, which shows a broad prospect.
Song poetry attaches importance to philosophy, is good at thinking, is good at analyzing and delves into the reasons. Most poets in Song Dynasty drive away pen and ink with the gesture of "ho ho", like to explore things from complicated real life, and express their philosophy with poems, which are full of thoughts and feelings and show a good sense of interest. Su Shi's "Title Xilin Wall" looks at the side peak of the ridge, and the distance is different. I don't know the true face of Lushan Mountain, but I am only on this mountain. "The abstract theory with the image of poetry vividly, concise and profound. Here, it can be described as poetic philosophy, which is often quoted by later generations and becomes a famous sentence through the ages. There is also Lu You's "suspicious no way back, there is another village in the dark", which has always given people confidence and encouragement. It is used to describe that people will have a lot of hope when they are in trouble, and encourage people to struggle when they seem to have no way. This often happens when people discuss knowledge and study problems. This is the inspiration left by the poet, which not only reflects the poet's hope for the future, but also tells the philosophy of ups and downs of everything in the world.
To sum up, it is these differences-although not all, they should also be important factors, which lead to the differences in artistic characteristics of landscape poems in Tang and Song Dynasties, and also affect the different aesthetic characteristics of "Tang Poetry" and "Song Poetry" to some extent.