1. Basic knowledge of aesthetics
Aesthetics (Greek: Aesthetica) was first proposed by the German philosopher Baumgarten in 1750. Aesthetics is a discipline that studies the aesthetic relationship between people and the world, that is, the object of aesthetic research is aesthetic activities. Aesthetic activity is a kind of human life experience activity that takes the world of images as its object, and is a kind of spiritual and cultural activity of human beings.
Aesthetics is a secondary subject of philosophy. To learn aesthetics well requires a solid philosophical foundation and artistic cultivation. It is both a speculative subject and a perceptual subject. Aesthetics is closely related to literature and art, psychology, linguistics, anthropology, mythology, etc.
The history of Western aesthetics begins with Plato. Although Pythagoras and others had begun to discuss aesthetic issues before Plato, Plato was the first philosopher to discuss aesthetic issues from the height of philosophical speculation. In China, Pre-Qin Dynasty was a golden age for the development of Chinese classical aesthetics. The aesthetics of Laozi, Confucius, "Yi Zhuan" and Zhuangzi established the development direction of Chinese classical aesthetics. But the real starting point of Chinese aesthetics is Laozi.
Laozi proposed and elaborated on "Tao", "Qi", "Xiang", "Wu", "Void", "Reality", "Xujing", "Xuanjian", etc. Chinese classical aesthetics has had a very significant impact. The vitality theory of Chinese classical aesthetics, the image theory of Chinese classical aesthetics, the artistic conception theory of Chinese classical aesthetics, the theory of aesthetic mind in Chinese classical aesthetics, etc., all originated from Laozi's philosophy and aesthetics. In contemporary times, aesthetics has become increasingly prominent in the humanities, and the imagery characteristics of aesthetic experience are considered to have certain value and significance in dealing with the crisis of modern human civilization. At the same time, the role of aesthetics in the various enlightenment movements in modern China cannot be underestimated.
Aesthetic definition:
What is beauty? This is the basic question to be discussed in the discipline of aesthetics. Every philosopher has his or her own opinion on this question. This is not a simple question, through which we can radiate discussions on the origin of the world. From ancient times to the present, from the West to the East, the interpretation of "beauty" is complicated. For example, Plato of ancient Greece said: Beauty is an idea; St. Augustine of the Middle Ages said: Beauty is the supreme glory and brilliance of God; Chernyshevsky of Russia said: Beauty is life; Taoists in ancient China believed: There is greatness in heaven and earth. Beauty cannot be mentioned; and a book "Principles of Aesthetics" tells us that beauty can only exist in the aesthetic relationship. It is inseparable from the aesthetic subject and depends on the aesthetic object. Beauty is the representation of abstract objects in the spiritual realm, and the world of beauty is purely a world of imagery.
Classic Works
"Four articles that opened up the aesthetic paradigm
Plato's "Hipios", which opened the philosophy of beauty
Shaftesbury opened up aesthetic psychology with "On Characteristics"
Bartow opened up art philosophy with "On the Boundaries of Beautiful Art and the Essential Principle"
Wittgenstein's "Lectures on Aesthetics" which has an impact on the analysis of aesthetic language
"Seven monographs that have an impact on the aesthetic system
Kant's "Critique of Judgment"
Kant's "Critique of Judgment" has two major characteristics in structural aesthetics: First, it explores the essence of aesthetics by focusing on aesthetic judgment and linking the relationship between the subject and the object. 2. What are the basic knowledge of architectural aesthetics?
The basic knowledge of architectural aesthetics is an important basis for artistic creation. There are many ways to achieve unity of diversity, such as proportion. , scale, order, rhythm, balance, emphasis and other laws of formal beauty.
It is a composition technique that is often used. (1) Understand the basic knowledge of architectural colors 1. The three primary colors are red, yellow and blue.
2. The three elements of color: hue, lightness, and purity. 3. Shape and color of color. Shape elements: straight lines, curves, diagonal lines, and body; color elements: hue, lightness, purity, and area. (2) Understand the basic knowledge of artistic treatment of architecture and environment 1. Starting from the use of buildings, focus on analyzing functional relationships and making reasonable distinctions, using roads, squares and other transportation means to organize them, so as to connect the layout of the overall spatial environment convenient.
2. In the treatment of group architectural art, we start from personality characteristics, combine the characteristics of the surrounding environment and planning, follow the basic principle of diversity and unity, and use greening, sculptures, various sketches and other means to enrich the space of the building Environmental art creates a complete and beautiful space environment. For this part of architecture, it is recommended that candidates read more references in the following areas: "Principles of Public Architectural Design", "Principles of Residential Design", "Site Design", "History of Chinese Architecture", "History of Chinese Architecture" , "Architectural Space Combination", "Architectural Color Science", "Principles of Architectural Form Beauty", etc.
3. Basic knowledge of aesthetics
Aesthetics (Greek: Aesthetica) was first proposed by the German philosopher Baumgarten in 1750.
Aesthetics is a discipline that studies the aesthetic relationship between people and the world, that is, the object of aesthetic research is aesthetic activities. Aesthetic activity is a kind of human life experience activity that takes the world of images as its object, and is a kind of spiritual and cultural activity of human beings.
Aesthetics is a secondary subject of philosophy. To learn aesthetics well requires a solid philosophical foundation and artistic cultivation. It is both a speculative subject and a perceptual subject.
Aesthetics is closely related to literature and art, psychology, linguistics, anthropology, mythology, etc. The history of Western aesthetics begins with Plato.
Although Pythagoras and others had begun to discuss aesthetic issues before Plato, Plato was the first philosopher to discuss aesthetic issues from the height of philosophical speculation. In China, Pre-Qin Dynasty was a golden age for the development of Chinese classical aesthetics.
The aesthetics of Laozi, Confucius, "Yi Zhuan" and Zhuangzi established the development direction of Chinese classical aesthetics. But the real starting point of Chinese aesthetics is Laozi.
Laozi proposed and elaborated on "Tao", "Qi", "Xiang", "Wu", "Void", "Reality", "Xujing", "Xuanjian", etc. Chinese classical aesthetics has had a very significant impact. The vitality theory of Chinese classical aesthetics, the image theory of Chinese classical aesthetics, the artistic conception theory of Chinese classical aesthetics, the theory of aesthetic mind in Chinese classical aesthetics, etc., all originated from Laozi's philosophy and aesthetics.
In contemporary times, aesthetics has become increasingly prominent in the humanities, and the imagery characteristics of aesthetic experience are considered to have certain value and significance in dealing with the crisis of modern human civilization. At the same time, the role of aesthetics in the various enlightenment movements in modern China cannot be underestimated.
Aesthetic definition: What is beauty? This is the basic question to be discussed in the discipline of aesthetics. Every philosopher has his or her own opinion on this question.
This is not a simple question, through which it can radiate the discussion of the origin of the world. From ancient times to the present, from the West to the East, the interpretation of "beauty" is complicated.
For example, Plato of ancient Greece said: Beauty is an idea; St. Augustine of the Middle Ages said: Beauty is the supreme glory and brilliance of God; Chernyshevsky of Russia said: Beauty is life; ancient China The Taoists believe that there is great beauty in heaven and earth, but a book called "Principles of Aesthetics" tells us that beauty can only exist in the aesthetic relationship. It is inseparable from the aesthetic subject and depends on the aesthetic object. Beauty is the representation of abstract objects in the spiritual realm, and the world of beauty is purely a world of imagery.
Classic Works" four articles that opened up the aesthetic paradigm. Plato opened up the philosophy of beauty. "Hipias". Shaftesbury opened up aesthetic psychology. "On Characteristics" opened by Bartow. The Philosophy of Art, "On the Boundaries and the Principle of Nature of Beautiful Art," Wittgenstein's "Lectures on Aesthetics," which has an influence on the analysis of aesthetic language, and seven monographs that have an influence on the aesthetic system, Kant's "Critique of Judgment," and Kant's "Lectures on Aesthetics." "Critique of Judgment" has two major characteristics in structural aesthetics: First, it explores the essence of aesthetics by focusing on aesthetic judgment and linking the relationship between the subject and the object. Come up with one.
4. Aesthetic knowledge is urgently needed
Aesthetics is a subject whose theme is the study of the nature and significance of beauty.
Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy. The main object of research is art, but it does not study specific performance issues in art, but studies philosophical issues in art, so it is called "the philosophy of beautiful art."
The basic issues of aesthetics include the nature of beauty, the relationship between aesthetic consciousness and aesthetic objects, etc. Origin of the word The word aesthetics comes from the Greek word aesthesis.
The original meaning is "the feeling of the senses". First used by German philosopher Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarden.
The publication of his book "Aesthetica" marked the emergence of aesthetics as an independent discipline. Until the 19th century, aesthetics was usually defined as the study of "beauty" (Sch?nheit) in the concept of traditional classical art.
Modern philosophy defines aesthetics as the theory and philosophy of understanding cognitive sensations in art, science, design, and philosophy. The aesthetic value of an object is not simply defined as "beauty" or "ugliness", but requires understanding the type and essence of the object.
The development of historical aesthetics as an independent discipline began with Baumgarten in Germany in the 18th century, but its emergence is based on the theoretical discussions on beauty by thinkers of all generations since ancient Greece. It is the representative of previous aesthetic theories. systematic and scientific. The discussion of aesthetic theories since ancient Greece is based on people's aesthetic appreciation and aesthetic creation activities, and is a philosophical reflection of people's aesthetic activities.
Therefore, if we want to understand aesthetics, we must go back to its source and start a journey of beauty. Archeology and art history tell us that humans have begun aesthetic appreciation and aesthetic creation activities since they separated from animals.
The cavemen of the Paleolithic Age used stone beads, animal teeth, sea clam shells, etc. to dye them in various colors such as red, yellow, and green and wear them on their bodies. Not only the decorations of primitive people can show this early aesthetic activity of mankind, but primitive art in particular reflects the early aesthetic activities of mankind.
According to written records and patterns left behind, it is speculated that primitive arts included poetry, dance, music, etc., but they have now disappeared. But cave paintings and pottery are the two earliest records of primitive art that we can see today.
The former mainly uses various animals as themes, which are vivid, detailed and colorful.
The latter not only has beautiful shapes and rich patterns, but also has sharp contrasting colors.
People always have a certain kind of life and a certain phenomenon first, and then they start to think and discuss, and establish corresponding disciplines based on thinking and discussion. Thinking and exploring early human aesthetic phenomena began in ancient Greece.
At that time, great philosophers such as Pythagoras, Heraclitus, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle all participated in the discussion and debate on beauty. However, their views and opinions on beauty are often mixed with their understanding of truth and goodness, and become appendages of their philosophical, moral, theological, political and literary thoughts.
In addition, there was no aesthetic monograph at that time. The aesthetic views of thinkers are mixed in political, philosophical, religious, moral, artistic and even historical biographies, letters, annotations and other treatises.
People have not found an independent and special research object for aesthetics from those mixed and intertwined ideological systems. This situation lasted until the middle of the 18th century.
After the 18th century, with the development of the European Industrial Revolution, modern disciplines such as natural science, philosophy, ethics, psychology and literature and art entered a period of gradual formation and development. In particular, philosophy closely related to aesthetics has undergone an epistemological turn since modern times, providing necessary historical conditions for the establishment of the discipline of aesthetics.
It was under such historical conditions that Baumgarten distinguished aesthetics and logic for the first time in his philosophical system. While strictly stipulating that the research object of logic is abstract thinking that forms concepts and performs reasoning, it also stipulates its own unique research object for aesthetics.
He also wrote a monograph on aesthetics, initially formed the basic framework of the aesthetic discipline and discussed some basic issues in aesthetics. Thus, the discipline of aesthetics was born, and Baumgarten became the father of aesthetics.
A.G. Baumgarten (1714-1762) was a professor of philosophy at Harry University in Prussia, Germany. His main views on aesthetics focus on two aspects: First, he defines aesthetics as a discipline that studies people's perceptual knowledge.
Baumgarten believed that human psychological activities are divided into three aspects: knowledge, emotion and intention. The study of knowledge or people's rational knowledge has logic, the study of people's will has ethics, and the study of people's emotions, which is equivalent to people's perceptual knowledge, should be "Aesthetic".
The word "Aesthetic" comes from Greek, meaning "perceptual science", and was later translated into Chinese as "aesthetics". In 1750, Baumgarden officially used "Aesthetic" to refer to his monograph on the study of people's perceptual knowledge.
His work is regarded as the first aesthetic treatise in history. Second, Baumgarden believes: "The aesthetic object is the perfection of perceptual knowledge."
Why is aesthetics related to perceptual knowledge? The German philosopher Leibniz, the teacher of Baumgarten’s teacher, had a vivid explanation for this. He said: Although painters and other artists are clearly aware of what is good and what is bad, they often cannot If they were asked to give reasons for their aesthetic taste, they would reply that the works they disliked lacked "something I can't put my finger on." Knowing whether a work is beautiful or not, but not being able to tell why, is considered by Leibniz and Baumgarten to be a vague and confusing perceptual knowledge.
After Baumgarden, the development of aesthetics has gone through three important stages: German classical aesthetics, Marxist aesthetics, and Western modern aesthetics. In the stage of German classical aesthetics, Kant and Hegel made outstanding contributions to aesthetics, forming the first since the emergence of the discipline of aesthetics and the third peak in the history of Western aesthetics.
Kant is famous for his three major criticisms. In "Critique of Judgment", Kant raised and demonstrated a series of fundamental issues in aesthetics, forming a relatively complete aesthetic theoretical system. After Kant, Hegel pushed German classical aesthetics to its peak and became the master of German classical aesthetics and various Western aesthetic trends before Marxist aesthetics.
Although Marx did not write any specific works on aesthetics, he discussed a large number of aesthetic issues in many other works. In particular, he introduced the experimental perspective into aesthetic research, thus basing the discussion on beauty on Differentiation between subject and object.