"Douban. Com (www.douban.com) ",which contains many book recommendations and book reviews.
Aesthetics and appreciation
The following is a copy
How to cultivate a correct aesthetic view
Chapter one: the concept of aesthetic foundation and theoretical beauty.
Beauty is the rising sun in Ran Ran, Ran Ran; This is an affectionate sunset; It is a spring flower in bud; It is the autumn fruit of hidden Zen; It is a shallow smile floating in the corners of the mouth in the cradle of mother, and an endless river wave flowing on the land of the motherland; It is the burning red leaves of Xiangshan in autumn; Is it the lotus fragrance condensed in Zhu Ziqing's Moonlight on the Lotus Pond?
You can list hundreds of beautiful things, but this list only tells what is beautiful, but it doesn't answer what is beautiful.
What is beauty? This seemingly simple question has been puzzling philosophers and scholars in history. For thousands of years, they put forward their own definition of beauty according to their own understanding of beauty. Everyone can express some opinions on this, but any definition of beauty seems unacceptable to everyone. Plato recorded the dialogue between Socrates and Hippocrates about beauty in his book Episode. Hippias was a sophist in ancient Greece, who specialized in teaching sophistry. Socrates is a famous philosopher in ancient Greece. He is knowledgeable, witty and eloquent. Socrates hated the vulgarity and superficiality of hippias. Socrates once challenged Hippocrates in the form of seeking advice and refuted what Hippocrates said about the answer to the question "What is beauty?". Finally Plato said in Socrates' mouth
A proverb: "Beauty is hard."
The judgment of "beauty is difficult" really shows that the road to explore the essence of beauty is difficult and long. People have done a lot of exploration and discussion on what is beauty and what is the essence of beauty. According to incomplete statistics, there are fourteen or fifteen definitions of beauty in the history of western aesthetics. Lev Tolstey investigated the answers of 80 aestheticians and artists about "what is beauty" in the past 50 years since the middle of the 8th century/kloc-0, and finally found that the concept of "beauty" is so easy to understand for those who just talk about it, but scholars of various schools could not reach a consensus on its definition.
In ancient Greece in the 6th century BC, there was a school of philosophy called Pythagoras. This one
The members of this school are mostly mathematicians, physicists and astronomers. They believe that "the whole celestial body is a kind of harmony, a kind of number." So they think beauty is the result of harmony. The view that "beauty is harmony" has a great influence on later generations. To this day, many aestheticians still demonstrate this proposition from different angles.
Another view is that "beauty is useful". Ancient Greek philosophy first expressed this view.
Socrates. He said: "If anything can achieve its purpose well in function, it is both good and beautiful." This view expresses one aspect of the connection between beauty and function. Is this view reasonable?
Another view was put forward by Plato. In his view, beauty is the division of "the rationality of the gods"
Enjoy it. This school believes that "God is the source of beauty". This view not only influenced the aesthetic thought in medieval Europe, but also extended to the western aesthetic circle in the 20th century. In fact, this party's explanation of beauty is equivalent to saying nothing, because it is said that "beauty comes from God" and none of us has ever come back from God. We can't know what beauty is.
/kloc-boileau, a French literary critic in the 8th century, thinks that beauty is the unity of truth, goodness and beauty. Beauty lies in perfection, which is the view of the French philosopher Wolff in the18th century. He said: "perfect appearance or extensive appreciation is obvious perfection, which is beauty."
In addition, there are: beauty exists in the mind of the viewer; Beauty is the attribute of an object; Beauty is relationship; Beauty lies in free appreciation, and beauty is the perceptual manifestation of ideas. Most of these viewpoints are evolved by philosophers according to their own philosophical views, which are the manifestations of their philosophical views in the aesthetic field, and all of them have the limitations of the times to varying degrees.
In the field of aesthetics, there is also a famous assertion that "beauty is life". This was put forward by Chernyshevski, an aesthete of Russian revolutionary democracy in the19th century. Comparatively speaking, this view is richer and deeper than the previous one. But it's not perfect. Plekhanov once criticized him: "I don't know enough about how the concept of life developed in history."
When Marx didn't talk about beauty, he mentioned that man was "intuitive in the world he created". Therefore, beauty is "an intuitive image expression of human's essential strength". However, because Marx did not specifically discuss beauty, he only mentioned or involved the issue of beauty on related issues, so the discussion was incomplete. Therefore, the aesthetic circles have different interpretations of Marx's words, which are not completely unified. The concept of beauty was born at the same time as human society and developed under the background of the development of human society. Its connotation and extension remain unchanged, which is the history of aesthetics.
Knowing a little about the history of aesthetics is not only conducive to clarifying the question of "what is beauty", but also you will know that there is a "Goldbach conjecture" in the field of aesthetics.
People's aesthetic activities are practical activities with the object of beauty as the object and people as the main body. In the process of aesthetic activities, people will sprout aesthetic feeling. When aesthetic feeling occurs, it is often accompanied by a strong emotional reaction, which makes people feel physically happy and psychologically comfortable and satisfied; At the same time, aesthetic feeling is pleasant when it happens, and the object of beauty will make people happy.
When you climb the Xiangshan Mountain in Beijing, you can see the magnificent scenery of Beijing, and you will feel relaxed and happy. When watching the ballet Swan Lake, you are attracted by the beautiful mythical artistic conception and intoxicated by the beautiful dance and melodious dance music.
Beautiful attraction
Good works of art can move people's hearts, cause aesthetic feeling, and have great educational and infectious effects. And works of art contain a wide range of contents, such as novels, plays, music and paintings?
Shakespeare said, "Books are the nourishment of the whole world." Keller said: "A book is like a ship, leading us from a narrow place to an infinitely vast place."
Ocean. Gorky said, "I love books. Every book opens a window for me to face the new world. " These incisive epigrams show the value and function of books (not necessarily novels, of course).
It is of great significance to life. Those works of art start readers' thinking, arouse imagination, touch emotions and make people intoxicated with moving images.
Writer Gu Hua secretly left A Dream of Red Mansions under the extreme left wave of the Cultural Revolution. Every day after work, besides eating and sleeping, he watches a dream of red mansions in fear. From time to time, there was a sniper rifle outside the shack, criticizing the slogan from the conference, cheering the drums and firecrackers released by the "latest instructions". But through the "Grand View Garden", Gu Hua seems to see the feudal ghost cruising in China, the ubiquitous feudal ghost? This potential understanding was embodied in the novel furong town, which he later adapted into a film. Writer Tan said, "I still love books, which contain my ups and downs, my reputation and honor, and the genes and chains of my life? It can even be said that my life will be linked by books. Only books can make the tide of my life never die? "During the Cultural Revolution, he was locked in the school bell tower and found John Christophe. "Kill, surrounded! Kill! Kill! Fighting for the Red New World, he wanted to die, but the book gave him the courage to live. He said, "I will never forget john christopher's last poem: Christophe will cross a big river with a child on his back. The child is too heavy for him to carry, but he knows that he is carrying the future? The heavy reality is also a future for me. I firmly believe that life will repay me, which is the inspiration from both books and life. So I survived. The book told me to live, and I survived and finally wrote a book. "
This book infected Tan, and made him realize the truth from the artistic image, and gained a feeling and understanding psychologically.
In this process, understanding has made a leap. Tan talked deeply about his own experience: "books, together with life and work, tell me about human dignity, humanity, human feelings, human rights and human unity." Only with that great humanitarian passion can I dare to declare war on all unjust, ugly and evil things. I became me-a different me from others. "
Legend has it that a thief stole a copy of How Steel was Tempered on the train, and the thief went back to read it.
The book was very moved, and finally I got up the courage to write a letter to the newspaper and admitted my mistake. This is the appeal of the work, which purifies the thief's mind and gives birth to the desire to do good.
Of course, the appeal of art will also have a negative impact. For example, some students are fascinated by martial arts novels, want to practice their extraordinary skills every day, and even go to Gushan Temple to learn from their teachers. Shaolin Temple in Henan has received such young tourists. Some girls who read A Dream of Red Mansions can't correctly understand the progressive significance of the book, but they are as sentimental as Lin Daiyu. There is nothing wrong with the book itself. It is important that we should learn something positive from it.
Music works are also very infectious. Music is characterized by fantasy, which accords with people's psychological state. Because people are born in the unknown, music can especially influence people and attract people. The Greek philosopher Plato said: "If properly educated, rhythm and harmony are more deeply rooted in people's hearts and more exciting than anything else. Everyone knows that when our ears feel the melody of music, our spiritual world will change. " That's true. When you listen to relaxed and lyrical music, such as Guangdong music "Liu Lang Wen Ying" and "Rain Beats Banana", you will feel happy. When you hear Bei,
With the music of Dove or Mozart, you will have a rich imagination. When you hear about March of the Volunteers,
"broadsword March", you will produce a kind of power. It is precisely because music has great appeal that the concept of "music medicine" has existed abroad for a long time. It was Kemet who used music in medicine in modern times. 1846 published the paper "the influence of music on health and life", and discussed the disease prevention function of music. Especially for patients with mental illness, the appeal of music will free patients from pain. Nowadays, many countries have music therapy institutions.
The appeal of art is not limited to literary works. Music, painting, photography, sculpture, etc. Everyone has their own charm. In the process of creation, artists integrate their emotions, understanding of life and all their talents into their works, so that the fine works of art created can impress others. When Guo Moruo conceived "Earth, My Mother", he said: "Earth, my mother was made just after the annual leave of the Eighth National Studies University. I went to Fukuoka Library to read a book the first half of that day and was suddenly attacked by Shixing. I left the library, took off my "backpack" (Japanese wooden shoes) and walked on the secluded gravel road behind the library, barefoot sometimes at the same time. It can be seen that the birth of a beautiful poem is the result of the author who created beauty pouring all his feelings into his thinking activities, thus making beauty appealing.