How do beginners learn to write poems?
First, capture and create the image of poetry.
(1) Poetry is written with images.
Belinsky pointed out a long time ago: "Philosophers use syllogism, poets use images and pictures to speak, but they all say the same thing." (/kloc-a glimpse of Russian literature in 0/847) This tells us that we should think in images when writing poems. The so-called thinking in images first means that when you go deep into life, you should feel life in images, experience life in images, observe life and analyze life.
Thinking in images should be good at capturing images on the basis of image feelings. Ai Qing pointed out: "The activity of thinking in images is to fix everything that is difficult to capture and everything that is erratic, and present it clearly to readers, as clear as a seal on paper." So he said, "People who write poems often look for images to express an idea." Can capture the image of the novel, but also have the material to write poetry. So how do we capture images? It depends on inspiration. Mayakovski gave an example of capturing the image: he returned to Moscow from saratov in about 19 13.
In order to show the woman on the same journey that he has no evil thoughts about her at all, the poet said, "I am not a person, but a cloud in pants." After saying this, he immediately thought that he could write it into a poem-but he was worried that oral uploading would be abused in vain. So what should we do? He is very anxious. For almost half an hour, the poet asked the girl a lot of questions, and he didn't breathe a sigh of relief until he believed his words flew out of the girl's other ear. Two years later, he used Clouds in Pants as the title of a long poem.
(2) Poetry is the expression of imagination. Aristotle said: "Poetry needs a special talent, or it has a crazy component, or it makes it easy for him to imagine the required expression." Shelley: "Generally speaking, poetry can be interpreted as an expression of imagination." Breslet: "Poetry is the language of imagination and passion." Belinsky: "Imagination is the main active force in poetry. The creative process can only be completed by imagination. " Ai Qing said, "Without imagination, there is no poem". "The most important talent of a poet is to use imagination." The imagination of a poet is different from that of a scientist. Bacon pointed out: "Poetry is a science, which is limited in most aspects of literary rhythm, but it is extremely free in other aspects and is related to imagination. Imagination, because it is not bound by material laws, can combine things that are naturally separated at will, and can also separate things that are combined. This leads to illegal spouses and divorce. " Shelley also said, "Poetry has changed everything it touches." In his fairy tale creation, Andersen wrote: A young man who loves to write poems was distressed because he couldn't write good poems, so he went to a witch. The witch put on her glasses and receiver. He heard the potato singing the history of his family, the wild plum tree telling stories, and the crowd kept turning one story after another. What I'm saying here is that to be a poet, it is not enough to have ordinary people's hearing, but also to wear the poet's deformed glasses and headphones. Therefore, when writing poetry, we should not only accurately observe the characteristics of life, but also have the courage to change these characteristics. Due to deformation, the images of poetry often have symbolic significance. For example, the old horse in Cang Kejia:
You have to let the cart fill it up. You don't know your life at the moment.
It didn't say a word, but swallowed its tears in its heart.
The pressure on the back buckled into the meat, and a whip shadow floated in front of me.
It hangs its head heavily! It looked up at the front.
What is written here is not only a poor old horse, but also the indomitable spirit of northern farmers in the 1930s. "Old horse" is a symbolic image.
(III) Creation of Poetic Images Mayakovski said to young writers in How to Write Poetry: "Poetry should be vividly expressed to the maximum extent. A major means of vivid expression is image. " Eliot believes that creating images means "looking for the objective counterpart of ideas." There are many specific methods, such as: virtual and real conversion; The transformation between people and things; Transformation between things; Internal and external transformation; Size transformation; Far and near transformation; Less and less; Part and whole transformation; The transformation between history and reality; Reality and future transformation, etc.
What needs to be emphasized is that both the poet image and the landscape image in poetry are to express emotion, mood and interest. Emotion is more important than image in poetry. Without lyricism, we need to construct images at will, which can only damage poetry.
Second, cleverly conceive the poem.
(A) the inspiration of poetry
Conception is the most important stage in the process of poetry creation. What caused the pregnancy? The short answer is: the impulse to create-the explosion of inspiration.
Ai Qing said: "The so-called' inspiration' is nothing more than the poet's new excitement about things, sudden excitement and the flash of fleeting souls. The so-called' inspiration' is the most pleasant encounter between the poet's subjective world and the objective world. " (On Poetry)
For a poem, inspiration is the reason; For the objective world, inspiration is the fruit. Get inspiration from the objective world and start writing from inspiration. This is how poets write poems. After the "inspiration" broke out, the creation entered the concrete conception.
(2) The conception of poetry is very important. The poet Guo Xiaochuan said in On Poetry: "Poetry should be cleverly conceived." You mentioned the idea, which I think is the key. As for the content of poetic conception, Hegel pointed out in Aesthetics: "First of all, we can immediately exclude purely external and natural things, at least to a relative extent, about the content suitable for poetic conception. The unique object or theme of poetry is not the sun, forests, mountains and rivers or the external forms of human blood, pulse and muscle, but the spiritual purport. Although poetry also appeals to perceptual observation and vivid description, even in this respect, poetry is still a spiritual activity, which only plays the role of providing inner observation. " What is the way poetry is conceived? The conception of poetry is inner experience. Hegel said: "Since poetry can express all spiritual connotations most profoundly, we should ask the poet to have the deepest and richest inner experience of the subject matter he expresses." "Poets must understand human life from both internal and external aspects, absorb the vast world and its diversity into themselves, sympathize with them, experience them deeply and make them profound and clear." (Aesthetics, Volume III, page 54) Therefore, although poets write poems, "not every poem is written by themselves. However, every poem is written by yourself-that is, through your own heart. " (Ai Qing) Following this conception method, when writing lyric poems, because the real source of lyric is the inner life of the creative subject (the poet himself), the poet should only express "pure feelings and feelings, without describing the specific external situation with appearances and forms". (Hegel's Aesthetics)
The process of poetry conception includes the following contents:
(1) Refine poetry. It is to find the unique feeling that expresses the general feeling from the general feeling and the specific feeling that expresses the same feeling from the same feeling. For example, Ai Qing's freedom.
(2) Select the angle. We should choose a suitable angle to express poetry. Generally speaking, there are two major angles. One is direct confession, in which the poet stands out directly, such as Wen Yiduo's confession. When writing poetry from this angle, we should avoid ambiguity and create a distinctive and personalized image of the poet, otherwise it is easy to show it directly. Another angle is symbolic sustenance, borrowing things to express feelings, borrowing people to express feelings, and borrowing scenery to write feelings. As mentioned earlier, Cang Kejia's "Old Horse".
(3) Layout planning. How to write the beginning and end of the poem and how to form an organic whole between the parts need serious consideration. This requires thinking: in this poem, what do I use to connect the poems? General lyric poetry, "always runs through the level of emotional (emotional) changes." (Guo Xiaochuan's "Talking about Poetry")
(4) temper the language. Language is the most important factor in poetry expression. It is extremely important in the process of conception. We will make a special study in the third section of this chapter.
When writing poetry, we should pay attention to the skills of poetic conception. Guo Xiaochuan advocated: "If you don't have new ideas and new creations, don't start writing". Therefore, creativity must be: new, strange and ingenious. Summing up the experience of predecessors, some skills can be used for reference.
Such as: symbol concept, radiation concept, "prop" concept, metonymy concept, proposition concept, contradiction concept, virtual concept, anti-meaning concept, side concept, contrast concept, dialogue concept and so on.