Du Fu (7 12-770), with beautiful words, was born in Gongxian County, Henan Province (now Gongxian County, Henan Province) and was a famous poet Du Zhisun. Because he once lived in Shaoling, south of Chang 'an, he called himself Shaoling's grandfather and was called Du Shaoling. Study and travel before the age of thirty-five. During the Tianbao period, he went to Chang 'an and had no way to join the army. After ten years of hardships, he won a small position in which you Wei led Cao to join the army. At the beginning of An Shi Rebellion, he was exiled and captured by the rebels. After getting out of danger, the official got a left pickup truck. In the second year of Gan Yuan (759), he abandoned his official position and went west. Finally he went to Sichuan and settled in Chengdu. He once played Yuan Wailang in Jiannan Our Time Yanwu, so he was also named Du Gongbu. In his later years, his family moved eastward, staying in Kuizhou for two years and leaving the gorge. Wandering in Hubei and Hunan, he died of poverty and illness.
Zi Mei lived in the historical period from prosperity to decline in the Tang Dynasty. Her poems are mostly about social unrest, political darkness and people's sufferings, which is called "the history of poetry". He cares about the country and the people, has a noble personality and exquisite poetic skills, and is known as the "poet saint".
Du Fu is good at using many systems of classical poetry and creatively developing them. He is the pioneer of the new Yuefu poetry style. His Yuefu poems contributed to the development of the new Yuefu movement in the middle Tang Dynasty. His "May 7th" ancient novel, which is also a history of poetry, begins to narrate and focus on the whole story, marking the high achievement of China's poetry art. Du Fu also showed extraordinary creativity in the May 7th law, and accumulated complete artistic experience in the aspects of temperament, antithesis and refining words and sentences, which made this genre reach a fully mature stage. Du Gongbu has been handed down from generation to generation.
Self-styled Shaoling Yelao, Du Shaoling, Du Gongbu, etc. China was a great realistic poet in ancient times, and was known as a "poet saint". He wrote 1400 poems in his life. Originally from Xiangyang, Hubei Province, Gong County, Henan Province. The distant ancestor was Du Yu, a famous poet in the early Tang Dynasty, and his father was Du Xian. Tang Suzong, Official Left Addendum. After he entered Shu, he was recommended by his friends as a staff officer of Ren Jiannan Drug Rehabilitation Center, and Yuan Wailang was appointed as the school's engineering department. Therefore, later generations also called him Du Shiyi and Du Gongbu.
Du Fu is as famous as Li Bai and is known as the "Great Du Li" in the world. The core of his thought is the Confucian thought of benevolent government. He has a great ambition of "making the monarch Yao and Shun superior first, and then making the customs pure". He loves life, people and the great rivers and mountains of the motherland. He hated evil, criticized and exposed the corruption of the imperial court and the dark phenomenon in social life. He sympathized with the people and even fantasized that he was willing to make self-sacrifice to save their suffering. Therefore, his poetry creation always runs through the main line of worrying about the country and the people, which shows Du Fu's greatness. His poems are rich in social content, rich in the color of the times and distinctive in political inclination, which truly and profoundly reflect the political current affairs and broad social life prospect of a historical era before and after the An Shi Rebellion, and are called the "history of poetry" of a generation. The style of Du Fu's poems is basically "gloomy and frustrated", and the language and text structure are full of changes, emphasizing the refinement of words and sentences. At the same time, his poems have many styles. Besides the five ancient poems, the seven ancient poems, the five laws and the seven laws, he also wrote many lines. There are also various artistic techniques, which are the epitome of the ideological art of Tang poetry. Du Fu also inherited the spirit of Yuefu in Han and Wei Dynasties, got rid of the shackles of the ancient Yuefu themes and created many new Yuefu themes, such as the famous Three Officials and Three Farewells. After his death, he was highly praised by Huang Fan, Han Yu, Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi. Du Fu's poems had a far-reaching influence on Bai Yuan's literary thought of "New Yuefu Movement" and Li Shangyin's near-body allegorical current affairs poems. However, Du Fu's poems were widely valued after the Song Dynasty. Yu Wang, Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Lu You and others highly praised Du Fu, while Wen Tianxiang regarded Du Fu's poems as a spiritual force to adhere to national integrity. The influence of Du Fu's poems, from ancient times to the present, has long gone beyond the scope of literature and art. For details of his life, see Old Tang Book 190. This is Du Gongbu.
Three Officials and Three Farewells are the representative works of Du Fu's realistic poems. It truly describes the thoughts, feelings, actions and language of county officials, customs officials, old women, old people, brides, husbands and others in a specific environment, vividly reflects the social reality of that period and the profound disasters and pains of working people, and shows people tragic life tragedies. In these descriptions of the hardships of life, on the one hand, the poet has deep sympathy for the people who have suffered greatly, and hates the enslavement and persecution of the people by officials; On the other hand, he supported the counter-insurgency war of the dynasty and hoped that the people would suffer hardships and cooperate with the dynasty to put down the rebellion. This complex and contradictory thought accords with the poet's thought of worrying about the country and the people.
biography
Gorki (1868 ~1936)-full name: Gorki (Maxim).
Soviet writer. Formerly known as Alexei Macsimovici Peter Skov. 1868 was born in a carpenter's family in Nizhny Novgorod on March 6th and died in Moscow on June 8th. 1936.
Masterpiece: Mother
It depicts the magnificent revolutionary struggle of the proletariat, shapes the touching images of Barville, a worker of Communist party member, and Nilovna, a revolutionary mother, and is recognized as the foundation stone of a brand-new socialist realistic literature in the history of world literature.
Literary works
1, Early Life and Creation
Gorky lost his father at the age of 4, 1 1 made a living independently, and worked as an apprentice, porter and baker. 1884 went to Kazan, and 19 visited Russia twice in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and got a wide understanding of people's feelings. In the meantime, he was arrested on 1889 for participating in a secret revolutionary organization. After his release, his actions were still monitored by the Constitutional Police. 1892, he published his first novel, Markard Cudla, and soon began to work as an editor and journalist in the local newspaper. 1898 published two volumes of prose and short stories, which are well-known in Russian and European literary circles. He only went to school for two years, and he was completely self-taught.
Most of his early works are short stories. Among them are Markard Cudla, Maiden and Death, Old Lady Izgil, and Song of the Eagle. With a strong contrast between darkness and light, praising heroes who yearn for light and devote themselves to people's interests has distinct romantic characteristics. Novels such as Cerca Shi, Konarov and Because of Boredom focus on describing the miserable life of the lower classes and expressing their anger at reality, which belongs to artistic realism. The two-volume short story "The Reader" and the critical article "Paul Welland and the Decadence School" also show that the author has attached importance to the social role of literature from the beginning and has a clear artistic stance against decadence.
From 65438 to 2009, two novellas, Fuma Goyle Deyev and Three Men, completed at the turn of the 20th century, focused on revealing the theme of life exploration of young heroes through a broader realistic picture.
Starting from 1900, Gorky participated in and presided over the work of Knowledge Publishing House, and United a large number of writers with democratic tendencies in Russia at that time by publishing knowledge series. 190 1 year, he wrote leaflets in St. Petersburg, exposing the atrocities of the czar government in suppressing demonstrators and calling for the overthrow of the autocratic system. Song of Haiyan, a prose poem published in the same year, is full of revolutionary passion and is considered as a "revolutionary declaration". This year, he was also entrusted by the revolutionary party to set up a secret printing factory and was arrested and exiled for the second time.
Gorky wrote several plays in succession at the beginning of the 20th century, among which Ordinary Citizen exposed the contradiction between bourgeois conservatives and liberals and created a vivid image of workers. The bottom deeply criticizes passive waiting for happiness, and a character in the play declares, "How proud the word human sounds." Summer Traveler, Children of the Sun and Barbarian revealed the split of Russian intellectuals at that time and flogged those who abandoned revolutionary ideals. 1905 at the beginning of the revolution, as a witness against the shooting of petitioners by the czar government, he wrote leaflets and called on the people to fight, and actively participated in the publication of New Life and Fight by the Social Democratic Labor Party, trying to plan funds and weapons for the insurgents. During this period, he also published a lot of political comments, among which "On the Habits of Ordinary Citizens" deeply analyzed its social roots, psychological characteristics and its harm to the revolutionary cause.
2. Mid-term life and creation
1at the beginning of 906, Gorky secretly left Russia for the United States, where he publicized the revolution and raised money for the party. In the same year, he wrote the drama Enemy and the novel Mother in America. The former successfully demonstrated the unity and fighting spirit of the working class through the fierce face-to-face conflict between workers and factory owners in a factory; The latter highlights the image of Barville and his mother Nilovna, who consciously struggled for the cause of socialism, who changed from resignation to firm revolutionary fighters under the realistic education, based on the May Day tour behavior of women in Sormo in 1902. Both works are permeated with firm belief in historical progress and embody the creative principle of expressing reality in the development of real revolution, and are recognized as the foundation works of socialist realism. During his stay in America, the writer also wrote My Interview and In America, which exposed and criticized the capitalist system.
After the temporary failure of the revolution, Gorky went to Italy from the United States in the autumn of 1906 and settled in Capri Island. During this period, he worked almost exclusively for the Russian revolution. Together with Lenin, he founded a school to train revolutionaries and propagandists, and met many people who came to visit him specially. He received many letters from all over Russia, in which many people told him their hopes and worries, and he also replied to many letters.
During this period, he had the first conflict with Lenin. Religion is very important to Gorky. Lenin thought it was a "departure from Marxism". The direct cause of this conflict is Gorky's essay Confessions, which attempts to combine Christianity with Marxism. 19 13 The conflict broke out again.
19 13 years, Gorky got the opportunity to return to Russia on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of Romanov's administration.
Gorky's pessimistic view of the October Revolution 19 17 is the reason for his second great conflict with Lenin. Gorky agrees with the social revolution in principle, but he thinks that the Russian nation is still immature and the people need to form the necessary consciousness to resist their misfortune. Later, he said that he was "afraid that the dictatorship of the proletariat would disintegrate our only revolutionary force: the Bolsheviks, politically trained workers." This disintegration will destroy the social revolution itself for a long time ... "。
192/kloc-0 went abroad for medical treatment in the summer of, and basically lived in sorrento until 1928. During his recovery, he tried his best to resist the ultra-left and sectarian mistakes of some groups such as Lapp through letters and interviews, and did a lot of work to train young writers and unite writers of different styles. He also worked hard to create, published his memoirs lev tolstoy and Close-up Lenin, and completed the autobiographical trilogy Childhood, On Earth and My University, describing the writer's journey from the bottom of life to the revolutionary road and the laborer's pursuit of truth and light. The novel Life of Artamonov Family was written from 1924 to 1925. Under the broad historical background of Russian serfdom reform to October Revolution in the middle of 19 century, it describes the changes of three generations of a family and shows the inevitable decline of the bourgeoisie from the psychological and moral perspectives.
Gorky organized a series of associations immediately after the revolution to prevent the decline of science and culture he was worried about. The Committee on Improving the Living Standards of Scholars was established to protect intellectuals who are particularly threatened by hunger, cold and political uncertainty. He organized a newspaper against Lenin's Pravda and "lynching" and "the poison of power". 19 18 this magazine was banned. The difference between Gorky and Lenin is so great that Lenin suggested Gorky go to a foreign sanatorium to treat his tuberculosis.
He lived in Berlin from 192 1 to 1924. He didn't trust Lenin's successor, so he didn't go back to Russia after Lenin died. He intended to return to Italy, and the Italian fascist government agreed to let him go to sorrento after some hesitation. He stayed there until 1927, where he wrote Remember Lenin, in which he called Lenin his favorite person. Besides, he is writing two of his novels.
1927101On October 22nd, the Soviet Academy of Sciences decided to award Gorky the title of proletarian writer to commemorate the 35th anniversary of his writing. When he returned to the Soviet Union soon, he won many honors: he was awarded the Lenin Medal and became a member of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union. The whole country of the Soviet Union celebrated his 60th birthday, and many units were named after him. His birthplace was renamed Gorky City.
Many of his works, which are suitable for socialist realism, are ostentatious and some are silent. In particular, Mother (Gorky's only work featuring proletarian workers) became a model of Soviet literature.
Gorky said in the last period that his pessimism about revolution in the past was wrong, and he became a model writer of Stalin. He traveled around the Soviet Union and expressed surprise at the progress made in recent years. He doesn't seem to notice the dark side of these advances. Most of the time he lived in a villa near Moscow and was always watched by KGB spies. He still tries to inspire the public and promote young writers.
1936 June 18 Gorky died of pneumonia.
Gorky's works have been introduced to China since the early 20th century. Many of his novels, plays and works have not only been translated into Chinese, but also edited and published into single-volume and multi-volume Gorky collections. His literary creation and literary theory had an important influence on the development of China's new literature after the May 4th Movement.
Introduction to Gorky
Gorky (1868- 1936) is a great proletarian writer and the founder of Soviet literature. Formerly known as Alexei? Macsimovici? Peter Skov was born in 1868 in Gorky Road, Nizhny Novgorky, Russia. Father is a carpenter. He lost his father in his early years and lived in his grandfather's house, which ran a small dye house. 1 1 years old began to make a living independently, and spent his childhood and adolescence at the bottom of the old society. Gorky's extraordinary early experiences are vividly described in his famous autobiography trilogy. The suffering of the world and the bitterness of life have honed his fighting spirit; In addition to heavy work, he also studies hard by himself. The experience and profound understanding of the painful life of the people at the bottom of society has become an inexhaustible source of his creation. 1892 with maxim? Under the pen name Gorky (meaning the greatest pain), he published his first novel, McArdle? Cudla. Among Gorky's early works, the most famous romantic short stories "Old Lady Izgil" and "Song of the Eagle" and the representative work "Cerca Shi" describing the life of vagrants were published in 1895. 1899, Gorky completed his first novel, Fuma? Gore deyev. 190 1 year, Gorky was arrested for participating in a demonstration in Petersburg. The famous prose poem Haiyan was written after he participated in this demonstration. He used this passionate revolutionary prose to meet the revolutionary storm of the proletariat in the 20th century. In the same year, he wrote his first play Ordinary Citizen, and his outstanding achievement was to create the image of the first revolutionary proletariat (revolutionary worker Neil) in the history of world literature. 1902, he wrote "At the Bottom", which is a summary of the author's observation on the life of the homeless in the past 20 years and a masterpiece of Gorky's drama. Gorky joined the revolutionary movement as a soldier during the high revolutionary situation in 1905, and his residence became one of the strongholds of the armed uprising in Moscow in 1905. 1906, Gorky's best masterpiece Mother was published. In the history of world literature, it is an epoch-making masterpiece and opens up a new historical period of proletarian literature. In the same year, he wrote a drama "The Enemy" about American workers' riots, which was one of Gorky's best plays. 1906- 19 13 years, Gorky lived in Italy and became a political exile because of the persecution of the czar government. 1in the spring of 907, attended the fifth congress of Russian social democratic labor party held in London. Since then, he and Lenin have established close ties and profound friendship. During the period1911913, I wrote the story collection Italian Fairy Tales. Gorky wrote Childhood, the first part of the autobiographical trilogy, on 19 13. Gorky returned to the motherland in 19 13, presided over the literary column of Pravda, and engaged in cultural organizations and literary activities. 19 16 published the second autobiographical trilogy "On Earth"; The third book My University was published in 1922. After the victory of the October Revolution, 1925 published the novel The Cause of the Aldamonov Family. 1925- 1936 wrote the epic "Kerim? The Life of Samgin is Gorky's last masterpiece, and this epic is one of Gorky's most outstanding artistic achievements. 1934, the first Soviet writers' congress was held under the auspices of Gorky, and Gorky was elected as the chairman of the Soviet writers' association.
Gorky was born in a carpenter's family on the Volga River in 1868. As his parents died early, he went out to make a living at the age of ten and wandered around. He apprenticed in a shoe store, washed dishes on the boat, moved goods on the dock and supported wealthy farmers. He also worked as a railway worker, baker, janitor and gardener.
In the life of hunger and cold, Gorky mastered the knowledge of European classical literature, philosophy and natural science through tenacious self-study. Gorky, who had only attended primary school for two years, published his first work at the age of 24, which was a short story "Macad Cudla" published in Caucasus Daily. The novel reflects the life of gypsies, with vivid twists and turns and distinctive characters. The editor of the newspaper was satisfied with the manuscript, so he informed the author to go to the newspaper. Gorky was surprised when the editor saw him. He didn't expect that the person who wrote such excellent works was a tramp in rags. The editor said to Gorky, "We have decided to publish your novel, but the manuscript should be signed." Gorky pondered and said, "Then sign it like this: Maxim Gorky." In Russian, "Gorky" means "pain" and "Maxim" means "the greatest". From then on, he began his creative career under the pen name "The greatest pain", formerly known as Alexei Macsimovici Pitchkov.
The wandering life in adolescence made Gorky see and experience the hard life of Russian working people under the czar. Gorky is full of disgust and hatred for the decadent old system. In his works, he attacked the darkness of the tsarist system and exposed the class exploitation and oppression in capitalist society. His works were welcomed by readers, but the czar government was very afraid of it. It repeatedly monitored, detained and arrested Gorky and exiled him. Repression not only did not make him yield, but strengthened his will and determination to fight.
1906, Gorky's masterpiece and novel Mother were completed. It depicts the magnificent revolutionary struggle of the proletariat and shapes the touching images of the worker party member Barville and the revolutionary mother Nelovna. The novel greatly inspired the workers and frightened the Russian rulers. Mother is recognized as the foundation stone of a brand-new socialist realism in the history of world literature.
Lenin, the revolutionary mentor, is Gorky's mentor and friend. Lenin constantly cared for and helped Gorky in thought, work and life. With Lenin's suggestion and encouragement, Gorky created an autobiographical trilogy: Childhood, On Earth and My University. The autobiographical trilogy not only reflects the writer's own life experience and the arduous process of ideological exploration before accepting Marxism, but also summarizes the Russian social life in 1970s and 1980s, describes the miserable life and experience of working people and praises their excellent qualities.
Gorky's last work is the novel The Life of Kerim Samgin. He created a large number of works of various genres in his life, leaving great wealth for the treasure house of proletarian literature.
"Let the storm come more violently!" Gorky compared revolutionaries to Haiyan who fought against the storm in his prose poem "Song of Haiyan". In fact, Gorky himself is a brave "Haiyan". He not only actively participated in the revolutionary struggle of the proletariat, but also cooperated with the revolution to create a large number of works such as Mother, Childhood and On the Earth. He also created Italian fairy tales, Russian fairy tales and other children's works.
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