Blue-eyed Hu Er rode three hundred times,
He tried to lift Jin Le to look at the clouds.
Notes:
1. Ming Zhuan: whistling arrow.
2. Le: a horse's head with a chew.
Appreciation:
The poem "The Frontier" mainly describes the fierce northern minorities who can ride and shoot well. Under the clear sky in Wan Li, on the vast grassland, hundreds of athletes galloped. Suddenly, a whistling arrow pierced the sky, and everyone immediately drew back and stood, holding their heads high and gazing into the distance. The poet seems to be a photographer with superb skills. He quickly grasped the scene of this moment, took a wonderful shot, and paid close attention to the poet's fiery subjective feelings.
In this poem, the poet first describes that an arrow flies into the sky with two sentences: it flies straight to thousands of feet, and it's still and dry. Ming Zhuan is the same as Ming Zhuan, also called Ming Gong, a kind of sounding arrow, which was called the arrow in ancient times. Biography of Xiongnu in Han Dynasty: Maodun is a sounding gong. It can be seen that whistling arrow is a weapon used by the northern minorities. When it is straight, it shows the irresistible trend after the arrow is shot. Thousands of feet, describe the range of an arrow. There is no wind in the calm sky, which not only describes the tranquility of the grassland, but also describes the boundless expanse of the sky like a vault and the cage covering the four fields. Therefore, the whistling sound of the flying arrow swept across the earth and resounded through the sky, transmitting more clearly, more loudly, more distant and drier. When the cloud is wet, the echo will be stagnant, the utensils will be infiltrated, and the pronunciation will be heavy; Therefore, the poet described the lightness, crispness and sharpness of the arrow sound by expressing dryness, which can be described as vivid in one word. Liu Kezhuang's "Poetry of the Yellow Tiller" says that leaves are dry under the frost (Volume 5 of the Complete Works of Houcun). In connection with the floating form of fallen leaves, the word "dry" is not used in the right place, but it is not as good as the word "rustling". Xu Ji, who was a little earlier than Liu Kezhuang, said in his poem Xiao that the sound of bamboo leaves is still dry (Erwei Pavilion Collection), which is not appropriate because of the rustling of dry wind and bamboo. Only describe the sound of singing in the calm and windless. Here, the poet clasps the sound of singing and painting: the previous sentence goes straight to a thousands of feet, which belongs to visual feeling, focusing on writing high, the arrow body is a little bit, and the arrow shadow is like a line; The next sentence is more dry without wind, which belongs to auditory feeling, and focuses on writing far away. The sound of arrows vibrates over the wilderness, and the sky above this wilderness provides a light background for the dark points and lines of the arrow body and shadow, and the points, lines and surfaces combine with each other to form a natural and exquisite composition.
After writing about the singing in the sky, the poet immediately wrote about the people who looked up at the singing in the ground. These are the last two sentences of the poem: Blue-eyed Hu Er rode three hundred times, and he did his best to look at the clouds. Blue eyes here not only highlight the physiological characteristics of some ethnic minorities in the north, but also conform to the prescribed scene of looking up at the arrow at this time. Also, because the eyes are the windows of the soul, the inner feelings and external elegance of the characters can be concentrated through them. The so-called vivid portrayal is being blocked (this refers to the eyes) (in Gu Kaizhi, a painter in the Eastern Jin Dynasty). Hu Er, you are still talking about Hu Ren, young man. Later, Wang Anshi's poem "Ming Fei Qu" explained that the princess first married Hu Er (Volume 4 of Wang Wen's Official Documents), and Ouyang Xiu's peace poem also said that Wei Jiang married a Han woman to Hu Er (Volume 8 of Ouyang Wenzhong's Official Documents "Ming Fei Qu and Wang Jiefu Zuo"), all of which called Hu Er a foreign young man. In Liu Kai's poems, it contains a kind tone. Riding, cavalry, here refers to people riding horses. Lift, collect and control, here refers to tightening the reins of the horse. Jinle, a bridle with a bite made of metal and decorated. Blue-eyed Hu Er's 3-horse riding depicts a group of young warriors of ethnic minorities. Although only nouns are arranged in the sentence, it is actually written in a static way, which makes people imagine the warm scene of grassland men with mighty spirit in their brow. As far as I can tell, Jin Le is heading for the clouds, but it is still with motion: the reins are tightened, the eyes are raised, and one after another's movements are suddenly settled in the breathless gaze of all riders; Just when I saw the noise, I suddenly fell silent. The 3-rider looking at the cloud was deeply attracted by the singing of thousands of feet, and he was absorbed and glued, just like a role on the stage of traditional Chinese opera, with a sculptural beauty. Li Yi, a Tang Dynasty poet, wrote a frontier poem entitled "Join the Army and Expedite to the North": After the snow in Tianshan Mountain, the sea was cold, and the flute played "it is hard to go". Three hundred thousand people were recruited in the village, and I looked back at the moon for a while. In the last two sentences, the writer began to look forward to the moon because he was homesick for his flute. His feelings were not caused by the moon he saw, but only as the sustenance of his hometown, so he looked back blankly, with a low style, gloomy colors and no sculptural beauty. In contrast, Liu Kai's poems are shine on you. Because it is a quatrain and the number of words is limited, it is difficult to spread out a whole process in the poem. The poet can make use of short space, abandon minor plots, capture the most wonderful and moving images, and show the heroic character and martial spirit of the northern minorities to the fullest, which is worthy of being the masterpiece of frontier poems in Song Dynasty.
Liu Kai lived in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, and the Song poetry has not yet formed the characteristics of laying out the truth and telling the truth. The same content, in Ouyang Xiu's poems, is the direct expression of Hu people's taking pommel horse as their home, shooting and hunting as a common custom, the beauty of spring and licorice is impermanent, and the birds are frightened and the animals are rushing (Ming Fei Qu and Wang Jiefu Zuo). Later, when Su Zhe went to the Liao country, in the poem Lu Zhang, he was also full of grain and boiled snow, shooting rabbits, shooting deer, boasting strong males, fishing and shooting geese in the east of the sea, and bowing and hunting (Volume 16 of Luan Cheng Ji). In comparison, Liu Kai's poem still has the charm of the Tang Dynasty, which is ethereal and full of love words. In the Song Dynasty, which won with interest and strength, it should be regarded as unique. And Liu Kai once sent rations to Zhuozhou, which made Hebei know the generation of the state and moved to Xinzhou to make a secretariat, and he was good at shooting and charming (The Story of Liu Kai in Song Dynasty), which can make us know that the success of the poem "The Frontier" is closely related to the poet's personal experience and real life experience. Du Fu's quatrains Two orioles singing green willows
The quatrains
Author: Du Fu
Two orioles singing green willows,
A line of egrets flying into the sky.
The window contains autumn snow in Xiling,
The Dongwu Wan Li boat is moored at the gate.
Note:
Xiling: Xiling Snow Mountain.
autumn snow: refers to the snow that has not melted for thousands of years in Xiling Snow Mountain.
berth: berth.
Dongwu: the territory of Wu in ancient times.
Wan Li ship: a ship that comes not far from Wan Li.
Translation:
Two orioles are singing in the air,
A line of egrets is flying in the sky.
You can see the snow in Xiling for thousands of years from the window.
Ships from Wan Li, Soochow are moored at the door.
Appreciation:
This poem depicts four independent landscapes and creates a vibrant picture. The poet is intoxicated by it and looks at the ships from Dongwu, which reminds him of homesickness, and his meticulous inner activities naturally show up.
Poetry cuts through with a vibrant natural beauty, creating a fresh and relaxed atmosphere. In these two sentences, the poet described this beautiful scene in a subtle way from different angles. Cui is new green, which is the color when everything recovers and germinates in early spring. By singing, the oriole's cry gives people a crisp and pleasant feeling. In early spring, pairs of orioles are singing on the budding willow branches, forming a lively picture with festive atmosphere. While the oriole sings on the willow, which is the vitality of moving in silence, the next sentence writes about the vitality of nature with more obvious dynamic trend: the Wan Li is clear and blue, and the egrets fly in this fresh sky, which is not only a kind of freedom and comfort, but also an upward struggle. Here, the word is very clever. These two sentences, with yellow lining green and white lining green, are bright in color, which shows the breath of early spring vitality. The first two sentences also describe the crow of an oriole. The poet depicts this vibrant and colorful early spring image from the visual and auditory perspectives respectively, and this colorful technique also adds vitality to the poem. Furthermore, the first sentence says that the oriole sings on the willow, and the next sentence says that the egret flies to the sky, which broadens the space a lot, from bottom to top, from near to far, so that the vitality that the poet can see and feel fills the whole environment, thus showing the prosperity of early spring from another angle.
In the third sentence, the window contains the snow in Xiling, and the poet looks out from the window. Because of the fresh air and sunny days in early spring, he can see the snow mountain in Xiling. The last two sentences have pointed out that it was early spring, and the autumn snow in winter wanted to melt, which gave readers a moist feeling. There was a word between the window and the snow, which showed that the moisture moistened the window lattice frozen in winter when the snow first melted, which can better write the poet's feeling about the early spring vitality with moisture. And Xiling, it is the poet who thinks of Xiling near the thatched cottage when he sees the first melting snow and ice in front of the window, and thinks of the long-term snow on Xiling Mountain, and replaces the residual snow on the window with the snow on Xiling Mountain, which makes the artistic conception expressed more extensive. This is the poet's way of seeing things and expressing feelings. In addition, the poet had the ambition of serving the country since he was a teenager. After decades of heavy obstacles, he finally had the opportunity to re-exhibit, and the years of war were put down. This is exactly related to the fact that the poet thought of Xiling when he saw the melting snow in front of the window, and replaced the residual snow on the window with thousands of years of snow on the ridge, thus giving the poet a sense of stubborn snow melting. But at the same time, the poet uses this feeling to explain a kind of difficulty from another angle: freezing for three feet is not a cold day, and it is even more difficult to melt the snow for thousands of years. Therefore, the poet has deeper worries in that faint hope. Therefore, this sentence is not just a description of the snow in front of the window, it has a deeper meaning, and this kind of observation of the scenery is actually implied as early as a sentence or two. Two lines, one line, the number is clear, and the observation is careful, not because of the ease and happiness in the heart, but because the poet wants to dispel the melancholy and bored mood that has been idle for a long time. This is similar to the fish in the drizzle, the swallows in the breeze and the butterfly in the flower in Qujiang, and the observation of the scenery with a little dragonfly flying leisurely has the same effect, which also shows the bored mood in the heart with a fresh and free scene.
The last sentence further describes Du Fu's complicated mood at that time. When the ship comes from Dongwu, this sentence means that the war has been pacified, the traffic has been restored, and the poet sees things and misses his hometown. Using a word has its profound meaning. Berth has the meaning of staying, which Du Fu used. Du Fu has been adrift for many years, and there is no landing. Although he still has a little hope in his heart, that hope has been greatly reduced. He should know that it was very difficult to realize the ideal of making the custom pure at that time, and before Yanwu recommended him to the court, he had just finished his life in exile. Although he had hopes for the court, he felt extremely hopeless. The word "Bo" just wrote the poet's complex mood between hope and disappointment. Wan Li, on the other hand, hinted at the difficulty of achieving the goal, which is tied with the Millennium in the third sentence. In terms of time and space, he wrote about the difficulty of achieving the goal to show that there is little hope. This is the first meaning. Second, this Dongwu ship moored in front of the door did not come from Dongwu, but went to Dongwu. Soochow is the symbol of Du Fu's hope. Don't talk bluntly about Chang 'an and Dongwu, because the poet implied that his ambition was difficult to be displayed by the distance between Chengdu and Dongwu and the difficulty of the path; In addition, Sun Quan of the Three Kingdoms has been praised as a wise master by many scholars since ancient times, and referring to Sun Quan on behalf of Dongwu not only implies Du Fu's hope for the emperor of the dynasty, but also is the lodging place of his ambition to be a monarch. And to berth, Wan Li, Dongwu ship together as a sentence, it is to write the difficult word. The first couplet of a poem is a set of antithetical sentences. There are many willows around the thatched cottage, and there are a pair of orioles singing on the new green willow branches, which are a happy scene and colorful, forming a fresh and beautiful artistic conception. Cui is new green, Cui Liu is early spring phenology, and willow branches have just sprouted. Two orioles sing green willows, and birds are paired, showing a vitality and a festive meaning. The egrets in the blue sky are flying freely. This long-legged bird flies gracefully and naturally. Wan Li is a blue sky, and egrets are extremely bright in color against the blue sky. In the two sentences, four bright colors, yellow, emerald, white and cyan, are used in succession to weave a beautiful picture; The first sentence also has a description of the voice, which conveys extremely cheerful feelings.
The bottom couplet of the poem is also composed of antithetical sentences. Looking at the snow ridge in the west mountain from the window. The snow on the ridge does not melt all the year round, so it has accumulated thousands of years of snow. The snow-capped mountains can't be seen when the weather is bad, and they can only be clearly seen when the air is clear and clear. With a word, this scene seems to be a picture embedded in a window frame, which is near at present. Seeing such a rare beauty, the poet's mood is self-evident. If you look outside the door, you can see the ships moored on the bank of the river. River boats are common, but the word Wan Li boat is meaningful. Because they come from Dongwu. When people think that these ships are about to sail, along the Minjiang River, through the Three Gorges and directly to the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, they will feel very unusual. Because of years of war, land and water traffic was blocked by war, and ships could not sail smoothly in Wan Li. When the war was pacified and the traffic resumed, it was only when we saw the ships from Dongwu that the poet could go to on the green spring-day that starts me home. Why not make people happy? Wan Li Ship is opposite to Qianqiu Snow, which means a wide space and a long time. The poet is in the thatched cottage, thinking for thousands of years, seeing through Wan Li, how broad-minded he is!
The whole poem looks like a sentence and a scene, and it is four independent pictures. It is the poet's inner feelings that consistently make it a unified artistic conception. At first, he showed the spring scenery of the thatched cottage, and the poet's mood was Tao Ran. However, with the wandering of sight and the change of scenery, the appearance of river boats touched his homesickness. The four sentences of Jing Yu fully show the poet's complicated and meticulous inner thought activities.
this quatrain is a scene, but it is integrated into one, and it is the poet's inner mood that plays a connecting role. On the surface, it shows a vibrant picture, but in the cheerful and bright scene, it entrusts the poet with the loss of time, loneliness and boredom, and even writes the poet's complex mood when there is a glimmer of hope. Beyond that hope, it is more the poet's sadness about disappointment and his indifference about whether hope can come true. It is the theme of this poem to entrust the poet's inner complex emotions with fresh and brisk scenery. The song
Li Bai's song
The big man didn't make the right decision, and the Xiongnu violated the bridge. Wuyuan autumn grass is green, and Huma is arrogant.
Fate will sign the west pole and run across the Yinshan Mountain. Yan zhi fell to the Han family, and women had no color.
it's a lot of fun to stop fighting when you cross the Yellow River. Depression clears Wan Li, and there is no wave in the vast sea.
Translation and Notes
Because the Great Man had no plan to destroy the Xiongnu, the Xiongnu invaded Weiqiao.
Wuyuan, not far from Chang 'an, is home to the arrogant soldiers and horses of the Hu people.
The soldiers were ordered to make the Western Expedition, and the army ran rampant on the side of Yinshan Mountain.
The capture of Yanzhi Mountain, which is rich in rouge, amazed the Hu people: Losing Yanzhi Mountain made my wife stand colorless!
Han soldiers went to Wan Li and won a great victory. Return to the Yellow River and retreat in triumph. Since then, the people of Hu and Han have been happy with their peace.
In the vast sea, the sand waves are silent, Wan Li is depressed, peaceful and quiet.
1. Han sentence: It is said that the Han regime in the Central Plains has no way to deal with the Huns. Han Dynasty, in fact, refers to the Tang Dynasty. Medium policy: medium policy. Biography of Xiongnu in Han Dynasty: Yan Yun admonished: I heard about Xiongnu.