Metaphors can be divided into ten categories: direct metaphor, metaphor, generic metaphor, clean metaphor, dual metaphor, simple metaphor, detail metaphor, quotation metaphor and imagination metaphor.
According to the similarities and differences of these three parts, there are three basic types of formal metaphor:
Simile, metaphor and metonymy;
In addition to these three basic types, according to the combination of the three parts of metaphor, its changes are as follows:
Metaphor, metonymy, anti-metaphor, contraction metaphor, expansion metaphor, comparison metaphor, echo metaphor, mutual metaphor and flexion metaphor.
Ontology, metaphor and vehicle appear at the same time. Common metaphors are: like, like, like, like, like, like, like, like, like, like and so on.
Example:
He is motionless, just like a stone statue.
The leaves (noumenon) are high, like a graceful dancer's skirt (metaphor). (Zhu Ziqing's Moonlight on the Lotus Pond)
Ontology and vehicle appear at the same time, but metaphors such as "image" are replaced by copula such as "yes", "success", "becoming" and "becoming".
Example:
Mom! You (ontology) are lotus leaves (metaphor), and I (ontology) are red-violet (metaphor).
More often, the dark clouds are four in one, and the mountain (ontology) becomes an ink landscape (metaphor). (Li Jianwu, "Climbing Mount Tai in the Rain")
Ontology and metaphor did not appear, so ontology was directly replaced by metaphor.
Example:
Zhang Zhu's gray curtains in the sky. "Grey curtains" is a metaphor. Ontology is a "dark cloud", but it doesn't write. )
I seem to have a cold shiver; I know there is a thick barrier of sadness between us, and I can't speak anymore. (Lu Xun's hometown)
Also known as mutual metaphor, it is a form of metaphor that takes the vehicle as the ontology first and then the ontology as the vehicle. There are twists and turns that can enhance artistic appeal.
Exodus: The street lamps in the distance are very bright./It seems that there are countless stars flashing. /Stars appear in the sky,/as if countless street lamps were lit. (Market in the sky)
Ontology and vehicle are short sentences, which often form coordinate sentences, with some ontologies in front and some ontologies in the back. Metaphors are not needed, but their metaphorical meaning is very clear. The extended form of this metaphor is called extension and analogy.
Exodus 1: people have joys and sorrows, the moon has ups and downs, and it is difficult to be complete in ancient times. -Su Shi's Water Tune.
A flower, we don't think it is fragrant, but the essence extracted from many flowers, as long as a drop, we will feel its richness. There are many poems, plays and novels, so they are touching and have a lot to do with the author's correct presentation of the material. (Qin Mu's "Beijing Flower House")
Metaphorical sentences have the following situations:
1, you said that this friendship is higher than the mountain and deeper than the sea. How can I forget? -The author compares the friendship cemented by blood between the Chinese and Korean people to mountains and seas. However, in the similarity of height and depth, ontological friendship transcends the metaphor of mountains and seas, and vividly expresses volunteers' gratitude, reverence and reluctance to Korean aunts. You use words such as "superior to", "superior to" and "superior to" to indicate that ontology is superior to vehicle in similarity, which can also be called "strong metaphor". Strong metaphor is generally positive.
2, I am hopeless in my life, even worse than a dog! -The author compares the dog's situation with Fanka's experience. In contrast, the ontology "my life" is not as good as that of dogs. This strongly accused the fate of children in old Russia under the tsarist system. A metaphor like this is not comparable to the vehicle in similarity, and can also be called a "weak metaphor". Weak metaphors are mostly derogatory.
3. Peach Blossom Lake is deeper in thousands of feet than in Wang Lun. The metaphor used in this sentence is "less than", which seems to be a weak metaphor in form, but from the will analysis, compared with Wang Lun's "love", the poet's "love" in ontology surpasses "peach blossom pool" in similarity, so it is also a strong metaphor.
4. To die for the benefit of the people is more important than Mount Tai; It's as light as a feather to work for fascism and those who exploit and oppress the people. This is an example of using strong metaphor and weak metaphor alternately from both positive and negative aspects in a sentence. First of all, the author takes "Mount Tai" as a metaphor. From a positive perspective, the meaning of "dying for the people's interests" is more important than "Mount Tai". On the other hand, using the metaphor of "a feather": it is lighter to work for fascism and those who exploit and oppress the people. In contrast, it comprehensively and profoundly expounds the concept of life and death that should be possessed in serving the people.
For example, neither vehicle nor metaphor appeared, but the characteristics of vehicle were preserved and added directly to ontology. Make the ontology have a certain characteristic or modality of people or things: formally-ontology n (noun) +V (verb) or adj (adjective); The form of metaphor must be noumenon N (noun)+figurative word+vehicle N (noun). Note: Metaphor does not appear. Ontology and figurative words can actually be summed up as similes, which are essentially the same.
Example:
At night, blind wild vines are still groping there, the handwriting on the slate. ("Yeyeteng" is the ontology, which is a metaphor for "people", but it does not write, retaining the characteristics of blind exploration. )
Sometimes when I drive by in my car, I always see my rusty arm sticking out of the track and poking into the distance. Taking "rail" as the ontology, it is a metaphor for "people", but it does not write, which retains the characteristics of people stretching their arms and poking into the distance. )
This is a figure of speech. Ontology and vehicle have appeared, but there are no figurative words. The figurative form in which ontology and vehicle are closely connected is called abbreviation. Can be divided into:
1. Parallel abbreviation. That is, the body and the carrier are juxtaposed in structural form. Such as: "crescent moon, boat." Ontology is a "curved moon" and metaphor is a "boat" with no metaphor in the middle, which constitutes a compound referential phrase.
2. Some formal metaphors. That is, ontology and vehicle form a positively related noun phrase, which is the relationship between modification and modification in form. For example, "golden season" means that two nouns are directly connected, the former modifies the latter, and the modifier is metaphorical, but there is no metaphorical word like "Xiang".
Abbreviation language is concise, compact and vivid, which is a valuable heritage of ancient Chinese.
Aurora sometimes appears for a short time, just like the fireworks of the festival flashed in the air and disappeared without a trace; Sometimes it can shine in the sky for hours; Sometimes like a ribbon, sometimes like a flame, sometimes like a colorful giant screen; Some colors are changeable and endless; Some are just silvery white, like cotton wool and white clouds, solidified; Some of them are unusually bright, covering up the brilliance of the stars and the moon; Some are very light, like a bunch of moss; Some structures are simple, like a curved arc, showing a light green and reddish tone; Some are like colored silks or ribbons thrown into the sky, flying up and down; Some are as soft as scarves, fluttering in the wind, showing purple and crimson colors; Sometimes the aurora appears on the horizon, just like the morning light; Sometimes it is as bright as camellia and red; Sometimes the aurora gathers together, just like a curtain; Sometimes it shoots many beams, just like a proud peacock, flying with butterfly wings. Aurora is an ontology, and ribbon, flame, screen and moss are all its metaphors, belonging to a type in which an ontology can carry multiple metaphors. )