The whole poem is divided into two parts, which are bounded by "harmony with the melody of rainbow skirt and feather clothes" The first part begins with "Emperor China's lust for beauty is enough to shake an empire", and describes how Xuanzong lusted after women before the Anshi Rebellion, and finally got Yang. And yang, because of his love, chickens and dogs ascend to heaven. The works repeatedly rendered Xuanzong's indulgence, debauchery and neglect of state affairs, which led to the Anshi rebellion of "until the drum war, the Yuyang was blown up and the world shook". This is the basis of tragedy and the cause of "hate". The irony of this part is obvious, even very spicy, and the basis of the satirist mainly comes from this part. The second part describes in detail that after the Anshi Rebellion, Xuanzong fled to West Shu in a hurry, which led the Sixth Army stationed in Malaysia to demand to get rid of the imperial concubine who had brought disaster to the country and people, and "would rather die than surrender to Emei", which is the formation of tragedy. After Yang returned to Yin, Xuanzong was lonely and sad, and acacia became a disease. The poem depicts Xuanzong's "Song of Eternal Sorrow" in a sour and touching style, which makes people cry. With the help of Taoist priests, Xuanzong found the trace of Yang in the ethereal Penglai Fairy Mountain. Reproduce Yang's "Pear Flowers with Rain" in fairyland, and further strengthen the theme of "Song of Eternal Sorrow" by expressing emotion, supporting things and reaffirming previous vows. Finally, the theme of "the length of heaven and earth is sometimes exhausted, and this endless sorrow is endless" deepens and adds the weight of "long hatred". This is the basis of the theme of love. It can be said that Song of Eternal Sorrow not only criticizes the debauchery of Emperor Tang Ming, but also criticizes Yang Guifei's courtship with color, especially at the beginning of the poem. They also sympathize with and even praise their faithful feelings, especially after their love developed into tragedy. In this regard, Chen Hong's "Song of Eternal Sorrow" has a good explanation: "... the token husband (Bai Juyi's friend) raised his wine in front of Lotte and said,' The story of Fu's generation (referring to the story of Xuanzong and Yang Guifei) was not polished until it was born, but it disappeared with the times and was unknown to the world. Lotte is more profound than poetry and richer than emotion. "How about trying to sing?" Lotte, because the everlasting regret song, not only feels this, but also wants to punish the stunner, smothering chaos and hanging on the future. "It is not difficult to see that the work contains both sympathy for the protagonist and allegory for the ruler, which better reflects the original creative intention. For this meaning, we analyze it from two aspects.
First of all, in the last section of the poem, the poet ended the whole article with two meaningful poems, "the earth lasts forever, and the sky lasts forever;" One day, both of them will end, and this endless sadness will continue forever ",after telling the story that Li Yang and his wife can't fall in love and get together in the countryside. In the poet's view, a pair of lovers who miss each other deeply is a poor tragedy. For this couple, and even future generations, we can only sigh for it. In the poem, the author also shows great sympathy for the two tragic protagonists. "Poetry of Tang and Song Dynasties" says: "Clearing up the" Song of Eternal Sorrow "is a poem, which comes to an abrupt end. The whole situation is enough, let alone tying it again. " Under this pen, the unforgettable lovesickness has become an endless song of everlasting regret, and special events have gained a wide range of significance. The love between Li and Yang has been sublimated, and the world has seen it and surprised its heart. This seems to be the significance of the proposition of "long hatred" in poetry.
Secondly, we should also see another aspect. The Song of Eternal Sorrow is not about ordinary love, but about the "love" between the feudal emperor and the imperial concubine who gained the status of special favor. This kind of love is manifested as "heavy color" and inviting pets in court. When talking about his creative experience, Bai Juyi once said: "The first sentence marks its purpose, and the pawn chapter shows its will." [3] Therefore, while paying attention to the concluding sentence, we should not neglect the analysis of the first sentence of the work. The first sentence, "The emperor of China longs for beauty that may shake an empire", is a pun. "homesickness" leads to the country. The ancients said, "If you don't sing the song of everlasting regret, there is a galaxy on earth. In Shi Jiecun, there are more tears than in the Palace of Eternal Life. " Indeed, in the long feudal era, husband and wife separated and lovers got married. The love tragedy between Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty and Yang Guifei touched people's hearts because of the special identity of the protagonist. It is this particularity that makes the works have unique historical significance. We can't help but say that the occurrence of the Anshi Rebellion is closely related to Tang Xuanzong's love for Yang Guifei and his delay in political affairs. Therefore, when describing this tragic story, the poet inevitably involves the causes of the tragedy. In Bai Juyi's view, Emperor Xuanzong spoiled Yang Fei and neglected Chao Gang ("But the spring night was short and the sun rose too early, so the emperor gave up his early hearing." ) appoint a non-person, ("sisters and brothers are all in the soil, and because she shines so brightly, she honors her family." ) are all things that a monarch should not do and can't help complaining. When writing this aspect in the poem, the poet also reveals his dissatisfaction unabashedly. As we all know, Bai Juyi's creative proposition is that "articles should be written in time, and songs and poems should be written." Through the analysis, we can easily see that even such love works still flash the author's idea of "being good at managing the world". Individual behavior caused the misfortune of the country. Does the "long hatred" here also contain deep regret and self-blame for this misfortune? Just like Li Yu, the queen of the Southern Tang Dynasty, said, "How much I hated in my dream last night", who can tell whether this "hate" is a sigh of my own experience or a feeling of the country's demise?
In addition, when discussing the theme of the work, don't ignore the influence of the author's own experience on the creation of this poem. In Song of Eternal Sorrow, especially in the second half of the work, those poems with profound feelings are hard to imagine without personal experience. In artistic creation, it is normal for the author to inevitably devote himself to the emotional experience of his own life. Isn't the famous Tang legend Yingying Biography written by Yuan Zhen, who was contemporary with Bai Juyi, based on his own experience? The research shows that in the twentieth year of Zhenyuan (804), when Bai Juyi was a librarian in Chang 'an, he went to Xuzhou and went to Zhang Cheng's house for dinner. During the dinner, the prostitute who can sing and dance well and is elegant was shut out to accompany the wine. To this end, Bai Juyi presented two poems (the poem said: "Drunk and charming can't win, and the wind blows peony flowers." Judging from Bai Juyi's later three swallow poems, Guan, a sentimental and polysemous woman, left a deep impression on Bai Juyi. In addition, Bai lived in Xuzhou House when he was young, and once fell in love with Xiang Ling, a local woman of fifteen or sixteen. When Bai was 33 years old, his family moved to Chang 'an, which meant that he had to "leave" Xiangling in love. Two years later, when he wrote Song of Eternal Sorrow, this relationship will not be forgotten. Therefore, as some commentators said, "it is also a projection of the author's deep love and regret for his inability to combine with the woman he loves." [4] It should be pointed out that according to Bai Juyi's experience, it is obviously far-fetched to conclude that Song of Eternal Sorrow shows the author's nostalgia for his old lover, or his emotional sustenance for the past. When Bai Juyi wrote Song of Eternal Sorrow, especially when portraying the image of Yang Yuhuan, there may be the shadow of Xiangling and even Pan Pan, but these are three completely different women after all, and Bai Juyi's emphasis on their emotional investment and ideological evaluation is very different. Song of Eternal Sorrow is not only a successful description of love, but also a successful description of the love between the emperor and the princess. If the author used it to vent his love tragedy as a civilian, the Song of Eternal Sorrow that readers saw today might not have such profound significance. However, we can also say that while expressing the love tragedy between Li and Yang, the author expressed his regret and hatred for his life experience more or less unconsciously. From this point of view, is "Long Hate" not just a person in Tang Xuanzong?
Different views on the same work are common in the history of literature, as people often say: "Unclear works are not necessarily good works, but good works are often unclear." As a great work, The Song of Eternal Sorrow is completely understandable in its complexity. In my opinion, this poem embodies this endless "hate" from at least three angles: sympathy for tragic experiences, perception of state affairs, personal experience and emotional projection.
The meaning of literary works is generated in the process of readers' interpretation. My understanding may be biased and shallow, but after all, it is a different view. If there is a mistake, the viewer will correct it.
Precautions:
[1] Tang Ruxun's Interpretation of Tang Poetry is quoted from the 7th issue of Knowledge of Literature and History, 1983.
[2] See Zhao Yi's "Ou Bei Shi Hua"
[3] Bai Juyi's "Preface to New Yuefu" can be found in "Selected Literary Theories of Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties".
[4] See Yuan Xingpei's History of China Literature, the fourth part, Literature of Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties.