There are great disadvantages in the interpretation of poetry by Chinese and Confucianism. Subjectively, they think that the Book of Songs was written for the noble deeds of Tao, and it was used by the former king to "be filial to the couple, be virtuous and virtuous, educate the beautiful people and change the customs". Therefore, the interpretation of poetry is often attached to the big topic of political education, so many works have been misinterpreted. Now people have seen the faults of Han Confucianism and read the Book of Songs in a different way, so many new discoveries have been made. The poem Guanju is no longer regarded as a tribute to the beauty of the queens, but a folk love song. For example, Wen Yiduo's "Feng Shi Chao" said: "Women pick flowers by the river, and gentlemen are happy when they see them." Yu Guanying said in The Book of Songs: "A girl picking leeks by the river has aroused a man's longing, and the slim image of' picking from left to right' has made him think about trouble sleeping all day long; If only I could go home with all the excitement! " The Reference to the History of Pre-Qin Literature compiled by the Chinese Department of Peking University also said: "This is a folk love song describing men's pursuit of women." Obviously, this explanation is more practical than that of Han Confucianism and Song Confucianism.
However, Guan Ju's style is different from other folk love songs in The Book of Songs, such as Papaya, Naughty Boy and Qin Gui. Even though different styles can be explained by regional characteristics, the identity of "gentleman" in Guanju is an unavoidable problem after all. "Gentleman" can be interpreted as a gentleman or a noble person. If released as a monarch, this is in line with the interpretation of Han Confucianism. If interpreted as a noble person, this poem is a playboy who misses a country girl, which may not be appropriate. Fortunately, "gentleman" has another meaning, that is, talented and virtuous people. For example, the Analects of Confucius says, "I don't know and I don't care, aren't I a gentleman?" The Analects of Confucius: "I don't see saints, but I see gentlemen." "The Analects of Confucius Lutz": "Therefore, a gentleman's name must be said and his words must be done." "Xunzi's exhortation to learn": "Therefore, the gentleman is one." "Book of Rites Quli": "Knowing and letting go, being kind but not lazy, is a gentleman." I think the "gentleman" in Guan Ju refers to this kind of person. That my fair lady is worthy of a gentleman, who is thinking of such a girl. To marry such a girl, there must be a grand ceremony, playing the piano to show love (friends of harps and harps), and ringing bells and drums to make you happy (the joy of bells and drums). How can I get her easily? So, what kind of woman is "My Fair Lady"? Mao Chuan: "Gentle and graceful, carefree." That means silence and elegance. Dialect Volume II: "Between Qin Jin, the beauty of the heart is also beautiful." Qin Jin and Nan Zhou are geographically incompatible. Dialect was written in the Han Dynasty, and "gentle and graceful" is a continuous word, so it seems inappropriate to open it to explain, so this statement can be omitted. "Shu" and "Mao Zhuan": "Good." It shows that she is a good girl; "Gentle and graceful" is a good word to describe her. She is not frivolous and dissolute, but she has noble character. "Lady" and "gentleman" are just right, so it is said that "my fair lady, a gentleman is good."
So, is this "lady" picking leeks? I don't think this is the original intention of poetry. This is different from what Cai Ge said, "It's like March if you don't see it for a day". Obviously, I used the word "there" to point out that I missed the girl who picked Ge. There is no similar hint in Guanju. In my opinion, it is not so much a lady as a gentleman, or just a metaphor. Let's not ignore the word "uneven", which means uneven length. Don't ignore the word "left and right", it means to look around. The word "flow" is interpreted as "seeking", which seems to imply that it is not easy to get. Both the word "talent" and the word "Yan" have the meaning of choice. Pick is to pick the best from those uneven ones; To want a woman is to get that "My Fair Lady" from all women. This is like "picking alfalfa, picking it with fine words." Choosing alfalfa is different, but here are some choices. At this point, Guan Ju was close at hand, leaving its east gate: "Out of its east gate, there are women like clouds. Although there are many clouds, I think of people. In the clothes, talk about my staff. " The average woman is not worth sleeping and tossing and turning for her.
Finally, there is another problem that needs to be explained, that is, the two sentences at the beginning of the poem: "The pigeons that are closed are in Hezhou." "Guan Zi" and "Mao Zhuan": "Harmony." "crested pigeon", the name of waterfowl, commonly known as osprey, is said to have a fixed spouse. However, the "off" here is the voice of male and female courtship. These two sentences have both the meaning of "comparison" and the meaning of "xing" The punch line is natural and should not be modified.
Now the whole poem can be interpreted. According to Zheng Xuan, this poem is divided into five chapters with four sentences in each chapter. In the first chapter, a good girl, a gentleman's suitable spouse, is produced by the comparison between pigeons and singers. In the second chapter, taking picking as a metaphor, it is not easy to pick the desired leek and get a "My Fair Lady". Whether I am awake or asleep, I am pursuing her. Three chapters, then two chapters step by step. If you can't get it, you will miss her more. Whether you are awake or asleep ("clothes" or pregnant), you are thinking about her. This longing is so long that I can't sleep. There are four chapters and five sections, and the metaphor of choice is used. Imagine that once you get her, you will greet her with beautiful music and make her happy. The theme of the whole poem is pursuit and missing, which shows a man's infatuation. There is an irresistible passion in peace, which represents the overall style of The Book of Songs.
Appreciation of Poems and Poems "Poem Governing Residence"
Author: Wu Xiaoru
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^^ 1
Appreciation has been popular in recent years, but I think this kind of article is not easy to write. In particular, to talk about the works in Three Hundred Poems, we must first pass the exegesis and then understand the theme of the poem. Because wind, elegance and praise are far away, their appreciation is often in the exegesis of words. In the old days, 300 poems were regarded as classics, and the ancients said that each poem was attached; If you don't know the meaning of a poem, it is like a cloud in the sky and a haze in the daytime. You must see through the clouds to understand poetry. Here, I take Guan Ju as an example to illustrate, but it is inevitable that people will be cynical in a cliche way.
Today, probably no one believes in the so-called "Guan Ju" and "the virtue of empresses" in Preface to Mao Shi. It is said that Guan Ju is a processed folk love song, so I'm afraid it won't go too far. Qi, Lu and Han (including Sima Qian and Liu Xiang) all think it is irony. What is the explanation? In addition, the ancients emphasized the theory of "four beginnings" (that is, Guanju was the beginning of "wind", elegance, elegance and fu), and thought Guanju was the beginning. These all need our explanation.
I think there are two problems in their interpretation of poetry, whether it is the three poems of Qi, Lu and Han in the current literary school or Mao's poems in the ancient prose school: first, they don't understand that most of the "national customs" are folk songs, and they blame every poem on the emperors, queens or princes and wives of various countries; The second is to confuse the original intention of writing poetry with the later extended meaning. Three poets saw in Guanju that "I can't wait, but I am sleepy and think about it;" If you are leisurely and carefree, you will blame Zhou Kangwang, saying that poetry satirizes him for "losing his virtue", just as Sima Qian said in the preface to the Chronicle of Twelve Governors: "Lack of Zhou Dao is a poet's seat and Guan Yu is a work." Later, in order to oppose the three poems, Shi Mao violated the modern literary method and talked about the virtue of empresses, with the aim of saying that this was not a poem, but a poem of praise. If we realize that there are indeed many folk songs in the fifteen-nation system and eliminate the ways and means of taking them out of context, the fog artificially added by the three poets and Shi Mao will be swept away, and the true colors of poetry will naturally be revealed.
As for "Guanju" as the beginning of "national style", I think it is human nature. The ancients originally said that "300 poems" were preserved because they were singing music and had nothing to do with poetry, so some satirical poems or bold and provocative love poems were not deleted and eliminated by the ruling class. I think, judging from the content of 300 poems, it is always necessary to collect poems from all over the country before giving them music. The music you set must not be completely irrelevant to the content of the poem, but you can use irrelevant music scores at will. The reason why Guan Ju is the beginning of the "wind" is probably related to the content. Because there are some words in the poem, such as "Friends of the Harp" and "Music of the Bells and Drums", which are very suitable for singing at the wedding, I matched it with a melancholy melody at the beginning and a jubilant melody at the end as a sonata at the wedding. Because of love, it is human nature to cover "thinking about clothes while sleeping" and "thinking about it instead", so it is sad without hurting ("sadness" means beautiful and moving); Marriage between husband and wife is an excellent thing, and the collocation of a gentleman and a lady does not violate feudal ethics, so although it is fun, it is not immoral. In this way, it is naturally listed as the first of the "national style". Until today, when we meet a festive festival, we still have to sing some cheerful and lively songs and play some inspirational songs to get what we want. This is not superstition, but an atmosphere suitable for festivals. If you play funeral music and sing mourning poems when holding a happy event, whether it is auspicious or not, the superstitious view will at least have the opposite effect of disappointing and ruining the scene, which is always annoying. The "Three Hundred Articles" movement was formulated by the ruling class. Of course, good luck is needed. At the beginning of the article, the works reflecting the festive atmosphere are listed. This is not only in line with the interests of one's own class, that is, it is justified from the perspective of human nature.
2
Since ancient times, Guanju has been divided into two chapters. One is that every four sentences are a chapter, and the whole poem has five chapters. The other is divided into three chapters, with four sentences in the first chapter and eight sentences in the second and third chapters. Literally, I prefer the second method. The first chapter is a general introduction with an objective attitude; The second and third chapters begin with the hero. First of all, he said that he missed the lady and couldn't even sleep. Then, after he proposes to a lady, he will do everything possible to make her feel happy and comfortable. If the second chapter is close to reality, then the third chapter is romantic, and the lyric hero is intoxicated with the bright future of love success.
When it comes to the expression of this poem, there have always been two opinions. That is to say, among several expressive techniques of Fu, Bi and Xing, some people think that the description of "Guan Guan Gui Yu" and "shepherd's purse flowing unevenly from left to right" is Bi Xing, while "birds in the river and shepherd's purse" arouses a gentleman's desire for a lady and is the theme of the poem. Another view is that this poem is "Fu" from beginning to end. There are two explanations for saying that its technique is "Fu". First, the ancients often said that picking shepherd's purse was originally the "work" that aristocratic women (including empresses and concubines) should do, so it was "fu"; Second, modern people say this is a realistic love song. The young man took a fancy to the working girl who picked leeks by the river and confessed. Whether it's the singing of "pheasant dove" or the picking of leeks, it's what a gentleman sees and hears, and of course it belongs to the "straight" "Fu". These statements are reasonable, and readers may wish to refer to each other.
However, if I were to tell this poem, I would rather say "Bi Xing". The so-called figurative technique, especially "Xing", is not that the poet finds something out of thin air and stuffs it into his poems, but that he uses the actual scenery he sees and hears at present as the medium to express his thoughts and feelings and create associations by the way. We can admit that "Guan Guan's dove is in the river continent" is a real scene before the poet, but this pair of waterfowl snuggling and echoing each other on the river continent will naturally arouse the strong desire of unmarried young men to find a young lady as a spouse. When choosing poetry materials, the poet only took a fancy to "Guan Guan Ji Ge", which in itself reflected the role of "Bi Xing". Why else didn't the poet write something else? In other words, only a pair of waterfowl who write mutual harmony can be in tune with the theme of this poem, which is also typical. If it is confined to the framework of "Fu", it is close to the naturalistic explanation.
I also take "uneven leeks, flowing from left to right" and "accept it" and "learn it" as metaphors, which are based on words and phrases. The ancients said "flow", "pick" and "win" are mostly synonyms, that is, they all mean "seek", "pick" and "choose". Liu Xiang's teaching in the Western Han Dynasty (he was in charge of Lv Shi), Gaoyou in the Eastern Han Dynasty (detailed in Lv Shi Chun) and Ma in the Qing Dynasty (author of Shi Mao's Biography and General History) are all verified and credible. For example, in the Chinese translation of Yueren Song in Shuoyuan, there is a sentence "Liuzhongzhou" (this sentence has been revised), in which "Liu" is a synonymous compound word, and both "Liu" and "Liu" are taken. However, Zhu's Biography of Poetry adopted the original meaning of the word "Liu", thinking that this sentence refers to choosing shepherd's purse along the running water. Although this statement was criticized by Qing people (such as Yao Jiheng), I think Zhu's statement is based on real life. As for the "Yi", the old note also indicated the "selection", but Zhu interpreted "Yi" as "recommending it when you are familiar with it" according to Dong Yi's Poems of Guang Chuan. I think this solution is also reasonable. In modern Chinese, especially in Beijing dialect, we often hear the saying that vegetables are cooked with boiled water. That is, after the water is boiled, put the raw vegetables in, cook them and take them out. It can be seen that the process from "flow" to "mining" and from "mining" to "smashing" is a gradual process. "Left and right" originally refers to people's right and left hands, and is extended to the left and right sides. People work with both hands, especially when picking or taking vegetables, they always use both hands at the same time. This is also common sense in life, there is no need to resign.
When the exegesis is clear, talk about poetry. Choose shepherd's purse, and a lady chooses a gentleman. At the beginning of mining, the water was left and right, and the direction was uncertain; Just like a man begging a woman, he hasn't found a clear goal yet, so he can only find it slowly, just like looking for a favorite shepherd's purse in the water. When it comes to "mining", the goal is clear, and you will take it when you see it. After picking it, you have to "lick" it to make it edible, that is to say, only on the wedding day will life begin. So I call it Bi Xing, which comes from the exegesis of words.
three
Let's briefly talk about the artistic features of this poem. This poem is incisive and incisive, especially in the third chapter. The hero is really considerate and caring for the woman he thinks. The first chapter "My Fair Lady" goes straight without even turning a small corner. However, since the second chapter, the details have increased. The young man tossed and turned all night because he was "asleep thinking about clothes", which is indeed a true expression. The more restless you sleep, the more ups and downs you feel; When people are in love, they always think optimistically, so he thinks about how lively the scene will be when they get married, how harmonious the feelings will be after marriage, and how happy life will be. All these reverie, are from "leisurely, show the opposite" insomnia conjured up. Although it is subjective wishful thinking, it is not beyond our power. Later, the playwright issued a statement on behalf of the people in the play, saying, "May all shall be well, jack shall have Jill", which was too exposed; The author of Guanju, however, filled his eyes with rich and complete imagination, which was really "happy without lewdness, sad without injury". What is rare is that this is a typical oriental tradition of China's normal view of love, that is, he wants to be a couple with a lady (as can be seen from the word "good"), not just as a couple (this is different from the works in Zheng Feng! ), this is certainly branded with the feudal ruling class, but it also reflects the traditional characteristics of the Han nationality.
1950, I taught a special course on Shi Mao in the university for one year. A famous teacher (Mr. Feng Wenbing) lent me his lecture manuscript, and there is a passage about Guan Ju that has been passed down to this day. I would like to copy it down as the end of this short article:
"Xing" is a realistic skill, not bad. This poem is a matter of rivers and continents, obviously a folk product; The life of ancient working people (probably women) was seen in Cai You. We are strangers to picking, but we can understand the life of picking lotus, lotus root and diamond. Go down the river first, then take it to your hand, then cook it and serve it. It means that although a small thing is not easy to do (this is the real spirit of labor), it symbolizes the mood and twists and turns of a gentleman asking for a wife. When uncooked rice is cooked, it's time to "drum and play music", which means how long! At the same time, this kind of work is an immediate fact, not a virtual fantasy. It is both realistic and symbolic, which is a correct example of Bi Xing, and Bi Xing is the power of China's poetry. The queen is virtuous, but in the place where they dream of gathering pheasants, they may not see pheasant doves flying with me. However, this "Taishi" finally has a good eye for poetry. Unfortunately, the ancients did not know how to "learn from the people". (Xiaoru Publishing House: This passage comes from one of my post-robbery testimonials. It was written as my own words at that time, so it may be slightly different from the original text, so readers can learn it. )