1. Interpretation of textbooks
1. Brief introduction to the text.
This article, through the memories of Li Dazhao before and after his arrest, demonstrates the revolutionary martyrs’ great spirit of loyalty to the revolutionary cause and his noble character of perseverance in the face of the enemy, and expresses the author’s admiration and deep affection for his father. of remembrance. Except for the beginning, the article is narrated in the order of before arrest, at the time of arrest, in court, and after the murder. Before his arrest, he wrote that his father burned documents and books, and his coworker Yan Zhensan was arrested, which reflected the sinister situation and the danger of the situation; when he was arrested, he wrote about the enemy's guilty conscience and cruelty and his father's calmness; in the court, he wrote about Li Dazhao's calmness and composure ; wrote about the great sadness of the whole family after being killed.
This article is a memoir. The author uses a first-person narrative to recall the entire process of his father's murder. The content is authentic and credible, and the language is simple and natural. It has both literary and historical value.
The main purpose of selecting this text is, firstly, to enable students to use the text to inspire their respect for the revolutionary martyrs; secondly, to guide students to understand the writing method of the text.
The teaching focus of this lesson is to guide students to study the text, understand the murder process of Comrade Li Dazhao, and feel Li Dazhao's noble character. The difficulty is that some profound sentences in this lesson need to be understood in conjunction with the social background of the time. If possible, students should be guided to collect information and deepen their understanding through mutual exchanges.
2. Word analysis.
(1) Understanding of sentences.
①My father is very kind. He has never scolded us, let alone hit us. I always like to ask my father many childish and ridiculous questions. No matter how busy he is, he is always interested in my questions and always patiently talks to me. I don’t know why this time, but my father gave me such a vague answer.
The author was young at the time and did not understand why his father burned books and documents. She asked her father curiously, but received only a vague answer. This is in sharp contrast to the father who usually patiently answers and explains no matter how busy he is at work or how childish and ridiculous his daughter's questions are. Why is this happening? This was because the situation at that time was very serious and it was not the time to talk heart-to-heart with children, and matters such as preventing revolutionary books and documents from falling into the hands of the enemy could not be explained clearly in a few sentences. This describes the unity of Comrade Li Dazhao's love and kindness towards his relatives and his seriousness in his work.
②The situation is getting more and more serious, and my father’s work is getting more and more stressful. His friends advised him to leave Beijing, and his mother also advised him several times. My father said firmly to my mother: "Didn't I tell you often? I can't leave Beijing easily. You have to know what time it is and how important the work here is. How can I leave?" My mother had no choice but to say nothing. .
Under the serious situation, comrades and relatives persuaded Li Dazhao to leave Beijing, but he refused. At that time, Comrade Li Dazhao was the head of the Beijing party organization. He valued revolutionary work more than anything else. He fully understands the danger of the situation and the danger of the situation, but he will never leave his job. This shows his high responsibility for the revolution.
③In the court, we met with our father. My father was still wearing his old gray cotton robe, but he didn't wear his glasses. I saw his calm and kind face under his long unkempt hair.
It can be seen from this sentence that although the father was tortured by the enemy, he was still calm and kind. "Not wearing glasses" and "unkempt long hair" indicate that the enemy severely tortured Li Dazhao, "calm" indicates that Li Dazhao is still strong after experiencing cruel torture, and "kindness" fully reflects Li Dazhao's love for his relatives.
④Father looked at us but didn’t say a word to us. The expression on his face was very stable and composed. His heart was occupied by a great power. This power is what he tells us every day - his confidence in the revolutionary cause.
Faced with the cries of his relatives, Li Dazhao just "looked at it" without saying a word. "The expression on his face was very stable and calm." Why is this happening? The reason is that "his heart was occupied by a great power", which was his confidence in the revolutionary cause. It is precisely because Comrade Li Dazhao is full of confidence in the revolutionary cause that he will win, so Li Dazhao can remain calm in extremely dangerous and difficult situations; Not shaken, but not sad by the shouts and cries of relatives. On the contrary, he used "stability" and "calmness" to influence his relatives, turning their grief into strength. In order for students to truly understand the causal relationship between the two, teachers should introduce to students the situation in China at that time and the development of the revolutionary cause in simple and easy-to-understand terms.
(2) Understanding of words.
Warlord: refers to a person who owns an armed force, separates one party, and forms his own faction.
Easy: This lesson refers to casually.
Terror: panic, fear.
Swarmed in: describes many people rushing in at the same time.
Serious: serious and powerful.
Understanding: Understand what others do not express clearly.
Calm: Calm, calm, and unhurried.
2. Teaching objectives
1. Read and write down words such as "vague, sharp, secluded, scary, rough, uniform, gendarme, devil, fat, torture, brutal, gangster, detention, wotou, grandpa".
2. Read the text correctly, fluently and emotionally.
3. Learn about Li Dazhao's fight against the enemy before, during and after his arrest, and receive a vivid revolutionary tradition education.
4． Comprehend the method of expressing the text in a coherent manner from beginning to end.
3. Teaching suggestions
1. Emphasis on overall perception of the text. The teaching of this course should emphasize the overall perspective so that students can obtain an overall impression. When teaching, you can break the topic and use "memory" as a guide to ask questions: Whose memory is the text about? Who do you remember? What aspects were recalled? Let students read the text silently with questions, think independently, participate in discussions, and solve problems. After students understand the main content and narrative sequence of the text, they can further ask students, "What kind of person do you think Li Dazhao is?" to guide students to interpret the text in depth. In short, when teaching, avoid subjectively setting key paragraphs prematurely, resulting in a one-sided understanding of the text.
2. Grasp the key points of teaching and break through teaching difficulties.
First, the focus of this course is to guide students to be influenced by the revolutionary tradition through the revolutionary spirit of Comrade Li Dazhao. How to guide? Students should be guided to find sentences worthy of in-depth understanding during self-reading, such as sentences describing Li Dazhao’s words and deeds before, during and after his arrest, express his own opinions, and discuss with his classmates. Deepen our understanding of Comrade Li Dazhao’s revolutionary spirit.
Second, the difficulty in teaching this lesson is to guide students to understand why Li Dazhao can face danger calmly, face the sorrow of his relatives peacefully, and face death fearlessly. First of all, students should be guided to collect and consult information before class to understand the situation in China at that time and understand the importance of Li Dazhao's revolutionary cause under the situation of warlord separatism. Secondly, guide students to have in-depth exchanges on their understanding of the key sentence "His heart is occupied by a great force. This force is what he tells us every day - his confidence in the revolutionary cause."
3. Guide students to experience the writing method expressed in chronological order. Since the text is relatively long, to help students clarify the writing order and text structure, the main body of the text can be divided into four parts for study: before arrest (paragraphs 2-7), when arrested (paragraphs 8-17) , in court (paragraphs 18-29), after being murdered (paragraphs 30-32). When instructing, teachers should focus on the key points and ask more questions that govern the whole text to make students think. For example, what kind of revolutionary pioneer was Li Dazhao? In what ways is his noble character demonstrated? What moved you most in the text? Teachers should not read the text paragraph by paragraph.
4． Guide students to experience the role of contrastive description. The two parts "Before the arrest" and "At the time of the arrest" both use contrasting description techniques. For example, the vague and perfunctory attitude my father showed to my questions when sorting out books and documents contrasted with his usual patience; Facing the enemy, "my" fear contrasted with my father's calmness and peace. After finding these contrasting descriptions, students can also be guided to understand the role of such writing.
5. Guide students to understand the writing method of anaphora before and after the text. Let students carefully read the beginning and the last three paragraphs of the text and find out the content connection between them. Based on full thinking and discussion, let students realize the benefits of back-and-forth and coherent writing: the whole article appears It is very compact and at the same time highlights the author's thoughts and feelings that have always kept his father's murder in mind. There are many places in the text that are related to each other, allowing students to give some examples to talk about and experience. For example, it was mentioned earlier that “I squatted next to him and watched him throw books and scraps of paper with words into the stove.” Later, he said, “I heard from my mother that the warlord Zhang Zuolin wanted to send someone to inspect. In order to prevent the party organization from being destroyed, My father had no choice but to burn some books and documents." In this way, readers will have a clearer understanding of the ins and outs of the matter after reading it, and the impressions and feelings they will get will be deeper.
6． Guide students to read the text emotionally. In teaching, it is necessary to strengthen the reading aloud to reproduce the glorious image of the martyr Li Dazhao, and to understand Li Dazhao's noble qualities of not being afraid of danger and disregarding life and death during the reading. This article is a memorial article. The tone of the reading should be sad, the speaking speed should be moderate, and the tone should be low. Sentences describing the father's demeanor and language must be read firmly and forcefully. The last three paragraphs of the text express the family's grief after hearing the news of their father's murder, and they should be understood through repeated readings. Because the text is long, it is necessary to provide reading guidance in sections, but it is necessary to avoid cutting out one or two sentences from the text to practice reading, which violates the situational nature of reading.
4. Teaching Cases
The first lesson
1. Create situations and introduce unit learning
(play the song "May's "Flowers". )
When this beautiful and exciting melody sounds in your ears, have you ever thought about who created the happy life for us today? The third group of texts shows us unforgettable historical pictures, taking us to remember our revolutionary ancestors.
2. Understand the background and introduce Li Dazhao
1. Understand the background: Today we are going to study Lesson 10 "Memories from Sixteen Years Ago".
Ask the students to combine the topic, read the notes, read the first natural paragraph again, and talk about what you know?
(1) The author of the text is Li Xinghua, who is Li Dazhao’s daughter. The article was written in 1943, recalling some events sixteen years ago.
(2) Li Dazhao’s death was on April 28, 1927, sixteen years ago.
(3) Understand the "martyrdom day", which refers to the day when Li Dazhao was killed in the text.
2. Introduction to Li Dazhao.
Li Dazhao is one of the main founders and early outstanding leaders of the Communist Party of China. He led the Beijing people's mass demonstration against imperialism and warlords on March 18, 1926, and was killed by the warlord Zhang Zuolin. He was only 38 years old when he died.
3. Read the text silently and clarify the writing order and text structure
1. Mark natural segments. (***32 natural segments)
2. Read paragraphs 2-32 silently and think: What did the author recall about sixteen years ago? Which natural paragraphs are they written about? Can be discussed in groups.
3. Through exchanges and discussions, the group clarified the writing order and text structure, and incorporated reading insights from key fragments. It is recommended that natural paragraphs 2-32 be divided into four parts:
(1) Natural paragraphs 2-7: write about some things before the father was arrested (before arrest);
( 2) Natural paragraphs 8-17: write about how my father was arrested (when he was arrested);
(3) Natural paragraphs 18-29: write about the last time we met our father (in court);
(4) Natural paragraph 30-32: Write about how the family was very sad after their father was killed (after the murder).
4. Read the text aloud and learn new words
1. Read the text aloud: Read the text aloud freely and read the text correctly and fluently. If you encounter a word you don't understand, read the comments, look up the dictionary, etc. to understand it.
2. Word learning.
(1) Exchange the words you already know. For example:
Warlord: refers to a person who had his own armed forces at that time, separated himself from one side, and formed his own faction. Zhang Zuolin in the text was the leader of the Beiyang Feng clique warlord in the north at that time.
Gendarme: the political and military police of the old country.
(2) Recognize and read new words and new words, and copy the new words and the following words twice.
Books, vague, sharp, drawers, horror, rough, devil, obesity, torture, severe, brutal, gangsters, detention, wotou, matted.
Second Lesson
1. Dictate new words, compare with the text, check and correct mistakes
2. Recall the main content of the text
3 , read the key sentences and feel the character of Li Dazhao
Invite students to read the text freely, focus on reading the sentences describing Li Dazhao, outline the parts that moved you most, and then share your experiences with your classmates . Such as:
1. Before arrest: Regardless of the seriousness of the situation, he resolutely stayed in Beijing.
(1) The situation is serious: it can be felt from the fact that his father left early and came back late, Zhang Zuolin wanted to send someone to check, his father burned some books and documents, and his coworker Yan Zhensan was arrested.
(2) Determined not to leave Beijing: This can be understood from the two rhetorical questions in the father’s words in the seventh natural paragraph.
Guide students to understand that their father regards revolutionary work as more important than his own safety and life, which reflects the resolute selflessness and fearless spirit of a revolutionary.
(3) Read aloud what the father said in paragraph 7 with emotion.
2. When arrested: A sharp contrast with the enemy, as reflected in:
(1) Paragraph 8 reads, "Before I finished reading a short piece of news, I heard bang, bang...several sharp sounds. "The gunshots were fired, followed by chaotic shouts." The enemy fired the gun before they entered the house, and there were chaotic shouts, which showed that the enemy was bluffing. And "the father calmly took out a shiny little pistol from the drawer and walked out." The father's "calmness" was in sharp contrast to the enemy's menace.
(2) The people who came "swarmed in and crowded this small room. They surrounded us like a group of devils. Each of them held a pistol and pointed the gun at "Father-to-be and me", it's just two people, my father and I, but the enemy has mobilized so many troops, which is also a sharp contrast.
(3) The attitude of the plainclothes detectives was also in sharp contrast to that of his father. The other party had a "rude roar", a "face full of anger" and a "sneer". And in the 17th natural paragraph, it is written, "The father maintained his usual stern attitude and did not explain any reason to them. Because he understood that there was no reason to explain to them." This is also a sharp contrast.
Guide students to appreciate Li Dazhao’s calmness, calmness and fearless spirit as a revolutionary through comparison. On this basis, read aloud paragraphs 8-17 with emotion.
4. Understand the grief of Li Dazhao’s family and the benefits of echoing the beginning and end of the writing
1. Understand the grief of the family after Li Dazhao was murdered. Read the last three paragraphs of the text freely and talk about your feelings.
2. Understand the benefits of anaphoric writing. Now let’s read the first natural paragraph and the last three natural paragraphs together to see what new experiences you have.
(1) This is a writing method that echoes the beginning and the end.
(2) Writing in this way highlights the author’s profound memory of his father’s murder, and also expresses the author’s deep yearning for his father.
5. Understand the evaluation on Li Dazhao’s tombstone and guide extracurricular reading
1. Li Dazhao's tombstone is engraved with the evaluation of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (read together) - he was infinitely loyal to the liberation cause of the Chinese people, his belief in Marxism and the revolutionary future of the proletariat. His fearless dedication to creating and developing the communist movement in our country will always be a shining example for all revolutionaries.
2. Guide extracurricular reading: In the struggle for the victory of the revolution, there were many revolutionary ancestors like Li Dazhao. We remember them fondly and our nation is proud of them! After class, students can read one or two revolutionary-themed novels based on the tips from the "Extracurricular Bookstore" on page 65.
5. Related links
1. Li Dazhao, courtesy name Shouchang, was born in Laoting County, Hebei Province on October 29, 1889. In 1907, he was admitted to Tianjin Beiyang Law and Political College to study political economy. In the winter of 1913, Li Dazhao traveled east to Japan with a feeling of concern for the country and the people, and was admitted to Tokyo's Waseda University for a bachelor's degree in politics. When the Japanese imperialists proposed to Yuan Shikai the "Twenty-One Points" for the destruction of China, he actively participated in the patriotic struggle of the Overseas Students Association in Japan. The "Letter to the Fathers of the Nation" drafted by him quickly spread throughout the country, and he became a A nationally renowned patriot. After Li Dazhao returned to China in 1916, he actively participated in the emerging New Culture Movement.
The victory of the Russian October Socialist Revolution greatly inspired and inspired Li Dazhao. He successively published "A Comparative View of the French and Russian Revolutions", "The Victory of the Common People" and "The Victory of Bolshevism", etc. Articles and speeches. He declared: "If you look at the world in the future, it will definitely be a world with red flags!" In 1919, he published dozens of articles promoting Marxism, such as "New Era", "My View of Marxism", "Rediscussing Issues and Isism", etc. In March 1920, Li Dazhao initiated the Marxist Theory Research Society at Peking University. In October, under the initiative of Li Dazhao, the Beijing Communist Group was established.
After the founding of the Communist Party of China in 1921, Li Dazhao guided the work in the north on behalf of the Party Central Committee. He was elected as a member of the Central Committee at the Second, Third and Fourth National Congress of the Party. In March 1926, Li Dazhao led and personally participated in the Beijing People's Opposition Day, British imperialism and the struggle against the warlords Zhang Zuolin and Wu Peifu. The Beiyang warlord Duan Qirui's government caused the "March 18th" tragedy, and Beijing was plunged into white terror. Li Dazhao continued to lead the party's northern organization to persist in the revolutionary struggle under extremely dangerous and difficult circumstances. On April 6, 1927, Feng clique warlord Zhang Zuolin colluded with imperialism and arrested more than 80 people including Li Dazhao. Li Dazhao was tortured. In prison and in court, he always remained upright and unyielding. On April 28, the warlords disregarded the strong opposition and condemnation of the broad masses of the people and public opinion and brazenly strangled 20 revolutionaries including Li Dazhao in the Jingshi Detention Center in Xijiaominxiang. Li Dazhao was the first to go to the gallows and died calmly at the age of 38.
2. After Li Dazhao was arrested
After Li Dazhao was arrested, he was brutally tortured by the enemy. The enemy inhumanely used bamboo sticks to knock into the gaps between his fingers, and finally peeled off the nails on his hands. But he was always fearless, unyielding, and strictly guarded the party's secrets.
The "Morning News" reported on April 8, 1927: When Li Dazhao was interrogated, he "had a very calm attitude and no panic" and "wearing a gray cloth cotton robe and a green cloth mandarin jacket, he looked like a *** The spirit of a Communist leader!” On the same day, the Shuntian Times also reported that Li Dazhao was “very energetic and extremely calm. He claimed to be a believer in Marxism, but he said he had no knowledge of any other behavior.” Confirmed confession"! "Morning News" reported again on April 17, 1927: Li Dazhao was interrogated many times during the 10 days since his arrest. During each interrogation, Li Dazhao knew nothing about the so-called "accusations" except that he "confessed to "Japanese industry, academia, and doctrine."
In his autobiography in prison, he vividly described his ambition to engage in revolution to save the nation from danger. He said: "Zhao is committed to the cause of national liberation by restraining his hair and accepting the letter, practicing what he believes in, practicing what he knows, and doing whatever he can to make merit or crime."
Interrogation and torture are of no avail. , Zhang Zuolin changed his tactics and tried to bribe him with high-ranking officials and generous salaries, but was severely reprimanded by Li Dazhao!
Li Dazhao’s arrest caused great shock and widespread sympathy in the society. "Editorial commentaries in various newspapers in Beijing and Tianjin all secretly appealed for the rule of law." The National Army sent a telegram to warn the Feng clique warlords. The presidents of 25 universities in Beijing jointly issued a statement demanding that the case be transferred to the court. Students, celebrities and his hometown friends tried every means to rescue him. Railway workers in the north, in particular, organized prison robber teams and prepared for prison robberies. After Li Dazhao learned about it, he firmly disagreed with this. He said: "My personal sacrifice for the revolution and the party is honorable and deserved, but it is already a loss to the party. I can no longer ask comrades to take risks and waste revolutionary power. Now, you should save our power... Don't let the revolutionary forces suffer any more losses." The party organization reluctantly accepted Li Dazhao's opinion and persuaded the railway workers to give up the prison robbery.